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What is Blood Transfusion?

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Page 1: Blood Transfusion

What is Blood Transfusion?

Page 2: Blood Transfusion

A blood transfusion is a safe, common procedure in which blood is given to you through an intravenous

(IV) line in one of your blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may

be done if your body can't make blood properly because of an illness.

During a blood transfusion, a small needle is used to insert an IV line into one of your blood vessels.

Through this line, you receive healthy blood. The procedure usually takes 1 to 4 hours, depending on

how much blood you need.Blood transfusions are very common. Each year,

almost 5 million Americans need a blood transfusion. Most blood transfusions go well. Mild

complications can occur. Very rarely, serious problems develop.

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Important Information About Blood

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The heart pumps blood through a network of arteries and veins throughout the body. Blood

has many vital jobs. It carries oxygen and other nutrients to your body's organs and tissues.

Having a healthy supply of blood is important to your overall health.

Blood is made up of various parts, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (PLATE-lets), and plasma. Blood is transfused either as

whole blood (with all its parts) or, more often, as individual parts.

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Blood Types

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Every person has one of the following blood types: A, B, AB, or O. Also, every person's blood is either Rh-positive or Rh-negative. So, if you have type A blood, it's either A positive

or A negative.The blood used in a transfusion must work with your blood type. If it doesn't, antibodies (proteins) in your blood attack

the new blood and make you sick.Type O blood is safe for almost everyone. About 40 percent the population has type O blood. People with this blood type

are called universal donors. Type O blood is used for emergencies when there's no time to test a person's blood

type.People with type AB blood are called universal recipients.

This means they can get any type of blood.If you have Rh-positive blood, you can get Rh-positive or Rh-

negative blood. But if you have Rh-negative blood, you should get only Rh-negative blood. Rh-negative blood is used for emergencies when there's no time to test a person's Rh

type.

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Blood Banks

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Blood banks collect, test, and store blood. They carefully screen all donated blood for possible

infectious agents, such as viruses that could make you sick. Blood bank staff also screen each blood

donation to find out whether it's A, B, AB, or O and whether it's Rh-positive or Rh-negative. Getting a blood type that doesn't work with your own blood

type will make you very sick. That's why blood banks are very careful when they test the blood.To prepare blood for a transfusion, some blood banks remove white blood cells. This process is

called white cell or leukocyte (LU-ko-site) reduction. Although rare, some people are allergic to white

blood cells in donated blood. Removing these cells makes allergic reactions less likely.

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Not all transfusions use blood donated from a stranger. If you're going to have surgery, you may need a blood transfusion because

of blood loss during the operation. If it's surgery that you're able to schedule months

in advance, your doctor may ask whether you would like to use your own blood, rather

than donated blood.If you choose to use your own blood, you will need to have blood drawn a few times prior to the surgery. A blood bank will store your

blood for your use.

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Alternatives to Blood Transfusions

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Researchers are trying to find ways to make blood. There is currently no man-made alternative to human blood. However,

researchers have developed medicines that may help do the job of some blood parts.For example, some patients with kidney

problems can now take a medicine called erythropoietin that helps their bodies make more red blood cells. This means they may

need fewer blood transfusions.Surgeons try to reduce the amount of blood

lost during surgery so that fewer patients need blood transfusions. Sometimes they can collect

and reuse the blood for the patient.

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Autologous Blood (using your own blood)

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Pre-operative donation - donating your own blood before surgery. The blood bank draws your blood and stores it until you need it during or after surgery. This option is only for non-emergency (elective) surgery. It has the advantage of eliminating or minimizing the need for someone else's blood during and after surgery. The disadvantage is that it requires advanced planning which may delay surgery. Some medical conditions may prevent the pre-operative donation of blood products.

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Intra-operative autologous transfusion - recycling your blood during surgery. Blood lost during surgery is filtered, and put back into your body during surgery. This can be done in emergency and elective surgeries. It has the advantage of eliminating or minimizing the need for someone else's blood during surgery. Large amounts of blood can be recycled. This process cannot be used if cancer or infection is present.

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Post-operative autologous transfusion - recycling your blood after surgery. Blood lost after surgery is collected, filtered and returned to your body. This can be done in emergency and elective surgeries. It has the advantage of eliminating or minimizing the need for someone else's blood during surgery. This process can't be used in patients where cancer or infection is present.

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Hemodilution - donating your own blood during surgery. Immediately before surgery, some of your blood is taken and replaced with IV fluids. After surgery, your blood is filtered and returned to you. This is done only for elective surgeries. This process dilutes your own blood so you lose less concentrated blood during surgery. It has the advantage of eliminating or minimizing the need for someone else's blood during surgery. The disadvantage of this process is that only a limited amount of blood can be removed, and certain medical conditions may prevent hemodilution.

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Apheresis - donating you own platelets and plasma. Before surgery, your platelets and plasma, which help stop bleeding, are withdrawn, filtered and returned to you when you need it later. This can be done only for elective surgeries. This process may eliminate the need for donor platelets and plasma, especially in high blood-loss procedures. The disadvantage of this process is that some medical conditions may prevent apheresis, and in actual practice it has limited applications.

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Donor Blood (Using someone else's blood)

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All donor blood is tested for safety making its risks very small, but no screening program is perfect and risks, such as contraction of thehepatitis virus or other infectious disease still exist.

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Volunteer blood - blood collected from the community blood supply (blood banks).

This has the advantage of being readily available, and can be life-saving when your

own blood is not available. The disadvantage is that there is a risk of

disease transmission, such as hepatitis or AIDS, and allergic reactions.

Designated donor blood - blood is collected from the donors you select. You

can select people with your own blood type who you feel are safe donors. Like

volunteer blood, there is still a risk of disease transmission, such as hepatitis and AIDS, and allergic reactions. This process

usually requires several days for advanced donation. It may not necessarily be safer

than volunteer donor blood.

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