Blood Typing

Disorders of the Circulatory System

Disorders and Diseases

1. Bacterial endocarditis- inflammation of the inner lining of the heart due to bacterial infection- flaps of certain valves become swollen, when healed the flaps become distorted resulting to a noisy, abnormal heart sounds called heart murmur

2. Hypertension vs. Hypotension

Normotension- a state relative constancy or homeostasis of blood pressure within its normal range

Hypertension vs. Hypotension

hypotension- a condition of below normal or deficient blood pressure- blood pressure significantly less than 100/60 mmHg- the person may easily faint, if severe it may be a circulatory shock/ coma

Hypertension vs. Hypotension

hypertension- an excessive or above normal blood pressure - blood pressure significantly above the upper normal limit of 140/90 mmHg- causes heart to overwork- may overstretch and thin out the walls of arteries creating aneurysms

Arteriosclerosis

- is an abnormal condition of hardening of the walls of an artery- a condition in which fatty deposits called plaques build up in the artery walls and eventually cause the arteries to stiffen. - plaques bulge into the center of a vessel and restricting blood flow to heart muscle

Stroke

- sudden death of brain cells when their blood supply is interrupted- some are caused by a blood clot that blocks a blood vessel in the brain- can also occur if a weak blood vessel breaks and causes bleeding in the brain

Sickle Cell Anemia

Anemia- is a disease of the blood - red blood cells are sickle shaped

- cause them to clog blood vessels

- break a part easily- do not have as much hemoglobin- a disease that you are born with

Blood Typing

ABO BLOOD GROUPS

• Our blood types are determined by heredity. People belong to either of eight different blood types:

ABO BLOOD GROUPS

• The ABO blood type classification system uses the presence or absence of these molecules (A and B) to categorize blood types.

• Presence or absence of the Rh protein. Each blood type is either positive "+" (has the Rh protein) or negative "-" (no Rh protein)

• Antigens on the surface of the red blood cells

Antigen - any substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies and combine specifically with them.

• The A and B antigens are sugars and the Rh antigens are proteins.

• The antigens expressed in the red blood cells determine an individual's blood type.

ABO BLOOD GROUPS

ABO BLOOD GROUPS

• combination of some other molecules floating around in the blood plasma called as antibodies.

• You can have A or/and B or/and Rh antigens or none of them.

• You can have A or/and B or/and Rh antibodies or none of them.

ABO BLOOD GROUPS

ABO BLOOD GROUPS

Blood type A Rh-

Antigens (on the surface of the red blood cells):

A antigens. no Rh antigens

Antibodies (in the blood plasma):

B antibodies.Rh antibodies.

If there are A antigens but no B nor Rh antigens, the antibodies in the blood plasma are B and Rh antibodies  

Blood type A Rh+

Antigens :A antigensRh antigens

Antibodies:B antibodies.

If there are A and Rh antigens but no B antigens, the antibodies in the blood plasma are B antibodies.  

Blood type B Rh-

Antigens : B antigens

Antibodies:A antibodiesRh antibodies

If there are B antigens but no A nor Rh antigens, the antibodies in the blood plasma are A and Rh antibodies.  

Blood type B Rh+

Antigens :B antigensRh antigens

Antibodies:A antibodies.

If there are B and Rh antigens but no A antigens, the antibodies in the blood plasma are A antibodies.     

Blood type AB Rh-

Antigens :A antigensB antigens

Antibodies:Rh antibodies.

If there are A and B antigens but no Rh antigens, the antibodies in the blood plasma are Rh antibodies

Blood type AB Rh+

Antigens :A antigensB antigensRh anyigens

Antibodies:No antibodies.

If all possible antigens are present, A, B and Rh antigens, there are no antibodies in the blood plasma

Blood type O Rh-

Antigens :No antigens

Antibodies:A antibodies.B antibodiesRh antibodies

If there are no antigens at all on the surface of the red blood cells, all three possible antibodies are present in the blood plasma: A, B and Rh antibodies

Blood type O Rh+

Antigens :Rh antigens

Antibodies:A antibodies.B antibodies

If there are Rh antigens but no A nor B antigens, the antibodies present in the blood plasma are A and B antibodies

- indicates that the blood has reacted with a certain antibody and is therefore not compatible with blood containing that kind of antibody.

- If the blood does not agglutinate, it indicates that the blood does not have the antigens binding the special antibody in the reagent.

Agglutination or Clumping

Agglutination

What has happened when the blood agglutinates?

• The blood will agglutinate if the antigens in the patient's blood match the antibodies

• A antibodies attach to A antigens - they match like a lock and key - and thus form a clump of red blood cells. In the same way B antibodies attach to B antigens and Rh antibodies to Rh antigens

• Red blood cells have been linked together, like bunches of grapes, instead of floating around one by one

Look for agglutination

Figure out the ABO blood Group

Figure out the Rh Group

Blood Type

Can you determine the blood type?

Can you determine the blood type?

Can you determine the blood type?

Can you determine the blood type?

Can you determine the blood type?

Can you determine the blood type?

Can you determine the blood type?

Can you determine the blood type?

- involves taking blood from one person (a donor) and giving it to another (receiver) to replace blood lost in major accidents, or during life-saving operations, for instance.

- is the process of receiving blood products into one's circulation

- are usually given through a tiny tube that is inserted into a vein with a small needle

Blood transfusion

- If the blood is not compatible in a blood transfusion, then the red blood cells from the donated blood will clump or agglutinate.

- The agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body.

- The agglutinated red blood cells may also crack and their contents leak out in the body.

- The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which becomes toxic when outside the cell. This can have fatal consequences for the patient.

What happens if you get the wrong blood in a transfusion?

Who can receive blood from whom?

• ABO blood systemO can only receive blood from: OA can receive blood from: A and OB can receive blood from: B and OAB can receive blood from: AB, A, B and O

• Rh blood systemRh+ can receive blood from: Rh+ and Rh-Rh- can receive blood from: Rh-