blowout in the gulf: cost, benefits, and energy security · 2016-12-30 · james c. cato. gulf of...
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Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Blowout in the Gulf: Cost, Benefits, and Energy Security(or how to think about the oil spill)
Lucian PugliaresiEnergy Policy Research Foundation, Inc.
Washington, DC
CIEP Oil Conference“A decade of uncertainties:
Coming to grips with new oil market realities”
1 July 2010The Hague
Clingendael International Energy ProgrammeNetherlands Institute of International Relations
Active Gulf OCS Oil and Gas Platforms
2Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Source: NOAA
3Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Importance of Gulf of Mexico
•The Gulf of Mexico accounts for 90% of offshore drilling in the U.S. by volume
•Accounts for approximately one third of all U.S. oil production
•Over 50,000 wells have been drilled since 1947, 4,000 of which are deeper than 1,000 ft
•Today, 80% of offshore drilling, by volume, occurs at a depth of over 1,000 feet.
•Over 400k jobs are directly and indirectly linked to gulf oil production
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U.S. (Blue) and Federal OCS (Gulf Coast in Red, California in Green) Crude Production
5Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Source: EIA Data
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Bar
rels
per
Day
U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels per Day)
Federal Offshore--Gulf of Mexico Field Production of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels per Day)
Federal Offshore California Field Production of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels per Day)
U.S. Crude Oil Disposition
6Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Source: EIA Data
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mbd
U.S. Net Imports of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil
U.S. Product Supplied of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Minus NGLs and Liquid Refinery Gases
Imports
Production
EIA Forecasted Net Imports’ Share of U.S. Liquids Consumption
7Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Source: EIA Data
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1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
%
Reference
Low price
High price
Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Deepwater* is a Big Producer
6-6.5 mb/d worldwide from deepwater fields, should reach 8.5 mb/d by 2015.
17 countries producing from deepwater fields
28% of non-OPEC offshore crude output
U.S. has 100 deepwater fields, 1.3 mb/d in 2009
*> 400 meters
Source: Energy Intelligence Group
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DOI Data on OCS Production and Spills
9Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Time Period OCS Oil Production (Thousand Barrels)
Number of Spills
Barrels Spilled (Thousand Barrels)
Thousand Barrels Produced per Barrel Spilled
1960-1969 1,460,000 13 99 15
1970-1979 3,455,000 32 106 33
1980-1989 3,387,000 38 7 473
1990-1999 4,051,000 15 2 1,592
2000-2009 5,450,000 72 18 296
Source: Department of Interior Data
Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org 10
Largest Tanker Spills in and near U.S. Waters
11Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Source: API Data
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Mandoil II -Pacific
Ocean, OR
Exxon Valdez -Prince
William Sound, AK
Burmah Agate -Gulf of
Mexico, TX
Pegasus (Pegasos) -Northwest
Atlantic Ocean, US east coast
Texaco Oklahoma -Northwest
Atlantic Ocean, US east coast
Keo -Northwest
Atlantic Ocean, MA
Argo Merchant -Nantucket Shoals, MA
Spartan Lady -
Northwest Atlantic
Ocean, US east coast
Gulfstag -Gulf of Mexico
Mega Borg - Gulf of
Mexico, TX
1968 1989 1979 1968 1971 1969 1976 1975 1966 1990
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sand
Bar
rels
Largest Marine Blowouts in U.S. Waters
12Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Source: API Data
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Alpha Well 21
Platform A - Coast of
Santa Barbara,
CA
Main Pass Block 41 -
Gulf of Mexico
South Timbalier -
Gulf of Mexico
Ship Shoal 149/199 -
Gulf of Mexico
Greenhill Timbalier Bay - Gulf of Mexico
Herbert Bravo -Gulf of Mexico
Ship Shoal 29 - Gulf of
Mexico
BLDSU 6 -Gulf of Mexico
Block 60 SP0060 -Gulf of Mexico
Fred Stovall Well 9 -Gulf of Mexico
1969 1970 1970 1964 1992 1979 1965 1995 1992 1994
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sand
Bar
rels
Ten Largest Oil Spills (in modern times)
13Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Source: Popular Mechanics
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Gulf War -Persian
Gulf
Ixtox 1 -Bay of
Campeche, Mexico
Atlantic Empress -Trinidad
and Tobego,
West Indies
Fergana Valley -
Uzbekistan
Nowruz -Persian
Gulf
ABT Summer -Angolan
Coast
Castillo de Bellver -
Saldhanha Bay, South
Africa
Amoco Cadiz -French Coast
Odyssey -Off the coast of
Nova Scotia
M/T Haven - Genoa,
Italy
1991 1979 1979 1992 1983 1991 1983 1978 1988 1991
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sand
Bar
rels
BP Macondo – 2.45-4.2 MM bbls – 70 days at 35,000 to
60,000 bbl/s
World’s Largest Oil Spills
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Academy of Sciences, EPRINC Calculations , Map Data Design and Configuration Copyright ©EPRINC 2010. 14
Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Specific cause of the blowout awaits detailed assessment…………………………..
Anecdotal evidence points to structural integrity of the well casing (inadequate seal of the well bore).
Failure of the Blowout Preventer (BOP) to engage.
But was it poor well control practices, inadequate well design, or a failure to install an adequate “culture of safety?”
April 20, 2010 Blowout on the Macondo Prospect, US GOM
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Obama Administration Response to Blowout
16Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
•Has named British Petroleum as the responsible party
•Imposed a moratorium on sensitive offshore drilling regions• Includes deepwater oil wells (below 500 feet) on GOM lower 48• All offshore Alaska drilling at any depth
•Restructured Mineral Management Service (MMS)
•Created the “National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling”
•BP to fund $20 billion Escrow Account for Liability Claims
Moratorium Lost Production Forecasts
17Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
EIA: 26,000 bbl/d in Q4 201082,000 bbl/d in 2011
IEA: 100,000-300,000 bbl/d by 2015 should regulations tighten
IEA: If regulations tighten worldwide, could cost 800,000-900,000bbls/d. Would encroach on OPEC spare capacity, support prices.
Forecasts from Raymond James, DB, Credit Suisse range from 100,000 -400,000 bbl/d of lost production should the moratorium remain in place for 6-12 months.
Alaskan Depth Charge
18Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
•Moratorium applies to all offshore drilling in Alaska, any depth.
•Shell’s exploratory drilling program in Chukchi Sea now on hold.
•Risks extend beyond lost Chuckhi Sea production because of costs challenges to Trans Alaskan Pipeline System (TAPs)
•TAPs throughput at 670,000 b/d declining at 6% per year. When throughput hits 300,000 b/d costs accelerate and producing North Slope producing fields face potential for premature abandonment.
•Moratorium places base load North Slope output at risk.
Incremental Import Penalty to U.S. Economy
19Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Source: EPRINC Calculation, ORNL Data
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100,000 bbl/d 200,000 bbl/d 300,000 bbl/d 400,000 bbl/d 500,000 bbl/d
$ bi
llion
ann
ually
ORNL Economic Penalty - $14/bbl
Revenues at $75/bbl
Federal OCS Oil, Gas and NGL Sales Volumes
20Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Source: MMS Data
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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
mill
ion
barr
els p
er y
ear
Oil Sales Volume - mm bbl per year
Gas Sales Volume - mm boe (5,600,000 BTU)
NGL Sales Volume - mm bbl per year
Federal OCS Revenues
21Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Source: MMS Data
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12000
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16000
18000
20000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
$
Total Bonuses
Total Rents
NGL Royalty/Revenue (million $)
Gas Royalty/Revenue (million $)
Oil Royalty/Revenue (million $)
2009 MMS Disbursements
22Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Source: MMS Data
Billion $
States, Counties and Parishes $1.99
U.S. Treasury $5.74
34 American Indian Tribes and Mineral Owners $0.45
Reclamation Fund for Water Projects $1.45
Land and Water Conservation Fund $0.90
Historic Preservation Fund $0.15
Total: $10.68
Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
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Oil and Gas Tourism Fisheries Port/Shipping
$ bi
llion
Major Industries of the Gulf Coast of the United States
James C. Cato. Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota Volume 2, Ocean and Coastal Economy. Texas A&M University Press. 2009. Values can vary widely depending on commodity prices (e.g., assumes and oil price of $28.50/bbl) and therefore it should be considered a conservative estimate of the relative values of the included industries.
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MMS Estimated Technically Recoverable Undiscovered OCS Resources
24Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Source: MMS Data
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Alaska Gulf of Mexico Atlantic PacificOil (Bbls) 26.61 44.92 3.82 10.53Gas (Tcf) 132.06 232.54 36.99 18.29BOE (Bbls) 50.11 86.3 10.4 13.79
billi
on b
arre
ls o
f oil
trill
ion
cubi
c fe
et o
f gas
Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Blowout on the Macondo ProspectAlternate Views
Two views from the operators……………………………….
•Getting hit by a meteor is an accident, everything else is human error.
•@#!&*#! Happens!!!
One view from the government…………………………….
•It is not that we shoot ourselves in the foot that is so impressive, but how quickly we reload.
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Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
Four Themes for the Presidential Commission
Regulatory Program – Don’t Fight the Last War, i.e., safety culture yields higher returns than regulatory prescriptions
Building Public Trust – confidence is needed that industry can respond to a spill
Getting Liability Balance Very Important
Commission needs to understand BP’s biggest partner was not Anadarko, it was the USG
Moratorium not reducing net risk?26
Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. | 1031 31st St, NW Washington, DC 20007 | 202.944.3339 | www.eprinc.org
What are the Stakes for the United States
OCS, particularly deepwater GOM, and Alaska are high valued assets with high energy security benefits
Value to Federal and state governments could easily range well in excess of $500 billion (money to U.S. Treasury)
Infra-marginal benefits also large (jobs, return on capital)
U.S. to remain large oil importer, alternate fuels are false choice.
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