BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGYA BOON TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Gopal Pd. Shahgopal20612005@hotmail.com

NCIT

Nitesh Rijal rijal.it@gmail.com

NCIT

ABSTRACT a)WWANs (Wireless Wide Area Networks)b)WLANs (Wireless Local Area Networks)c)WPANs (Wireless Personal Area Networks)

Today’s world has been converted into a globalvillage and this is basically because of thedevelopment in the field of networking andcommunication. Wireless communication isgrowing at the rate of FLASH. And BluetoothTechnology is an example of it.Bluetooth is an open standard for short rangedigital radio. Bluetooth is considered as wirelessPAN technology that offers fast and reliabletransmission for both voice and data .Bluetoothdevices will eliminate the need for cables andprovides a bridge to existing networks and thus ithas a great scope in near future.The goal of Bluetooth is to connect desperatedevices( PDAs, cell phones, printers, faxes etc.)and allow them to seamlessly work together in asmall environment such as an office or home.According to the leading proponents of thetechnology, Bluetooth is a standard that willultimately—

*Eliminate wires and cables between bothstationary and mobile devices.*Facilitate both data and voicecommunication. *Offer the possibility of ad-hoc networksand deliver synchronicity betweenpersonal devices

Bluetooth is wireless protocol for sendingaudio and video data between mobile computers -laptops, notebooks, Handheld Computers, PDA'sand other blue tooth enabled devices includingprint servers. Bluetooth is a computing andtelecommunications industry specification thatdescribes how mobile phones, computers andPDAs can easily interconnect with each other andwith home and business phones and computersusing a short wireless connection.Bluetooth requires that a low-costtransceiver chip (costs less than $5) be included in each device which is to be Bluetooth-enabled. The transceiver transmits and receives in a previouslyunused ISM (industrial, scientific, medicalapplications) frequency band of 2.45 GHz that isavailable globally. Connections within the devices can be point-to-point or multi point. A frequencyhop scheme allows devices to communicate evenin areas with a great deal of electromagneticinterference. Built-in encryption and verificationis also provided by Bluetooth standard for security purposes.Key characteristics of Bluetoothtechnology is mentioned in the following table:--Ch aracteristics DescriptionsPhysical layer Frequency Hopping Spread

Spectrum (FHSS)Frequency band 2.4 -2.4835GHz (ISM)Hop frequency 1600 hops/secData rate 1 Mbps (RAW) . Higher bit

rates are anticipatedData and network security Three modes of security

(none , link level and service level ) , two levels of devicetrust ,and three lev els ofservice security .

INTRODUCTION Wireless technologies, in the simplest

sense, enable one or more devices to communicatewithout any physical connections. Wirelessnetworks serve as the transport mechanismbetween devices and among devices and thetraditional wired networks.Wireless networks are of many and diversetype but are frequently categories into threegroups based on their ranges. They are:-

confidentiality , challenge-response for authentication .PIN- derived keys andlimited management .

Operating range About 10 meters (30 feet ) ;can be extended to 100meters .

Throughput Upto approximately720Kbps .

Positive aspects No wires and cables formany interfaces . ability topenetrate walls and otherobstacles . costs aredecreasing with a $5 costprojected . low power andminimal hardware .

Negative aspects Possibilities for interferencewith other ISM bandtechnologies . relatively lowdata rates. Signals leakoutside desired boundaries.

USAGE MODELSWhile Bluetooth usage model is based on

connecting devices together, it is focused on threebroad categories:

a) Voice/Data Access Points :This is one of the key initial usage modelsand involves connecting a computing device to acommunicating device via a secure wireless link(see fig. 1).

For e.g. A mobile computer equipped with Bluetooth technology could link to a mobilephone that uses Bluetooth technology to connectto the Internet to access e-mail. The mobile phoneacts as personal access point.This would allow any mobile deviceequipped with Bluetooth technology to easilyconnect to the Internet while located within 10meters of that access point. These access pointscould, of course , support much higher data ratesthan today’s modems as public spaces couldconnect a varity of private Bluetooth access points via a LAN that is routed to the Internet over aDSL line , allowing each access point a private 1Mbps connection to the Internet .

HISTORY The original architect for Bluetooth,

named after the 10 century Danish king HeraldBluetooth, was Erriction Mobile Communication .In 1998 IBM , Intel , Nokia and Toshiba formedthe Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) ,which serves as the Governing body for thespecification . Today more than 2000organizations are part of the Bluetooth SIG,comprising leaders in the telecommunications andcomputing industries that are driving developmentand promotion of Bluetooth technology. The ideathat resulted in the Bluetooth wireless technologywas born in 1994 when Ericsson MobileCommunications decided to investigate thefeasibility of a low-power, low-cost radiointerface between mobile phones and theiraccessories. The idea was that a small radio builtinto both the cellular telephone and the laptopwould replace the cumbersome cable used todayto connect the two devices. The radio technologyshowed possibilities to become a universal bridgeto existing data networks, a peripheral interface,and a mechanism to form small private ad hocgroupings of connected devices away from fixednetwork infrastructures.

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b) Peripheral Interconnects:This model involves connecting otherdevices together as shown in fig. 2.The Bluetooth link is built into the mobilecomputer; therefore, the cost of the peripheral

device is less because an access point is notneeded. Additionally many of these devices canbe used in multiple markets. For example, aBluetooth headset used in the office could beconnected to a Bluetooth access point thatprovides access to the office phone and multi-media functions of the mobile computer. Whenmobile, the same headset could be used tointerface with the cellular phone (which can nowremain in a briefcase or purse).

ARCHITECTUREThe Bluetooth technology is divided into

two specifications: the core and the profilespecifications. The core specification discusseshow the technology works, while the profilespecification focuses on how to buildinteroperating devices using the core technology.

Radio Frequency LayerThe Bluetooth air interface is based on anominal antenna power of 0dB (1mW) withextentions of operating at upto 20dB (100mW)worldwide. The air interface compiles with mostcountry’s ISM band rules upto 20dBm. The radiouses frequency hopping to spread the energyacross the ISM spectrum in 79 hops displayed by1MHz, starting at 2.402GHz and stopping at2.80GHz. Currently the SIG is working toharmonize this 79-channel radio to work globallyand has instigated changes within Japan, Spainand other countries.The nominal link range is 10 cm to 10m ,but can be extended to more than 100m byincreasing the transmit power (using the 20 dBmoption) .c) Personal Area Networking:

This last model focuses on the Ad-hocformation and breakdown of personal networks.Imagine meeting someone in an airport andquickly securely exchanging documents byestablishing a private pico net. In the near future,Bluetooth kiosk could provide access to electronicmedia that could be quickly downloaded for lateraccess on mobile devices.

The Bluetooth BasebandAs mentioned earlier the basic radio is thehybrid spread spectrum radio. Typically the radiooperates in a frequency-hopping manner in whichthe 2.4GHz ISM band is broken into 79-1-MHz

channels that the radio randomly hops throughwhile transmitting and receiving data. The Bluetooth frame consists of a transmitpacket followed by a receive packet. Each

packet can be composed of multiple slots(1,3, or 5)of 625microseconds . A typicalsingle slot frame is illustrated in figure 5,which typically hops at 1600hops/sec.Multi slot frame allow higher data ratesbecause of the elimination of the turn-around time between packets and thereduction in header overhead.

FREQUENCY The designers of Bluetooth have designed

it to operate in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz-2.4835GHz ISM frequency band. Because numerousother technologies also operate in this band,Bluetooth uses a Frequency Hopping SpreadSpectrum (FHSS) technology to solve interferenceproblems. The FHSS scheme uses 79 different radiochannels by changing about 1600 times persecond. One channel is used in 625 microsecondsfollowed by a hop in a pseudo-random order toanother channel for another 625 microseconds,this process is repeated continuously.

Asymmetric data 723.2 Kbps or57.6 Kbps

723.2 Kbps or57.6 Kbps

8. OPERATING RANGE:Bluetooth provides three different classes

of power management . class 1 , class 2 and class3 . These three levels of operating power aresummarized in the following table :Type Power Power level Operating

rangeClass 1 High 100mw(20dB) Upto100devices metersClass 2 Medium 2.5mw(4dB) Upto 10devices metersClass 3 Low 1mw(0dB) 0.1 to 10devices meters

DATA RATE Bluetooth networks can support either one

asynchronous data channel with up to threesimultaneous synchronous speech channels or onechannel that transfers asynchronous data andsynchronous speech simultaneously . In ISM bandBluetooth technology permits transmission speedsof up to 1Mbps and achieve a throughput ofapproximately 720 Kbps . Although the data ratesare low , it is adequately fast for many of theapplications for which Bluetooth was conceived .Different data rates in different channel –configurations is given in the following table :

APPLICATIONSBluetooth has a tremendous potential inmoving and synchronizing information in alocalized setting. Potential for Bluetoothapplications is huge, because we transact businessand communicate more with people who are closeby than with those who are far away - a naturalphenomenon of human interaction. The followinglist represents only a small set of potentialapplications - in future many more imaginativeapplications will come along:Configurations Max. data rate Max. data rate

upstream 3 simultaneous 64 Kbps *3voice channels channels Symmetric data 433.9 Kbps 433.9 Kbps

downstream64 Kbps *3channels By installing a Bluetooth network in your

office you can do away with the complex and

tedious task of networking between the computingdevices, yet have the power of connected devices.No longer would you be bound to fixed locationswhere you can connect to the network. EachBluetooth device could be connected to 200 otherdevices making the connection of every devicewith every other possible. Since it supports bothpoint to point and point to multipoint it willvirtually make the maximum number ofsimultaneously linked devices unlimited.The Bluetooth technology connects all youroffice peripherals wirelessly. Connect your PC ornotebook to printers, scanners and faxes withoutthe ugly and trouble some cable attachments. Youcan increase your freedom by connecting yourmouse or the keyboard wirelessly to yourcomputer. If your digital cameras in Bluetooth enabled,you can send still or video images from anylocation to any location without the hassle ofconnecting your camera to the mobile phone onthe wire line phone. Bluetooth allows us to have three wayphones. At home, your phone functions as aportable phone (fixed line charge). When you'reon the move, it functions as a mobile phone(cellular charge). And when your phone comeswithin range of another mobile phone with built-inBluetooth wireless technology it functions as awalkie-talkie (no telephony charge).In meetings and conferences you can transferselected documents instantly with selectedparticipants, and exchange electronic businesscards automatically, without any wiredconnections. Connect your wireless headset to your mobilephone, mobile computer or any wired connectionto keep your hands free for more important taskswhen you're at the office or in your car.Have automatic synchronization of your desktop,mobile computer, notebook (PC-PDA and PC-HPC) and your mobile phone. For instance, assoon as you enter your office the address list andcalendar in your notebook will automatically beupdated to agree with the one in your desktop, orvice versa. Automatic Message Delivery: Compose e-mailson your portable PC while you're on an airplane.

As soon as you've landed and switched on yourmobile phone, all messages are immediately sent.Upon arriving at your home, the doorautomatically unlocks for you, the entry waylights come on, and the heat is adjusted to yourpre-set preferences.IBM researchers are working on a number ofpersonal devices like a WatchPad that could beconnected with other devices through Bluetooth.The Watch Pad is very thin and contains 8MB ofRAM. They are also working on a version ofCyberPhone called CyberPhone - that can projectdata onto a small mirror. The CyberPhone canshow as much information as a small PDAbecause of high resolution VGA screen.You enter the airport-waiting lounge, equippedwith Bluetooth-enabled Internet ports. Via theports, you and other guests use Bluetooth-enabledlaptops, PDAs, and other devices to access youroffice or home-based servers via the airline server. Using voice-over IP, you also make "free"Internet voice calls courtesy of your airline.

SECURITYThe way that the Bluetooth radio system is

used in mobile devices and the type of data carried on these devices (eg. a corporate mobilecomputer) makes security an extremely importantfactor. Security for Bluetooth is provided on thevarious wireless links- on the radio paths only.The three basic security services defined by theBluetooth specifications are the following:a)Authentication:A goal of Bluetooth is the identityverification of communicating devices. Thissecurity service addresses the question “Do Iknow with whom I am communicating? “

b)Confidentiality:The intent of this security service is toprevent information compromise caused bypassive attack. It addresses the question “Are onlyauthorized devices allowed to view my data? “

c) Authorization:This security service allows the control ofresources. This security services addresses the

question “Has this device been authorized to usethis service?” All of these security services are providedby the means of generation of several keys forlinking and for data encryption while two devicesare inter-communicating.

laptop can then access the Internet through thatconnection.

MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS RECENTLY"The three-in-one phone" is one of the new

products that benefit from Bluetooth. The idea ofthe three-in-one phone is very simple. Whenpeople are at home, the phone will function as acordless phone and people only need to pay fixedline charge. When people go out, the phone willfunction as a mobile phone and they need to paycellular charge. However when people's phonecomes within range of another mobile phone withbuilt-in Bluetooth wireless technology, or in abluetooth wireless network, the phone can be used "as a walkie-talkie" with no telephone charge.Bluetooth can also be used as "interactiveconference". During meetings or conferences,people can transfer their particular documentswith selected participants and exchange electronicbusiness cards automatically without any "wired" connection. In daily application, Bluetooth can offer premises-based information specific towhere people are at the moment. If people are in alarge store and wondering what items are on sale,they just need to turn on their PDA then Bluetooth connection will give them a specific offer basedon their location in the store. In business, peopleno longer require to use cable when setting up apresentation in the future. By having Bluetooth,printer can automatically deliver printouts andaudience can watch the presentation on their ownBluetooth-enable laptops simultaneously.Bluetooth can also be used as "automaticsynchronizer". Before the development ofBluetooth technology, it takes more times forpeople to update or enter the information theywant into each of their devices. However nowBluetooth can work as an automatic synchronizerto transfer information to people's desktop, mobile computer, PDA and mobile phone. When peopleenter to their office, the address list, calendar andthe to-do-list in their notebook will be updated toautomatically.

BENEFITS Bluetooth provides five primary benefits to

users. They are:

a) Cable Replacement: It replaces cables for a variety ofinterconnections. These include peripheral devices(i.e. mouse and keyboard computer connections),printers, Modems and wireless headsets andmicrophones that interface with PCs or mobilephone.

b) Ease of file sharing: Bluetooth enables file sharing betweenBluetooth-enabled devices. For example,participants of a meeting with Bluetoothcompatible laptops can share files with each other.

c) Wireless synchronization:Bluetooth provides automatic wirelesssynchronization with other Bluetooth-enableddevices. For e.g. Personal information containedin address books and data books can besynchronized between laptops, PDAs, mobilephones and other devices.

d) Automated wireless applications:Bluetooth supports automatic wirelessapplication functions. Unlike synchronization,which typically occurs locally, automatic wirelessapplications interface with the LAN and internet?

e) Internet connectivity: Bluetooth is supported by a variety ofdevices and applications. Some of these devicesinclude mobile phones, PDAs, laptops, desktopsand fixed telephones. Internet connectivity ispossible when these devices and technologies jointogether to use each other’s capabilities. For e.g.A Bluetooth enabled laptop can request a mobilephone to establish a dial-up connections, the

TOP 5 RECENT BLUETOOTH ENABLEDPRODUCTS.

a . Handheld HP iPAQ rx3715 Mobile MediaCompanion Company: Hewlett-Packard Company

Bluetooth Audio Playerd. SONORIXOBH-0100Company:Ltd.

OpenBrain Technologies Co.,

b. Headset, Mobile Phone Accessory JABRA®BT250™ Company: GN Netcom A/S

e. Mobile Phone Nokia 6600Company: Nokia

c. Automotive Accessory Parrot CK 3100PARROT S.A.Company:

applications (e.g. Cell phones, headsets ,pagers ) and home applications (e.g. DVDplayers, cameras, refrigerators andmicrowave ovens ) . Applications for

FUTURE TRENDSBluetooth is expected to be built

into office applications (e.g. PCs, faxes,printers and laptops), communication

Bluetooth also include vending machines,banking and other electronic paymentsystems; wireless office and conferencerooms; smart homes and in-vehiclecommunications and parking .

requirements of mobile users. The Bluetoothspecification is definitely real and is being widelyadopted by industry leader. The possibilities fornew applications are very exciting with thistechnology. Thus it has a great scope and diverseapplications in near future.

C ONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe develop ment of Bluetooth is a creative

and useful idea that benefits many people. Thistechnology allows a variety of devices, such asPCs, laptops, mobile phones, personal digitalassistants and printers, to communicate with eachother without cables or hard wiring. Today manycompanies are still working in the development ofBluetooth devices and they spend lots of money inthis new development. They hope that Bluetoothcan be applied world widely.

Bluetooth is a rad io system designedfor connecting a variety of mobile devicesin a secure Ad-hoc fashion.

Much oping a radio thought has gone into develsystem that provides inter-operability betweendifferent devices types while also meeting the

We would like to thank Mr. Saroj Shakyawho let us know about this presentation. Wewould also like to extend our heartfelt thanks toMr. Pravin Pratap Dev who guided us in thispresentation. We would like to thank all thepeople who helped us directly or indirectly.

REFERENCES[1] James, Kardach : Bluetooth Architectureoverview[2] Pratap Dev,Pravin: Bluetooth Technology

www.bluetooth.comwww.google.com

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