Blutkreislauf und Herzen

Branchiostoma Blutkreislauf

Aorta dorsalisCarotide

KiemenbogengefäßeVena portae

V. hepatica

Caudalvene

Sinus venosusEndostylarterie

Cardinalvene Ductus cuvieri

Kapillarnetz des Darmes

Blutkreislauf bei kiemenatmendem Fisch

Single Circulation

Double Circulation

from: Hicks 2002. News Physiol. Sci., 17:241–245.

Blutkreislauf bei Säugetier

Aortic arches and circulation of Africanlungfish.

Frosch-Herz

Blutkreislauf bei Squamata

=> central shunting

Aortic arches of birds and mammals compared.

Herz

Herz

Thorax-Situs Hund

Herz-Situs HundAorta thoracica

ZwerchfellTruncus pulmonalis

Art. subclavia sinistra

Art. brachiocephalica

Hundeherz - Ultraschallanatomie

Binnenräume des Herzens

linke Hälfte rechte HälfteSeptum interventriculare

rechterVentrikel

ArcusaortaeArcus

aortae

Lungen-arterien

linker Ventrikel linker Ventrikel

linkerVorhof

linkerVorhof

Vena cava cranialisTruncus brachiochephalicus

Chordaetendinae

rechterVorhof

Single Circulation

Double Circulation

Cardiovascular Circuits in Sauropsids

Campen and Starck 2012. in McCue (Ed) Intermittent feeding. Springer Verlag

External anatomy of a Python heart

left systemic artery

right systemic artery

common carotid

right atrium

pulmonary artery left lung

right lung

Vena cava

left pulmonaryartery

muscular ridge

Cavum arteriosum

horizontal septum

Cavum pulmonale

Cavum venosum

Cardiovascular Circuits in Sauropsids

Campen and Starck 2012. in McCue (Ed) Intermittent feeding. Springer Verlag

Central caradiac shunt in squamates and turtles

from: Hicks 2002. News Physiol. Sci., 17:241–245.

Webb‘s functional hypothesis

Modified from: Webb et al. 1971. J. Morphology 134, 355 - 350

LA RA

LA RA

LAoRAo

LAoRAo

PulPul

CPCA

CV

atrio-ventricular valve

Diastole Systole

right

left

caud

al

cranial

Longitudinal ultrasonograph

LA

RA

LARA

CA

CP

CV

CA

CPCV

Interventricular canal and muscular ridge

Openings of major arteries

common trunk of pulmonary arteries

left systemic

right systemic

CIV early diastole

right atriumCV

CA

CP

right atrium CV

CACP

CIV late diastole

CP

CV

CP

CV

CIV early systole

CV

CP

CV

CP

CA CA

CIV middle systole

CV

CACV

CACP CP

CIV late systole

CP CPCA

CV

CA

CV

lAo

rAo

lAo

rAo

Squamata und Testudines

Cardiac shuntFunctional hypotheses

Pulmonary bypass• R-L saves cardiac energy• R-L reduces CO2 flux into lungs• R-L faciliates warming• R-L triggers hypometabolism

Systemic bybass• L-R faciliates CO2 elimination in lungs• L-R improves systemic O2 transport• L-R myocardial oxygenation

Central cardiac shuntHypotheses and Predictions

• No shunt => Qpul = Qsys => Qpul/Qsys 1

• R-L shunt => Qpul < Qsys => Qpul/Qsys < 1

• L-R shunt => Qpul > Qsys => Qpul/Qsys > 1

right atrium

left atriumventricle

left systemic artery

right systemic artery

pulmonary artery

Right systemic artery

Krokodil

Cardiovascular Circuits in Sauropsids

Campen and Starck 2012. in McCue (Ed) Intermittent feeding. Springer Verlag

Foramen of Panizza

• Foramen Panizzae* • Bicuspidalklappen > <

Axelson et al. 1996. JEB 199; 359 – 365.

Foramen of Panizza

Axelson et al. 1996. JEB 199; 359 – 365.

Axelson et al. 1996. JEB 199; 359 – 365.

Krokodil-HerzUltraschallanatomie

Entering diving bradycardyventral

dorsal

caud

al

cranial

Diving bradycardy (4 min)ventral

dorsal

caud

al

cranial

right aorta (air breathing)ventral

dorsal

caud

al

cranial

Right aorta (diving)ventral

dorsal

caud

al

cranial

card

iac

outp

ut [m

l / m

inut

e]

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

card

iac

outp

ut [m

l / s

ysto

le]

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

Crocodylus – cardiac outputRight aorta

per beat minute volume

HF (breathing) = 30 – 40 bpm; HF (diving) = 2 – 4 bpm

left aorta (air breathing)ventral

dorsal

caud

al

cranial

left aorta (diving)ventral

dorsal

caud

al

cranial

card

iac

outp

ut [m

l / s

ysto

le]

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

card

iac

outp

ut [m

l / m

inut

e]

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Crocodylus – cardiac outputleft aorta

per beat minute volume

HF (breathing) = 30 – 40 bpm; HF (diving) = 2 – 4 bpm

Truncus pulmonalis(air breathing)

ventral

dorsal

caud

al

cranial

Truncus pulmonalis (diving)ventral

dorsal

caud

al

cranial

Crocodylus – cardiac outputTruncus pulmonalis

per beat minute volume

card

iac

outp

ut [m

l / s

ysto

le]

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

card

iac

outp

ut [m

l /m

inut

e]

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

HF (breathing) = 30 – 40 bpm; HF (diving) = 2 – 4 bpm

Foramen Panizzae(air breathing)

ventral

dorsalca

udal

cranial

Foramen Panizzae (diving)ventral

dorsalca

udal

cranial

Fluss durch Foramen Panizzae

Atmend Tauchend

Cardiovascular Circuits in Sauropsids

Campen and Starck 2012. in McCue (Ed) Intermittent feeding. Springer Verlag

Farmer et al. 2008. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 81. DOI: 10.1086/524150

Farmer et al. 2008. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 81. DOI: 10.1086/524150