BME 262 BiomaterialsYeditepe UniversitySpring 2010

Prof. Dr. A. Cüneyt Taş

Feb 24, 2010 Lecture

Relationship between Materials Scienceand Biological/Medical Sciences

Materials science and engineering is

1. an interdisciplinary field,2. using and seeking fundamental knowledge from the basic science areas, such as chemistry, physics, geology,mathematics, thermodynamics, zoology, and biology,3. dealing with the synthesis and processing of metals,ceramics, glasses, and polymers,4. dealing with both synthetic (man-made) and natural materials,5. developing new methods for synthesizing biologically-inspiredmaterials to be used as implants in clinical applications,6. seeking new methods for mimicking the nature (biomimetic),7. one of the top engineering fields which globally receives impressive research funding.

Synthesis:

Formation of materialsPreparation of materials

by using chemical and physical techniques.

Synthesis techniques to be developed (a) must be environmentally-friendly and (b) must not cause any toxic side-effects

on all living creatures and biological resources of the Earth.

Synthesis techniques must not totally consume all or parts ofa specific natural resource of the Earth.

Processing:

The combination of all engineering techniques and procedures required for the realization of a specified engineering goal.

All successful and civilized engineering processes must be economically feasible,safe and non-hazardous for the living creatures,statistically-sound, reliable and reproducible.

Characterization:

The combination of numerous analytical techniques, tools andinstruments serving the materials scientist (and thebiological/medical scientist) to collect (and then exploit) information about the physical, chemical, and biological state of a given material.

Only a well-characterized material can reach the stage ofclinical application in the form of an implant biomaterial.

Characterization of materials:

Chemical Physical Biological

Characterization:

Natural sciences, since the times ofLeonardo da Vinci, are trying to SEEthe essence of natural phenomena and materials.

All beliefs must be tested against natural facts, andduring this process a scientist must practice the utmost doubt and curiosity.

Don’t forget: Appearances may be misleading.

Optical microscopy Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) Electron microscopy Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

OpticalMicroscopy

zeiss.com

Confocal LaserScanning Microscopy

Human osteoblastcells, after properstaining, on PMMA..

Blue: cell nucleiGreen: actin filamentsOrange: vinculin adhesionplaques

M. J. Dalby et al.,J. Mater. Sci. Mater. M.,13 (2002) 311-314.

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope

zeiss.com

Electron Microscopy

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

High Resolution Transmission electron Microscopy (HR-TEM)

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Zeiss.com

SEM

Transmission electron microscope (SEM)

Zeiss.com

TEM(with an insetof SelectedArea Electron Diffractionpattern, SAED)

HR-TEM

H. Coelfen & M. Antonietti,Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.,44 (2005) 5576-5591.

Atomic ForceMicroscopy, AFM

www.witec-instruments.de

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope

DVD, 20 x 20 m image

Atomic ForceMicroscopy, AFM

Breast cancer tissue,78 x 78 m image

From: http://www.pacificnanotech.com

Chemical Analysis

Inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)

www.perkinelmer.com

Chemical Analysis

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)

www.perkinelmer.com

Chemical Analysis

Mass spectroscopy (MS)

www.thermo.com

Physico-chemical Analysis

X-ray diffraction (XRD)

www.bruker-axs.de A. C. Tas, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81 (1998) 2853