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The American Museum JournalEDMUND OTIS Hovev, Editor

FaAI'nt M. Ca,tPMAN. }Lours P. GR.....ACAP. Adv,"sory BoardWILLIAII K. GR.BGOR.Y.

Subsc ript ion , One DoUar per yea r,A 8ubsciip.q.n ~Dthe JOUIlNAL is included in the membership fees of all clasaea of, Me.mbers of the Museum.

Forsale at the Mus~um. Subscr ip~ion8 ohol !: !g be address ed to The Editor . Amer ican Muoeum Journal AUler i.. catl'B{useum of Natural History, 77th St. and Eighth Avenu~New York City.

CONTENTS, VOL. III, NO.4FRONT ISP I BCEEDITORIAL NOTEMARTINIQUE AND ST. VINCENT REVISITED (1III1stralecf)TH", COLLECTION OF FISHES ,A NE\' ,!o COLLECTION OF FOSSIL SPONGESDEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE PAL.lEONTOLOGYNEWS NOTES.

THE JESUP NORTH PACIFIC EXPEDITION

V olum e III , N um ber 5 OCTOBER, [903

THEAMERICAN MUSEUM

JOURNAL

. PAIl I40

41

575 1S86,

WITH SUPPLEMENT ONTHE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES

Published quar te r ly byTHE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORYSeventy-seventh Street an d Central Park West

N ew Yo rk CityEmered, ~5 s !Ccond c bs s mauer , POS t Offic~;a. New York, N. V.

A ct o f CODVCS . o f J ul y , 6, . 8 < H .

W I S C O N S I N A C A U t . & f 1 tO FS C I E N C E S A R T S A N D L m E R S

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The American Museum Journal\'Lll.. 1 1 1 . OCTOBER, 19"3 NO.5

R many years the American Museum of NaturalHistory has had before it the investigation of thelife of man on this continent, and since 1897 thelarger question of the tribal relations betweenthe eanly inhabitants of America and those ofAsia.

Much time and labor have been devoted to these researches,the most important of which have been included in the work ofthe Jesup North Pacific Expedition_ This enterprise has arousedpublic interest to such an extent and evoked so many inquiriesfrom all parts of the world that it has been deemed best to give;L brief resume of the history of its organization and of the fieldwork which has been carried out by it. The resume, which 15pUbli::;hed.n this number of the JOURNAL, has been prepared byProfessor Boas, to whom President Jesup intrusted the planningand direction of the whole expedition. It is not easy to findmen of science fully qualified for such technical lines of research,and though the personnel of the different parties carrying on thework is given in the narrative, it will not be out of place to stateregarding the men engaged to prosecute the investigations inSiberia that Dr. Laufer was recommended to the Museum bythe Academy of Sciences at Berlin as a man amply equipped forwork in this territory, while Messrs. Jocbelson and Bogoras borethe highest testimony from both that Academy and the ImperialAcademy oESciences at St. Petersburg. 'With such men, theMuseumfelt that 'whatever the final results might be, it certainlyhad placed its interests in worthy hands. The list of papersthat have been published gives some idea of what 11a5 been ac-l'omplished already, It is estimated that the completed seriesof scientific reports resulting from this expedition will fillat leasttwelvequarto volumes.The readers of the JOURNAL may be interested in the inner

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALhistory of an incident connected with the organization of the Ex-pedition which is barely touched upon in the narrative. Theincident, furthermore, shows the friendly feeling of the RussianGovernment toward the United States and links the Museumwith the educational work and policy of the Czar. Dr. Laufer'shome was inCologne, Germany, but he came to New York enroute to the Amur River region by way of Vancouver. It wasnecessary to have his passport viseed by the Russian ConsulGeneral in New York before he could enter Siberia, but thatofficial refused to give his certification. President Jesup carriedthe matter to the Russian Ambassador at Washington, who,however, declined to reverse the ruling. The Department ofState at Washington then was asked to intercede with the Russiangovernment through Mr. E. A. Hitchcock, the United StatesAmbassador at St. Petersburg, but the Russian Minister of theInterior declined to interfere in the matter. Then were enlistedthe good offices of Professor Radloff, Director of the Ethno-graphical Museum inSt. Petersburg and also a prominent memberof the Imperial Academy ofSciences, and through him the matterwas brought to the personal notice of the Grand Duke Constan-tine Constantinovitch, President of the Academy, who conveyedPresident jesup's request directly to Emperor Nicholas II. HisImperial Majesty overruled the preceding decisions and grantedDr. Laufer permission to carry on the proposed investigations"as an act of courtesy to the Government of the United States,as well as in the interests of ethnological research."

The Guide Leaflet issued with this number of the JOURNALis a general introduction to the study of the collections on exhi-bition in the halls of the Department ofVertebrate Palreontology.During the past summer the exhibition collections of this depart-ment have been entirely rearranged and have been brought intoaccord with the advances made in the science up to the presenttime. This bas rendered necessary the entire re-writing of theGuide Leaflet which was issued in January, 1902. Guide Leaf-lets to special portions of the exhibit have been prepared or arein course of preparation. One of the series, that on the Evolu-tion of the Horse, was issued in January, 1903.

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALTHE JESUP NORTH PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

~i~~~~. : MONG the great problems of anthropology, the onewhich stands out as of particular interest and im-portance to the American people is the problem ofthe earliest history of the native races of our con-tinent and their relati.on to the races of the Old

World. Questions relating to this problem have been the subjectIlf much speculation, particularly in our own country. Whilethe science of anthropology was still in its infancy, the flight ofimagination carried away investigators and led them to identifythe j\merican race with one or another' ancient people of the OldWoriLl. Later a reaction set in, which culminated in the view ofDr. D.G. Brinton, who considered the American race and Ameri-';111 culture as entirely independent of those of the Old World .This view, however, seems to be too extreme to be tenable. Thequcstion of the relation between the people of the Old Worldallt \ those of the New may be stated in the following manner:There islittle doubt that the American race has inhabited our

,,;l ntincnt for a long time. Although no finds have been madethat establish its geological antiquity beyond cavil, wehave goodreasun to believe that man inhabited this continent at a veryearly time. The pri.ncipal foundation for this belief is the exist-once of well-marked varieti.es of the American race, the estab-li~ll1ncntofwhich must have occupied a long period. The generalcharacteristics of t11erace are fairly uniform. The smooth darkhair, broad heavy face, large nose and rather fun moutllare cummon to all the natives of America But nevertheless anUllber of distinct types have developed, clitlering in color ofskin, in form of head and of face and in proportions of the body.The dif(erences in these types show that much time was necessaryiur their development.Thc long occupancy of our continent, which thus seems-probable, implies that American culture passed through a longperiod of development. It is likely that the distinct types of theI':tC(; t.levcloped in isolated spots, and therefore culture must alsoItavc followeddistinct lines of growth.

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALThis period, however, bas long since passed. At the time

when American tribes entered the field of our knowledge, andeven in periods of which archreology alone gives evidence, con-tact had been established between the tribes of the north and ofthe south, of the east and of the west, so that i.t is no longerpossible to consider as the product of isolation the cultural pas-sessions of each tribe. Archseological evidence also shows thatdistinct types followed one another in the occupancy of each area.In short, changes of far-reaching importance took place longbefore the tribes became known tohistory. These changes implymixture of blood as well as exchange of cultural achievement,

A systematic investigation of the question in how far Ameri-can race and culture can be considered as independent mustnecessarily take up the study of those regions where the geo-graphical connection between the Old World and the New isclosest. One of these regions is the coast of the North PacificOcean; another is far to the south, where the wide scatteringof the Polynesian people suggests the possibility that they alsomay have reached. 01.1r continent. Of these two regions thenorthern one seemed to be more likely togive results. Here thegeographical conditions favor migration along the coast-line andexchange of culture. Our knowledge of this area previous tothe work of the Jesup Expedition indicated that manifold changesin the culture and location of the tribes inhabiting this area hadtaken place. The multiplicity of languages spoken along bothcoasts, and their division into numerous dialects; the greatvariety of types of the area, their irregular distribution andtheir affiliations with types of distant regions; the peculiar typesof culture.s-vall indicate that the primitive tribes' of the coasthave passed through a long and varied history: The types ofman which we find On the North Pacific coast of America, whiledistinctly American, show a great affinity to North Asiatic forms,and the question arises, whether this affinity is due to mixture,to migration or to gradual differentiation, The culture of thearea shows many traits that suggest a common origin, and othersthat indicate diverse lines of development.

What relation these tribes bear to each other, and particularly74

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T HE A ME RI CA N M US EU M JOU RN ALwhat influence the inhabitants ofone continent may have exertedon those of the other, are problems of great magnitude, thesolution of which lies in a careful study of the natives of the coast,past and present, with a view to discovering as much as possibleuf their history. These were the problems that attracted theattention of Morris K. Jesup, Esq., President of the AmericanMus eum of Natural History, and induced him to provide per-s0I1: l11y with great liberality the means for carrying on investiga-tions.Since the ultimate conclusions of the expedition were to be

based on detailed comparisons of the types of man, cultures andlanguages of the North Pacific coast, it was necessary to organizeseveral expeditions to collect the required information. Itseemed best to divide the area among specialists, each devotinghis energies to a certain group of tribes. The amount of workto be done in both Siberia and America was very great, onaccount ofthe great differentiation of tribes. It therefore seemednecessary to set certain limits to the work of the expedition. InAsiu the isolated tribes of northeastern Siberia were made thespecial subject of our studies, while in America the isolatedtribes between Bering Strait and Columbia River were to beinvestigated. The problem to be solved inAsia was the relationof the isolated tribes of Siberia to the Turkish and Tungus tribesof that continent on the one hand, and to the isolated tribes ofnorthwestern America on the other. In a similar way theproblem in America was the relation of the coast tribes of theNorthwest to the inland and southern tribes of our continentand to the Siberian tribes of the other.The multiplicity of tribes in America is clearly shown on

the map all page 68. Since the Eskimo of Alaska had beenstudied by Mf E. W. Nelson for the United States Government,aru l since the Tlingit had been investigated by Lieut. G. T.Emmons, U. S. N., who it is hoped may publish the resultsof his researches, the principal work by the Jesup Expeditionhad to be done inBritish Columbia and the State of Washing-ton, The most important topics to be studied were the eth-

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALnology of the coast of Washington, that of the Salish tribes ofthe interior and of the coast, that of the tribes of VancouverIsland and that of the Haida of Queen Charlotte Islands.A t the same time archreological investigations had to be carriedon in the whole region.The party which carried on operations during the year 1897consisted of Prof. Franz Boas of the American Museum ofNatural History, Prof. Livingston Farrand of Columbia Uni-versity, New York, and Mr. Harlan 1 . Smith of the AmericanMuseum of Natural History. This party was assisted in thefield by Mr. James Teit of Spence's Bridge, B. C., Mr. GeorgeHunt of Fort Rupert, B. C., and Mr. Fillip Jacobsen of Clayo-quot, B. C. The New York party travelled westward by wayof the Northern Pacific railroad, through the courtesy ofwhose officials the journey was rendered most pleasant. Afterhaving made the necessary preparations in Victoria, B. C., theyproceeded to Spence's Bridge, where they arrived on the 2d ofJune, and were met there by Mr. Teit. The great familiarity withthe language of this area which Mr, Teit had acquired duringa long period of residence there, and the deep interest which hetook in the Indians, made him a most valuable assistant in theinvestigations. Early in the year 1897 he collected notes onthe Thompson River Indians for the use of the Jesup Expedi-tion; and with his help a number of additional data 'were ob-tained, mainly bearing upon the art of the Indians, theirlanguage and their physical characteristics. While these in-vestigations were being carried Oil, Mr. Smith made preparationsfor archaeological investigations in the valley of the ThompsonRiver.

It was soon found that Spence's Bri.dge was not the mostfavorable place for excavations; and for this reason Mr. Smithmoved Iris base at operations, first to Kamloops and later toLytton, which is situated at the confluence of the Fraser andThompson Rivers. At Kamloops and Lytton, Mr. Smith con-ducted extensive excavations on the hillsides and in the valley,discovering numerous remains of previ.ous habitations, some ofwhich are without doubt of considerable antiquity. Almost all

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- T HE A ME RIC AN MUSEUM' JOURNALhis finds antedate the advent of the whites and give us an ex-cellent insight into the culture of the people at that period.Beautiful carvings in bone illustrate the high development ofplastic art that had been attained by the Indians; shells fromthe seacoast indicate the existence of early intertribal trade,and numerous implements made of stone, bone and shell illus-trate the general state of culture of the tribe.

While Mr. Smith was conducting his investigations at Kam-loops, Professors Boas and Farrand, accompanied by Mr. T'eit,started on a lengthy trip northward, which was intended toserve two purposes: to investigate the physical characteristicsof the Indians inhabiting the banks of the Fraser River north ofLytton, and to study the customs and physical characteristics ofthe Chilcotin, the most southern Athapascan tribe of BritishColumbia. From Chilcotin it was intended to continue thejourney over the mountains to the coast, in order to study theBella Coola, an interesting tribe, whose customs and beliefs hadnever been subjected to systematic inquiry, The party startedwith a train of ten horses from Spence's Bridge and crossed themountains to Lillooet on narrow trails, It was hoped that aconsiderable number of Indians would be met with in the highvalley of Botani, where the tribes of Fraser River and ThompsonRiver assemble every spring, but only comparatively few wereencountered and the journey was continued after a short delay.At Lillooet Professor Farrand separated from the main party

and visited the villages of the Upper LiUooet on Seton andAnderson Lakes. Meanwhile the pack-train slowly proceededalong the wagon-road leading to Caribou. A ll the Indian villagesthat are situated on or near: the wagon- road were visited, and aconsiderable number o f anthropometric measurements were col-lected. After about a week Professor Farrand, who had com-pleted his work among the Lillooet tribe, rejoined the party.On the 3d of July they reached Soda Creek, on Fraser River, themost northern village inhabited by the Shuswap tribe, Thenthey crossed the river and proceeded westward in order to visitthe territory of the Chilcotin, After a few days the first villageof this tribe was reached. The party proceeded slowly from

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village to village until the most western Chilcotin village of anyconsiderable size was reached, Now the further investigationof tbe interesting tribe was left to Professor Farrand, while Pro.fessor Boas proceeded on his journey across the mountains toBella Coola.

The Chilcotin have been brought into contact with the whitesin comparatively recent time, and, although they now live illlog-cabins, raise ca ttle and horses, and till the soil, they arcprobably the most primitive among the tribes of British Colurn-bia, A number of families still roam in the mountains betweenLiHuoet and Chilcotill River, and have not been induced to settleon re:servntions; consequently the field of investigation wasmost interesting, and the results of Professor Farrand's eth-nological inquiries are of great value, He spent most of histime in the larger villages of the Chilcotin ; but during the monthof August he visited the isolated families which live on the shoresof Tatla Lake and in the mountains, From here he proceedednorthward until the pass which lends to Bella Coola was reached.Professor Boas followed the mom northern route towardsthis pass, crossing the wild plateau north of Tatla Lake. Onthis journey a few of the Chilcotin who make their home nearLake Nakoonrloon were encountered. From here there seems tobe an enormous gap in the Coast Range, through which D. trailleads westward, following a small river that takes its rise in thehigh mountains of the range, Gradually the valley narrowsand the b('uutiful peaks and glaciers of the Coast Range comeinto view. The trail ascends higher and higher, until at a heightof five thousand feet the summit is reached. Here a few smallsnow-fields have to be crossed and the trail suddenly emerges onthe north side of Bella Coola River. The river is visible almostfive thousand feet below; and On the opposite side of its deepand narrow valley rises the high peak, Nuskulst, which plays amost important part in the mythology of the Bella Coola. Enor-mous glaciers flank the sides of the mountain, A little fartherdown the river other snow-clad mountains of beautiful.form comeinto view. In early times the vil.lages of the Bella Coola werefound all along the river, up to a place about twenty miles above

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T HE AME RIC AN MU SE UM JOUR NA LNuskulst, but the tribe has so diminished in numbers that all thevillages on the banks of the river have been abandoned, Thetrail descends the steep mountain-side until the river is reached,at a point about twenty-five miles above its mouth. Here thedeep and rapid river had to be crossed, The party built a raft,on which an Indian embarked in order to fetch a canoe that wasseen on the other side. In this the men crossed the river, whilethe horses swam over. Another day's journey brought thetravellers to tne village of the Bella Coola Indians. The roadpasses through a Norwegian settlement that has recently beenestablished in this valley, At Bella Coola Professor Boas wasmet by Mr. Hunt, who, under special instructions, had collectedvaluable specimens among the Indians. The pack-train returnedover the mountains to Fraser River, while Professor Boas staidamong the Bella Coola Indians.

After obtaining much interesting information regarding thecustoms and beliefs of the Bella Coola, Professor Boas starteddown Bentinck Ann. Then he went by steamer northward toSkeeua River, where he joined JI'Ir. Smith, who had finished hiswork in the interior of British Columbia by the beginning ofAugust. Some time was spent near the mouth of Skeena Riverin making investigations on the graphic art of the Haida Indiansand in studying the physical appearance of the Tsirnshian andHaidu, Mr. Smith obtained a valuable series of photographs,while Professor Boas was engaged in making measurements ofthe people. By this time Professor Farran I had completed hiswork among the Chilcotin, Accompanied by an Indian, hecrossed. the mountains and at Bella C001a met Mr. Hunt, whowas finishing his work in that tribe. Toward the end of August,both left Bella Coola to pay a visit to the village of Bella Bella,which is situated just outside the mouth of Bentinck Arm. Pro-Iessor Farrand spent the remainder of the slimmer here studyingthe social organization and arts of this tribe, and Mr. Smithassisted him in the study of the physical appearance of the people.

After Professor Boas had completed his work on SkeenaRiver, he journeyed southward on a coast steamer and wasjo ined a t Bella Bella by Mr. Smith and MI'.Hunt, while Professor

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TH E A ME RI CA N M USE UM J OU RN ALFarrand staid behind, continuing his investigations. The partylanded in Rivers Inlet, where a stay of several weeks was made.Mr. Smith again assisted in the study of the physical appearanceof the Indians, and after this work had been ended continued hisjourney to Vancouver, in order to resume his arclucological in-vestigations, Professor Boas and Mr. Hunt, who staid at Riversinlet, succeeded in COllecting much interesting material on thelanguage and customs of this little-known tribe. In the middleof September Professor Farrand joined them, having completedhis work at Bella Bella. Soon afterward Mr. Hunt went to hishome in Fort Rupert, while Professors Boas and Farrand re-turned to New York.

Mr. Smith, after going back to Vancouver, took up the in-vestigation of the shell mounds at the mouth of Fraser River,which yielded important results, clearing up interesting points inthe history of the Indians. Itseems that the physical appear-ance of the Indians during the period of deposit of the shellmounds on Lower Fraser River had undergone material changes.The results that were obtained here were soimportant that itwasnecessary to continue the researches during the next year. 'When,the rainy season set in, Mr. Smith moved his camp to south-eastern Vancouver Island, where he spent some time in the in-vestigation of prehistoric stone monuments. Finally, in themiddle of November, the winter rains set in, which compelledhim to conclude his operations ..

During the summer Mr. Fillip Jacobsen undertook to makea collection illustrating the culture of the tribes of the west coastof Vancouver Island. His intimate acquaintance with the In-dians and his varied experience in ethnological work made hisassistance of great value, The expedition is also under greatobligations to Dr. Charles F. Newcombe, 'who contributed aninteresting collection from Queen Charlotte Islands.

In the summer of 1898 work in the State of Washington wasbegun by Professor Farrand and Mr. Smitho The isolated charac-ter of the coast-line between Grey's Harbor and Cape 1;latteryhad subjected the Indians who inhabit it to less white influ-ence than most of the Pacific tribes, and rendered their investiga-

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T HE AME RIC AN MUS EUM JO UR N:A .Ltion of particular interest. The region also formed a geographi-cal link between the Vancouver Island and British Columbiastocks on the north and the Chinook on the south, both of whichhad previously been visited and studied, and had disclosed anumber of problems with reference to the cultural relationsbetween them which demanded the filling out of the gap. Theterritory in question is occupied by two tribes -the Quilleuteon the north and the Quinault on the south; the formernow the sale representative of the Chimakuan stock, and thelatter one of the southern representatives of the Salish group.Professor Farrand 'first visited the Quilleute, reaching theirvillage by way of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and an overlandtrail from Clallam to Lapush on the coast. Unfortunately, hefound upon his arrival that almost the entire tribe had scatteredfor the summer salmon-fisheries, and it was impossible to procurethe casts and records which were desired, but he remained forsome days collecting such information regarding customs andfolk-lore as was possible and preparing for a second visit later inthe season. He then pushed on to the Quinault, where he hadbeen preceded byDr. Roland B. Dixon, who had been occupied inmaking casts of those Indians, and who, shortly after ProfessorFarrand's arrival, proceeded to the mouth of Fraser River tocarryon his work there. Professor Farrand remained at theQuinault agency for nearly two months, engaged in makinggeneral ethnological and linguistic. observations, and met withgratifying success. Toward the end of the summer he returnedto the Quilleute, and, while still unable to find more than a fewindividuals of the tribe, collected some linguistic and other ethno-logical material of interest, The general results of the workshow very clearly the gradual merging of the culture of theNorthwest into the more southerly type. This merging isparticularly observable in the mythology of the tribes.

In the summer of 1898 Mr. James Teit paid a prolonged visitto the Lillooet tribe, which is located 1 1 1 the mountains north ofthe Fraser River delta. He entered the territory of the tribefrom the north and visited aU their villages. The Lillocet werefound to be of particular interest, because they form a link be-

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Then he proceeded to the coast, and by appointment met Mr.Hunt at the northern end of Vancouver Island. There he spentthe whole summer, visiting the fishing villages of the Indiansand carrying on studies on their languages and customs. Healso made a collection of plaster casts of Indian types.

On his return journey Mr. Teit met Dr. John R. Swanton.whowas about to visit Queen Charlotte Islands in order to study theHaida Indians. In September, 1900, Dr. Swanton was conveyedby steamer to Skiciegate, where he located for the winter. TheHaida, who in former times lived in numerous villages all alongthe coasts of the islands, are so much reduced in numbers thatthey are now confined to 1 . ; . . . . ,ro villages, while a portion of thetr ibe has located in southern Alaska. After several months spentat Skidegate, Dr. Swanton went to Masset, the northern villageof the Haida, by canoe, and later visited Alaska. Finally hereturned to Skidegate to take up some loose ends of his work,and returned east after a stay among the Haida which extendedover more than a year. His work was supplemented by that ofDr. Charles F. Newcombe, who visited al l th~ deserted villagesof the Haida in a small boat, getting information on their exactlocation and on the geography of the country. At the sametime he made a collection of plants,

In the years 1901 and r902 Messrs. Hunt and Teit continuedtheir studies Lor the expedition.

The isolated tribes along the east coast of Asia embracethe Ainu ofYezo and Saghalin, the Gilyak of the Arnur River, theKarnchadal of the Peninsula of Kamchatka, the Koryak ofthenorth coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Chukchee of the extremenortheastern part of Siberia, the Chuvantzy of the region westof the Chukchee and the Yukaghir of the Kolyma. In com-paratively recent times Tungus tribes have settled in the territorywhich was probably original ly inhabi ted by the other tribes alone.

The investigations on the Amur River were intrusted to Dr.Berthold Laufer and Mr. Gerard Fowke. Dr. Laufer had de-voted himself to the study of the Tibetan language and of thehistory of Asiatic cultures, and was well prepared to take up the

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..f. ', .~ T HE AM ERI CA N M US EU M J OURN ALf .r.\ problems offered by the '\mur tribes. 1\1r.Fowke had done mucharchaeological work in America, and he was to canyon archseologi-cal researches in the Arnur province. Unfortunately the depart-

ure of the expedition was delayed by the difficulty of obtainingthe necessary permissions and passports from the Russian Gov-ernment. These obstacles were eventually overcome throughthe assistance of the United States Embassy in St. Petersburg,and through the active interest taken in the investigations bythe Imperial Academy or Sciences of St. Petersburg. Dr. Lauferand Mr. Fowke arrived at Vladivostok on June 19. 1898, andproceeded thence to Khabarovsk, on the Amur. Here theyseparated. Mr. Fowke descended the Arnur in a boat, investi-gating the remains along both banks of the river.Dr. Laufer went down the river by steamer, and crossed tothe Island of Saghalin, which he reached on July 10, 1898. Hestaid on the island until March 2I, 1899, investigating the Gilyak,Tungus and Ainu tribes. The fall of 1898 he spent among theGilyak tribes of the northeastern part of Saghalin; later be trav-:elled southward along the east coast of the island. Unfortu-nately in October, when visiting a Gilyak village about twelvemiles inland. Dr. Laufer was taken illwith the grippe, which wasfollowed by pneumonia, so that his investigations suffered a longinterruption. When hardly well enough to resume his work,he journeyed southward, at first on horseback and then 011reindeer-sledges, visiting the 'fungus and Ainu of the centraland southern parts of the island. When about to continue hisjourney farther southward, he received a telegram from theRussian Governor, informing him of the presence of a bandof desperadoes, who had built a fort in that region and had ter-rorized the whole country. Nevertheless he spent enough timeamong the Ainu to collect a considerable amount of valuableinformation.

On March 4. 1399, he reported on the progress of his work asfollows:

Among the collections which 1 made on the Island of Saghalinthere are several very interesting specimens. I obtained from theOlcha Tungus a collection of wooden idols and amulets made of fish-

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T HE A ME RI CAN MU SE UM J OU RN ALskin which are quite new to science. I have had very good success inusing the phonograph, and have obtained songs of the Gilyak andTungus. Linguistic work on Saghalin was very difficult, because thereare no interpreters capable of translating texts. There is no one whoknows more than the most common phrases of Russian. Among theAinu, Russian is entirely un known; and for the purpose of interpret-ing I had to use Japanese, with which, however, they are not veryfamiliar either. Nevertheless, my knowledge of the Japanese languagefacilitated my work among them since they like the Japanese people.I collected most of my material among the Ainu during the night-time,because it isonly at this time that everything.is active. 'fhere isa greatdifference 'between the Ainu dialects of Yezo and Saghalin, the latterbeing much more archaic. I did not succeed in obtaining any anthro-pometric measurements. The people were afraid that they would dieat once after submitting to this process. Although I had their con-fidence, I failed in my efforts in this direction, even alter offering thempresents which they considered of great value. I succeeded in measur-ing a single individual, a man of imposing stature, who, after themeasurements had been taken, fell prostrate on the fioor, the pictureof despair, groaning, "Now I am going to die to-morrow!"

I started comparatively late on my journey along the east coastof Saghalin, because I was detained for two months and a half by asevere attack of influenza. As soon as I had sufficiently recovered,I visited one of the Gilyak villages where the people were celebratingone of their bear festivals. I was welcomed with much delight, sinceI met several of my acquaintances of last summer. For five days Iassisted in the ceremonial, and was even permitted to witness the sac-rifice of the dog, which is kept secret from the Russians. OnNew Year's eve I reached my southernmost point on the island. Onthe following day r took phonographic records of songs, which createdthe greatest sensation among the Russians as well as among thenatives. A young Gilyak woman who sang into the instrument said,"It took me so long to learn this song, and this thing has learned itat once, without making any mistakes. There is surely a man oraspirit in this box which imitates me!" and at the same time she wascrying and laughing with excitement,

On the ad of January I started by dog-sledge northward. Thisjourney was exceedingly difficult, and sometimes even dangerous.At one time I narrowly escaped drowning when crossing the ice at thefoot of a steel) promontory. I broke through the ice, which was

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T HE AM ERI CA N M US EU M J OU RNA Lmuch weakened by the action of the waves. Fortunately my guidehappened to upset his sledge at the same moment when I brokethrough. Thus it was that he saw my situation, and extricated mewith his s taff .

Toward the end of the month I arrived at Korsakovsk, makingthe last hundred versts (sixty-seven miles) on horseback. OriginallyI intended to return from this point along the west coast of the island;but this proved to be impossible, since there is no means of communi-cation in winter. For this reason I had to return northward thesame way that I came, and had to travel as rapidly as possible in .order to reach Nikolayevsk in time, for by the end of March it be-comes impossible to cross the ice between the island and tile main-land. Therefore I returned with all possible speed; working andcol lecting, however, whenever opportunity altered .

On March 21 Dr. Laufer crossed to the mainland in order totake up his studies of the Gold, a Tungus tribe. He reachedKhabarovsk on March 25 . Since a considerable number of Goldare located at that point he settled there and carried on hisinvestigations among the natives. By the end of May, naviga-tion on the Amur being reopened, he started on a boat journeydown the river, visiting villages of the Gold, and farther downthose of the Gilyak. After reaching Nikolayevsk, he paid a visitto the Gold tribes on the Amgun River, and finally returned toVladivostok. On October 19, 1899, Dr. Laufer started home,and after spending some time in Japan, reached New York earlyin 1900. Mr. Fowke had left Vladivostok a little earlier, andreached New York in the fa n of 1899.

The plans for the work in the arctic part of Siberia wereelaborated with the assistance of the Imperial Academy of Sci-ences of St. Petersburg. Professor W. Radloff, director of theEthnographical Museum and a member of the Academy, sug-gested that the work be intrusted to Messrs, Waldemar jochelsonand 'Waldemar Bogoras, who had for several years carried onimportant studies in Siberia under the auspices of the ImperialGeographical Society. In the summer of 1898 Professor Boasvisited Europe, and, after consultation with Professor Radloff,had a number of conferences with M r. jochelson, in which the

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALgeneral plan of the expedition was decided upon. According tothis plan, Mr. Jochelson was to undertake the study of the Kor-yak and Yukaghir; ifr. Bogoras, that of the Chukchee and Es-kimo, Through their former expeditions Mr. J ochelson wasalready familiar with the Yakut and' part of the Yukaghir,while M r. Bogoras knew the western Chukchee intimately. Theexpedition was to begin in the year 1900. M r. Bogoras was tostay among the Chukchee and Eskimo until the summer of1901, while Mr. Jochelson proposed to begin his studies on theSea of Okhotsk, and then to travel westward over the StanovoiMountains to the Yukaghir, 'whence he intended to return byway of Yakutsk and Irkutsk in 1902. Later this plan wasslightly modified, in that Mr. Bogoras undertook the linguisticstudy of the Koryak, whose speech is closely related to that ofthe Chukchee.Messrs, Jochelson and Bogoras reached Ncw York in March,

1900. A considerable part of the outfit of the expedition hadbeen purchased in Europe and shipped to Vladivostok direct.The rest of the purchases were made in America, and in Aprilthe party left San Francisco bound for Vladivostok, which wasreached 11'1ay16, In New York Mr. Norman G. Buxton wasadded to the party. He was charged with the making of collec-tions of zoological material. Mrs. Jochelson and Mrs. Bogoras,who were to share the hardships of the journey with their hus-bands, and to undertake part of the work of the expedition, hadgone to Vladivostok by way of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Be-si les, Mr. Jochelson had engaged Mr. Alexander Axelrod ofZurich as a general assistant, particularly for carrying on thegeographical work incidental to the expedition. Mr. Jochelsonundertook the general leadership.

At Vladivostok the expedition. separated into two parties.Mr. and Mrs, jochelson and Messrs. Axelrod and Buxton were tomake their headquarters at Gishiga : 1\1r. and Mrs. Bogoras, at.MariinskyPost, at the mouth ofthe Anadyr River. The Bogorasparty left Vladivostok on june 14, onboard the steamer" Baikal."The departure of the Jochelson party was delayed until July 24,because, owing to the political complications in China, the gov-

lor

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THE AM.ERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALernrnent transport ..Khabarovsk," which visits Gishiga onceevery year, was employed for military purposes.

Mr. Jochelson reports on the progress of the expedition inhis immediate charge as follows:

i.,,,,, lI"'. On August 16, 1900, we landed in Kushka, a small village at themouth of the Gishiga River. The condition of affairs in the district

of Gishiga was very sad. In the winter of r899-190o this region badbeen visited by an epidemic of measles. According to the churchregis ters, 179 persons out of a total of 500 had died at Gishiga betweenDecember 25 , 1899, and March I, 1900, When we reached Gishiga,the grippe prevailed and everybody was sick abed. Contrary to myexpectations, there were no Korya k near Gishiga. The ReindeerKoryak, who are in the habit of wintering near this place, had movedfar into the mountains with their herds, in order to escape the rav-ages of the prevailing epidemic. Nei tiler was it easy to reach thevillages of the Maritime Koryak, which are located on Penshina Bay,east of Gishiga. There is no regular means of communication insummer, because at that season travel across the tundra by dog- orreindeer-team is impossible. Sea-going boats which could withstandthe heavy seas at Cape Taigonos, between the bays of Gishiga andPenshina, were not available, so that, in order not to lose the remain-ing summer months, Imade up my mind to attempt the tundra withpack-horses. These, however, were hard to get. There were sixty-five horses in all, in the region, the property of the Russian inhabi-tants of Gishiga. Most of these had been hired by a Russo-Americangold-mining company, which was represented by an American en-gineer, Mr. Shockley. After a great deal of trouble Isucceeded inhiring twenty horses, some of which were almost too young for use.Mr. Buxton staid in Kushka in order to make zoological collections,while the rest of our party started on September ro.

We were accompanied by a Cossack, an interpreter and twopackers, who also served as guides. The trail across the boggy tundraand over the hills was very difficult. Pack-horses as well as saddle-horses became mired and had to be extricated, so that we did notaverage more than ten miles a day. One day, while our Cossack andinterpreter were hunting two pack-horses that were carrying provi-sions and had run away up a side valley, I tried to proceed on myjourney, accompanied by Mrs. jochelson and Mr. Axelrod. We ex-

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALpeered soon to overtake our guides, who had gone ahead with the restof the pack-horses; but when ascending a hill we lost the trail, andfor two days we wandered about in the high, treeless tundra withoutfood, fire or protection against wind and frost. At length we gathereda large pile of wood and started afire, the smoke of which was dis-covered by our men. who had been searching for us all the time. Atthe Ioot of the last pass we had to cross we were overtaken by a snow-storm, which detained us for three days. At length on October 5, w ereached Paren , a winter village of the Koryak. The village, however,was deserted, since the people were still living in their summer village,about f if teen mi les distant . Isent my men to notify them of ourarrival, and on the following day two skin boats arrived at the mouthof the river to convey us to the village Kuel, on the river of the samename. Before our departure from Pareu, r sent back my two guideswith the horses, which were exhausted by the long journey. Thereturn journey of these men lasted eighteen days, and was full ofaccidents. 1 1 1 a snowstorm they lost six horses, the men themselvesalmost Ierished of cold and hunger, and after their arrival in Gishigasix more horses died of exhaus tion.. After our arrival at Kuel, our investigations began. During thefirst half of the winter 1900-01 we carried on our work in the villagesof the Mari time Koryak of the bays of Gishiga and Penshina. Thesecond half of the winter was spent in the camps of the ReindeerKoryak in the interior of the country, When the winter trails werein good condition, Iwent to Gishiga to replenish my provisions andbarter, and then we started with twenty dog- sledges Ior Karnenskoye,where Istaid for some time.

While we were located at this place, Mr. Bogoras carne overland ona visit from Anadyr, and spent the month of December with us.During this time he was engaged in studies of the Koryak lan-guage. After his arrival, I sent Mr. Axelrod to Anadyr to takecharge of Mr. Bogoras's station until his return. 1\'11'. Bogorascompleted his linguistic studies, and then proceeded to visit thevillages of northern Kamchatka. After his return, Mr. Axelrod staidwith him at Anadyr.

III all my journeys I was accompanied by Mrs. J ochelson, who,being a candidate for the degree of medicine at the University ofZurich, took charge of the anthropometrical and medical work of theexpedition and of most of the photographic work.

While among the Maritime Koryak, we lived most of the time in103

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALtheir underground dwellings, which are reached by a ladder leadingdown through the smoke-hole. It is almost impossible to describethe squalor of these dwellings. The smoke, which fills the hut. makesthe eyes smart. Itis particularly dense in the upper part of the hut,so that work that has to be done in an upright position becomesalmost impossible. Walls, ladder and household utensils are coveredwith a greasy soot, so that contact with them leaves shining blackspots on hands and clothing. 'I'he dim light which falls through thesmoke-hole is hardly sufficient [01 writing and reading. The odor ofblubber and of refuse is almost intolerable; and the inmates, intoxi-catedwith fly agaric, add to the discomfort of the situation. Thenatives are infested with lice. As long as we remained in these dwell-ings we could not escape these insects, which we dreaded more thanany of the privations of our journey.

The winter tents of the Reindeer Koryak are 50 cold that we couldnot work in them; therefore we had to put up a tent of our own. Itwas furnished with a small iron stove, and there we carried on ourethnological and anthropornetrical work. At night. however. thetent was very cold, and we slept in bags made of wolf-skins.While on the way, we spent the I;ights on the snow, covered withfur blankets, Several times we were exposed to snowstorms, andhad to wait under our blankets, covered with snow, until the galewas over,

In May we returned to Kushka, and I was engaged until June inpacking up and cataloguing the collections which we had made inthe winter. In June we started in two boats on the dangerous jour-ney to the mouth of the Nayakhan River. At that time there wereassembled at this place more than sixty tents of nomadic Tunguswhom I proposed to visit, On our return journey the tempestuoussea drove us into the Bay of Atykyna, where we had to stay for fivedays, almost without any provisions. Fortunately on the fourth dayof our stay my men killed two seals. In July I made a trip by boatfrom Gishiga to the mouth of the river Ovekova, where I visited acamp of Maritime Koryak. This wasmy last stay with the Koryak,and on July 28 I returned to Kushka,

While Mr. Bogoras's party was returning to Vladivostok fromMariinsky Post, and while Mr. Buxton was waiting for the steamerthat was to take him back, I had to stay another year in northeasternSiberia, the object of my further investigations being tile study ofthe Yukaghir of the Kolyma.

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T HE A ME RI CA N M US EU M J OU RN ALAfter the necessary preparations had been completed, I started

with Mrs. jochelson on August 1 5 from Kushka, on our jour-neyacross the Stanovoi Mountains to the Kolyma. I had hired twentysaddle- and pack-horses fr-om the Yakut, and was accompanied by[our Yakut packers, one 'fungus guide, one Tungns interpreter andone Yukaghir chief .Our journey from Kush ka, at the mouth of the Gishiga River, toVerkhne-Kolymsk, on the Yassachna River, a tributary of the Kolyma,took fifty-six days-from August 15 until October 9, 1901. We werethe f irst whites to cross the Stanovoi Mountains at this point. In.winter, nomadic Tungus visit this country, but in summer it is de-serted by all human beings. This journey was the most difficult onethat it was ever my fate to undertake. Bogs, mountain torrents,rocky passes and thick forests combined to hinder our progress.Part of our provisions consisted of bread and dried rish, A heavy rainwhich fell during the first few days of our journey soaked the loads ofthe pack-horses and caused the pr-ovisions to rot. Therefore we hadto cut down our rations from the very beginning. Afte r crossing thepasses of the Stanovoi Mountains, we reached the upper course of theKorkodon River. By this time our horses were exhausted, and it wasnecessary to take a long rest. Meanwhile the cold was increasing dayhy day, and haste was necessary if we were to reach Verkhne-Ko-lymsk before the closing of the river. Therefore I left three Yakutwith the horses and the goods, and prepared to descend the. river on" raft with the rest of my party, hoping thus to reach a camp of theYukaghir which is located on the course of the Korkodcu.It took us one day to build a strong raft, and then we began thedescent of the river, made dangerous by numerous rapids and shortbends, by the rocky banks and by jams of driftwood. Our guideshad intimated that we could make the descent in two days, but in-stead we spent nine days allthe raft. Itwas m y desire to leave ampleprovisions with the three Yakut who staid with the horses, and forthis reason I had reduced our own allowance to the very lowest limit.Thus it happened that three days' rations had to last US through thenine days which we spent on the raft. For the last six days we hadto be satisfied with forty-five pounds of flour, or an allowance of twocups a day for every person and a little tea without sugar.

We spent four days among the Yukaghir of the Korkodon, andafter finishing our work and purchasing a supply of fish, we continuedour journey to Verkline-Kolyrnsk in a boat down the Korkodon and

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALthe Kolyma. The journey took seven days, In the night fcllowingthe seventh day the river froze up while we were still forty milesfrom our goal. Vile left the boat, and after a tramp of two daysreached Verkhne-Kolymsk on October 9, [901. There I found thegoods which 1 had sent ahead in 1900 from the Bay of Ola. FromVerkhne-Kolymsk, a village of eight houses and one church, Ivisitedthe Yukaghir of the River Yassachna, I t was December 8 when theYakut whom I had left on. the Korkodon reached Verkltne-Kolymsk.Then we proceeded to Sredne-Kolymsk, the capital of the districtand a town ol five hundred inhabitants, arriving there December 24.On January 6, 1-

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THE AME RlCAN MUSE UM JOURNALthought that it would be possible to proceed from Kamenskoye tonorthern Kamchatka, in order to study such remnants of the Karn-chadal language and folk-lore as might still exist in some remote vil-lages, and then to return to Anadyr in time for a journey northward.

I spent the first four months of my field-work at the mouth of theAnadyr. visiting tile camps of the Reindeer Chukchee, which duringthe summer are scattered on the seashore. I made collections andtook photographs and anthropometrical measurements. During thistime I also made a study of the language of the Ai'wan tribe, whichforms the main branch of the Asiatic Eskimo. In this I had the aidof two Ai/wan families who live with the Chukchee at Mariinsky Post.The conditions of the summer were rather unfavorable. An epidemicof measles brought by a Russian trader from Vladivostok to Kam-chatka the previous year swept along the shores o[ the Sea of Okhotskand of Bering Sea, carrying away hundreds of victims. In someplaces the tatality amounted to about thirty per cent. of the wholepopulation. In the summer of [900 it reached the Pacific shore ofthe Chukchee Peninsula, where the loss of life was just as consider-able. Therefore the summer fair which is held at Mariinsky Postearly in August every year was not visited in 1900 by any of thenative traders from the northern Chukchee and the Eskimo villages.

About the end of October, a considerable time after the freezingof the Anadyr River, I left Mariinsky Post, together with one of myCossacks. bound for the village of Markova on the middle Anadyr.from there to Kamenskoye on the Okhotsk Sea. From that periodtill the end of my field-work I spent my time in continuous travel,and did not remain at anyone place more than three or four weeks.Mrs. Bogoras staid on the Anadyr till the next summer, travelingbetween Mariinsky Post and Markova, and making the greater part ofthe collections [or the Museum, while 1 spent my time chiefly incollecting scientific information, She was assisted by Mr. Axelrod,whom Mr. Jochelson sent to Mar iinsky Post fr0111Kamenskoye.

We traveled almost exclusively with dogs, several of which Ibought from the natives, picking out the best, and from time to timeexchanging [or fresh ones those that became unfit [or further travel.Of these dogs I formed three teams, which allowed us to travel fastenough, when the weather and the conditions of the snow were favor-able. We could carry no heavy loads, however, and had to leaveeverything behind except our scientific instruments and a few objectsfor barter. This ob,liged us to rely almost wholly on the food-supply

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALof the country, and during the whole time we lived on dried fish,r eindeer -mea t, seal and walrus blubber e tc, Ifound i t more difficul tto get food [or my dogs than for ourselves especially in the spring,when food is scarce in the maritime villages. 'rhus we wereobliged to carry some dog-food all the time, which lessened still moreour carrying-capacity for other purposes, In traveling Iwas usuallyaccompanied by one Cossack and a native guide. Each of us drovehis own team of twe lve animals,

The winter of 1900-01 was very severe in the Anadyr country.It began with heavy snowfalls, which were followed by a generalthaw, 'I'he moss pastures were covered with a crust ot ice, and thusthe reindeer herds were half starved because they could not break theice with the ir hoofs. The refore the winte r fairs were sparsely attended,the people remaining scattered all around the country, unable toundertake any extensive journeys. Blizzards were frequent, anddirec tly after leaving Mar iinsky Post we were overtaken by one whichlasted several days and spoiled the track to such a degree that ourdogs were hardly able to drag themselves through the deep snow.We had to make the greater part of the journey to Markova on snow-shoes and assist our teams in dragging the sledges.I reached Kamenskoye after a month's journey, and found Mr.and Mrs. Jochelson there, Near the end of December, after fourweeks' stay, I left Kamenskoye, and went across the plateau of Para-polsky Dol to the first villages of the Kamchatka Koryak, and thenceto the villages of the western Kamchadal, on the west coast of theKamchatka Peninsula, There, in eight villages, I found that theKamchadal language was still spoken, though rapidly giving way toRussian, The language was found to belong to the same stock as theChukchee and the Koryak. In several details the Kamchadal lan-guage appears to be more complicated and probably more ancientthan 'the two northern dialects.

About the end of February I left Kamchatka and started on myreturn journey to the Anadyr, along the Pacific coast, through apart of the country hitherto wholly unknown and unexplored. Thejourney had to be made hurriedly, because I had to reach MariinskyPost on March 25 , since I had left d.irections with the Anadyr branchof the expedition to have everything ready by that time for a journeynorthwards. Unfortunately I was taken ill with influenza in one ofthe Kamchatka villages and lost my voice temporari.ly, so that Icould communicate with the nati~es only by means of signs during

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.,THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

more than a fortnight At 0 ti .alarming that the Cos's k .ne line, indeed, my illness became so, ac , w 10 also felt res ibl fof the expedition ask d rne Ior I . ponsi e or the successmy body and '" ffici me or mstructions as to which way to carrymy or cial papers" in case I 1 Id .I ordered him to tie u eve '. s lOU die on the route.with all possible d PtI rything Incurried leather, and to take itespa c 1to the Anadyr.My route lay across the bo d li bChukchee reindeer-breeders :h:r;nlne etwe~n the Ko~ak awl the

continuous warfare witl 'I tl former times were Involved invillages TI I 1 eac 10 ier, and then along the line of Kerek. Ie atter are a branch of tl ' . r . .in the most ie 111.antimeKoryak, who liveremote part of the couutr r hi I . .resources If' ) , w lIC 1 IS very poor U1 natural. . n orrner tnnes they lived chi fl Ithe last few dec ad '. e y on wa rus: but withines, 1-. e., Since the arrival of A .driven the walrus farth t tl merican whalers haser re north they hav It idlv dviout from continual starvation. '. e een rapl y dymgBetween the Kerek vill .Reindeer Chukchee lies q~~!~~l~~t t~e first c~mps of the Anadyrunknown to tl K k ia 1 eu, mountainous country. It is. 're ere, who therefore could t Iand we bad to pass throu . .' no sup.p y us with guides,frozen mountain . gh It, gUided solely by the course of the

tributaries of the r~:e:~y~p t~l ~he. watershed, and then down to thenearly exhauseed the stre' th 1.lfSbJoulrney lasted seventeen clays, andI ng . 0 ot 1dogs and driversreached MariillSky Post on M I 6 .weeks started. northward with a ) arc 1 2 , a~d after a stay of tworeturning from the annual t ffi' I~rty of natrve traders, who werera c With the Anadyr C k Iaccompanied by Mr Axel ad d f .. ossac s. was. ., r an our RUSSian d . ..teams car . . . . lze natives with extra, rylOg provision and wares for bart D "Mr. Axelrod made a survey of tl I er. unng this Journeyweeks brought us to Iridl P I.eover and route. A journey of fourduring which time Im dian bOlllt,where we staid about a month,0, a e a oat Journey to St L r..Iy studies at that I' awrence sland,Asiatic Eskim p ace were devoted to the Maritime Chukchee and0.

At the eud of June I started . .mouth of the Anadyr F thi on my return Journey towards thenative boat and had j't co~:redlls ~ t U Irposle r b~ught the frame of aI . . WI 1 wa rus hides Our' .t us boat lasted thirty-two da d .' . Journey 11 1on July 28, 1901, ten days b:{~r:nth we ~lVed at Mariinsky Poststeamer which took us back to VI di e arr~yal of the annual postalOur collections to New York b waa ~~o~to. F~om there Ishippedthe Trans-Siberian Railway t yS t yp. . uez, while we returned overo . etersburg. There Iwas unfor-

114

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALtunutely taken ill, and was unable to return to New York until April17,1902.The results of this work are studies of the ethnography and an-thropology of the Chukchee and Asiatic Eskimo, and partly of theKamchndal and of the Pacific Koryak. These studies are illustratedby extensive collections, embracing five thousand ethnographical ob-jects, thirty-three plaster casts of faces, seventy-five skulls andurchreological specimens from abandoned village sites and fromgraves. Other material obtained includes three hundred tales andtraditions; one hundred fifty texts ill. the Chukchee, Koryak, Kam-chadal and Eskimo languages; dictionaries and grammatical sketchesof these languages; ninety-five phonographic records, and measure-ments of eight hundred sixty individuals. Ialso made a zoologicalcollection and kept a meteorological journal during the whole time of01)' field-work.

The investigators who took part i.n the field-work of theexpedition are all engaged in studies of the materials co1leeted.Some of the results 'have been published, but much remains tobe done. Itis of course premature to draw any final conclu-sions from the materials collected, because the greater part is notyet available for purposes of comparison, and the investiga-tion of the anthropometrical material has not even been takenup. It seems clear, however, even at this time, that the isolatedtribes of eastern Siberia and those of the northwest coast ofAmerica form one race, similar in type, and with many elements(} E culture in common. It would seem that the unity of racewas much greater in former times than it is now; that the in-vasion of eastern tribes in America, such as the Eskimo, Atha-puscan and Salish, and of western and southern tribes in Asia,such as the Yakut and Tungus, have disturbed the former con-ditions. Nevertheless enough remains to lead us to think thatthe tribes of this whole area must be considered as a single race,or at least that their culture is a single culture, which at one timewas found in both the northeastern part of the Old World andthe northwestern part of the New World. Thus the Jesup Ex-pcdition seems to have established the close relationship betweenthe peoples of Asia and America.

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALTH E following Museum memoirs have been published, em-

bodying results obtained by the Jesup North Pacific Expedition.The number of the volume is that 'which each bears in the seriesof Museum memoirs.

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Vol. II. Anthfopology.PART I. - Facial Paintings of the Indians of Northern British

Columbia. By Franz Boas. Pp. 1-24, pli. i-vi. June 16, 1898.PART II. - The Mythology of the Bella Coola Indians. By

Franz Boas. Pp. 25-127, pll, vii-xii. November, 1898.PART III. - The Archeeology of Lytton, British Columbia.

By Harlan L Smith. Pp, 129-161, pI. xiii, and 117 text figures.May, 1899.

PART IV. - The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. ByJames Teit. Edited by Franz Boas. Pp. 163-392. , pll . xiv-xx,and 198 text figures. April, 1900.

PART V. - Basketry Designs of the Salish Indians. By Liv-ingston Farrand. Pp, 393-399, pll. xxi-xxiii, and IS text figures.April, 1900.

PART VI. - Archreology of the Thompson River Region. ByHarlan I. Smith. Pp. 401-442, pll. xxiv-xxvi, and 5I textfigures. (With title-page, contents, and index to Vol. II.) June,1900..

. . Vol. IV. Anthropology (not yet completed).PART I. - Traditions of the Chilcotin Indians. By LivingstonFarrand. Pp. I-54. June, 1900.

PART II. - Cairns of British Columbia and Washington. ByHarlan I.Smith and Gerard Fowke. Pp. 55-76, pll. i-v, and 9text figures. January, 1901.

PART III. - Traditions of the Quinault Indians. By Liv-ingston Farrand, assisted by W. S. Kahnweiler, Pp, 77-r32.January, 1902.

PART IV. - Shell-Heaps of the Lower Fraser River. ByHarlan I. Smith. Pp. 133-190, pll. vi, vii, and 59 text figures,December, 1902 .

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNALVol. V. Anthropology (not yet completed).

PART I.- Kwakiutl Texts. By Franz Boas and GeorgeHunt. Pp. 1-270. January, r902.

PART II. - Kwakiutl Texts (continued). Pp.271-402. De-cember, 1902.

Vol. VlI. Anthropology (not yet completed).PART L - The Decorative Art of the Amur Tribes. By

Berthold Laufer. Pp. X-79, pit i-xxxiii, and 24 text figures.January, 1902.

ETHNOGRAPHICAL ALBUM.Ethnographical Album of the North Pacific Coasts ofAmerica

and Asia. Part T, pp, 1-5, pll. 1-28. August, 1900,Among those in preparation are:Vol. IV, Part V. - The Lillooet of British Columbia. By

James Teit.Vol. VII, Part II. - The Chukchee, By Waldemar Bogoras,Vol. VIII, Part I.- The Haida of Queen Charlotte Islands,

B. C. By John R. Swanton.Ethnographical Album of the North Pacific Coasts of America

and Asia. Part U .

NEWS NOTESDepartment of Vertebrate Palreontology bas re-

cently received two very handsome gifts: the skullof the white rhinoceros of Africa from J. PierpontMorgan, Esq.; and casts of the skull, brain cavityand foot of two species of Uintatherium, a cast of

the skull and jaw of Brontops robustus and a cast of the skeletonof A IIil isa urus, presented by the Yale University Museumthrough Professor Charles E. Beecher.

PROFESSOR J. E. DUERDEN, Honorary Curator of Ccelenter-utcs, who has spent the past year as interim professor of biology

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