body plans
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008a. Body Plans. The Animal Kingdom - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Body Plans
008a
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The Animal KingdomThough there is great diversity in the animal kingdom, animals can
be distinguished from the other kingdoms by a set of characteristics. Though other types of life may share some of these characteristics, the set of characteristics as a whole provide a distinction from the other kingdoms.
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1. Animals are multicellular.
2. Animals are heterotrophic, obtaining their energy by consuming energy-releasing food substances.
3. Animals typically reproduce sexually.
4. Animals are made up of cells that do not have cell walls.
5. Animals are capable of motion in some stage of their lives.
6. Animals are able to respond quickly to external stimuli as a result of nerve cells, muscle or contractile tissue, or both.
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Criteria for Evolutionary Development & Classification
Cellular organizationSymmetryCoelomDigestive systemSegmentationCephalization
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Kingdom Animalia
Symmetry
UnorganizedRadialBilateral
Cellular organization
Tissues, organs, systems
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Coelom
Body cavity or not
Digestive system
None, 1 or 2 openings, how
Kingdom Animalia coelomdigestive tube
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Segmentation
Repetition of body parts
Cephalization
Development of a “head end”
Kingdom Animalia
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Phylogentic Relationships of Animals
Ancestral Protist
segmentation
true tissue
radial symmetrybilateral symmetry
Deuterostomes:eucoelom
Protostome: schizocoelem
pseudocoelom
Porifera
Cnideria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Mollusca
Annelida Echinodermata
ChordataArthropoda
no true tissues
acoelom
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Early Embryonic
Development of an Animal
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Major Stages of Animal Development
• gametogenesis• fertilization• cleavage• blastula• gastrulation• differentiation and morphogenesis
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Hypothetical Scheme for the Origin of Multicellularity in Animals
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Protostome vs Deuterostome
• Protostome: blastopore becomes mouth
• Deuterostome: blastopore becomes anus
Blastula
Blastopore
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What is a Phylum?
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Some Examples of Animal Phyla
• Phylum Cnidaria– sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, man-of-wars & hydroids
• Phylum Mollusca– snails, slugs, chitons, clams, oysters, octopods & squids
• Phylum Arthropoda– spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects & centipedes
• Phylum Echinodermata– sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers & sea lilies
• Phylum Chordata– sea squirts, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds & mammals
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Major Body Plan Characteristics of Animals
• Symmetry• Primary Germ Layers• Gut Organization• Body Cavity• Segmentation• Skeletal Systems• Circulatory Systems• Appendages• Coloniality
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Symmetry• Asymmetry• Radial Symmetry• Bilateral Symmetry
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Symmetry
Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry
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Radial SymmetryJellyfish
Phylum Cnidaria
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Pentamerous Radial Symmetry
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved.
Sea StarsPhylum Echinodermata
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Bilateral Symmetry
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved. Audubon Society from Photo Researchers
SlugPhylum Mollusca
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Bilateral Symmetry
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved. Teason
SquidPhylum Mollusca
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Primary Germ Layers
• None• Diploblastic• Triploblast
Mesoderm
Ectoderm Endoderm
gut
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Fates of the Primary Germ Layers• Ectoderm
– hair, nails, epidermis, brain, nerves• Mesoderm
– notochord (in chordates), dermis, blood vessels, heart, bones, cartilage, muscle
• Endoderm– internal lining of the gut and respiratory
pathways, liver, pancreas
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The Formation of
Primary Germ Layers
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The Formation of
Primary Germ Layers
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Germ Layer Patterns
Ectoderm
Endoderm
gut
Diploblastic
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Diploblastic- two germ layersPhylum Cnidaria
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Germ Layer Patterns
acoelomate
Triploblastic: 3 germ layers
Mesoderm
Ectoderm Endoderm
gut
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• No Gut• Blind Sac Gut• Complete Gut
Gut Organization
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No GutSponges
Phylum Porifera
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No GutSponges
Phylum Porifera
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Blind Sac GutPhylum Cnidaria
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Complete Gut
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Segmentation
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Segmentation
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved.
CentipedePhylum Arthropoda
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SegmentationLobster
Phylum Arthropoda
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Skeleton
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Functions of the Skeleton
• supports basic body form• protection of soft internal
tissues and organs• facilitates locomotion
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Skeleton
• Hydrostatic Skeletons• Hard Skeletons
– Exoskeletons– Endoskeletons
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Hydrostatic SkeletonSea Anemone
Phylum Cnidaria
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Hydrostatic Skeleton:• A non compressible fluid held under
pressure in a closed body compartment.
• Uses antagonistic muscles for movement.
• The gastrovascular cavity of the jellyfish acts as hydrostatic skeleton against which contractile cells can work.
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Hydrostatic Skeleton
EarthwormPhylum Annelida
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Exoskeleton
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved. Foott, Bruce Coleman Ltd.
ChitonPhylum Mollusca
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ExoskeletonStony Coral
Phylum Cnidaria
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Endoskeletons
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved.
VertebratesPhylum Chordata
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Types of Appendages
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Functions of Appendages
• locomotion• feeding• sensory• protection
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TentaclesSea Anemone
Phylum Cnidaria
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Jointed Appendages
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved.
Bee AppendagesPhylum Arthropoda
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Circulatory Systems
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Functions of Circulatory Systems
• transport of nutrients and metabolic wastes
• maintains water and solute balance• defense against pathogens
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Circulatory System
• None (simple diffusion)• Body Cavity Circulation• Closed Circulatory System• Open Circulatory System
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No Circulatory SystemComb Jelly
Phylum Ctenophora
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Circulation in a Moon JellyfishPhylum Cnidaria
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Closed Versus Open Circulatory Systems
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Nervous Systems
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Functions of Nervous systems
• integration of animal behavior• processing and interpretation of
sensory information• elicits external and internal
responses
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Types of Nervous Systems
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Coloniality
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ColonialityCoral
Phylum Cnidaria
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Coloniality
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved.
Sea FanPhylum Cnidaria
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Coloniality
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved. Maira & Rod Borland, Bruce Coleman, Inc.
Man-of-WarPhylum Cnidaria
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Polymorphism in the Portuguese Man- of-War