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Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5

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Page 1: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Body Rhythms and Mental States

Chapter 5

Page 2: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the dream world Consciousness-altering drugs The riddle of hypnosis

Page 3: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Biological Rhythms: Tides of Experience

Understanding biological rhythms. Endogenous biological rhythms. Circadian rhythms. When internal clocks are out of sync. Moods and long-term rhythms. Menstrual cycles and moods.

Page 4: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Understanding Biological Rhythms

Consciousness. Awareness of oneself and the environment.

Biological rhythms. A periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a

biological system; may or may not have psychological implications.

Entrainment. Biological rhythms are synchronized with external

events such as changes in clock time, temperature, and daylight.

Page 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Endogenous Biological Rhythms Circadian Rhythms

Occur about every 24 hours. Example:The sleep-wake cycle.

Infradian Rhythms Occur less often than once a day. Examples include birds migrating, bears hibernating.

Ultradian Rhythms Occur more frequently than once a day, about every 90min. Examples include stomach contractions and hormone levels.

Page 6: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Circadian Rhythms Occur in plants, animals, and people. To study endogenous circadian rhythms,

scientists isolate volunteers from time cues.. Supraciasmatic nucleus (SCN).

Located in the hypothalamus, responsible for circadian rhythms by regulating melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland.

Page 7: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

When Internal Clocks are Out of Sync Internal desynchronization

A state when biological rhythms are not in phase with one another.

Circadian rhythms are influenced by changes in routine. Examples include: Airplane flights across time zones. Adjusting to new work shifts. Also, illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs,

and mealtimes.

Page 8: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Moods and Long-term Rhythms. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).

A controversial disorder in which person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

Treatment involves phototherapy or exposure to fluorescent light.

Evaluating frequency of and treatment for SAD is difficult.

Page 9: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Menstrual Cycles and Mood. Physical symptoms are common.

Cramps, breast tenderness and water retention. Emotional symptoms are rare.

Irritability and depression. Fewer than 5% of women have symptoms

predictably.

Page 10: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Why women overestimate “PMS” They notice depression or irritability when these

moods occur premenstrually but overlook times when moods are absent premenstrually.

The attribute irritability before menstruation to PMS and attribute irritability at other times to other reasons.

They are influenced by cultural attitudes and myths about menstruation.

Page 11: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Research conclusions about “PMS.” No gender differences exist in

mood. There is no relation between

stage of menstrual cycle and emotional symptoms.

No consistent “PMS” pattern exists across menstrual cycles.

No connection exists between “PMS” and behavior.

Page 12: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

The Rhythms of Sleep

Why we sleep. When we don’t get enough sleep. The realms of sleep.

Page 13: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Why We Sleep The exact function of sleep is uncertain but

sleep appears to provide time for: the body to eliminate waste products from

muscles, repair cells, strengthen the immune system, or recover abilities lost during the day.

Page 14: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Sleep Disorders Sleep deprivation leads to decreases in physical and

mental functioning. Sleep apnea.

Breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp and momentarily waken.

Narcolepsy. A sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable

daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep. Staying up late and not allowing oneself enough sleep.

2/3 of Americans get fewer than recommended 8 hours

Page 15: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Realms of Sleep

Stage 1. Feel self drifting on the edge of consciousness.

Stage 2. Minor noises won’t disturb you.

Stage 3. Breathing and pulse have slowed down.

Stage 4. Deep sleep. REM. Increased eye

movement, loss of muscle tone and dreaming.

Page 16: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

A typical night’s sleep for a young adult

Page 17: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Exploring the Dream World Dreams as unconscious wishes. Dreams as reflections of current concerns. Dreams as a by-product of mental

housekeeping. Dreams as interpreted brain activity.

Page 18: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Dreams as Unconscious Wishes

Freud concluded that dreams provide insight into our unconscious.

Manifest content includes aspects of the dream we consciously experience and latent content includes unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized in the dream.

To understand a dream we must distinguish manifest content from latent content.

Not everything in dream is symbolic.

Page 19: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Dreams as Reflections of Current Concerns

Dreams may reflect ongoing conscious issues such as concerns over relationships, work, sex or health.

Dreams are more likely to contain material related to a person’s current concerns than chance would predict. Example: college students and testing

Males and females appear to dream about similar issues now that lives and concerns of two sexes have become more similar.

Page 20: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Dreams as By-product of Mental Housekeeping Unnecessary neural connections

in the brain are eliminated and important ones are strengthened.

The brain divides new information into “wanted” and “unwanted.”

What we recall as dreams are only brief snippets from scanning and sorting that occurs during REM sleep.

Page 21: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity

Activation-synthesis theory. Dreaming results from the cortical synthesis

and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain.

At same time, brain regions that handle logical thought and sensation from the external world shut down.

Page 22: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Conscious-altering Drugs Classifying drugs. The physiology of drug effects. The psychology of drug effects.

Page 23: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Classifying Drugs Psychoactive drug.

Substance capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior.

Types. Stimulants

speed up activity in the CNS. Depressants

slow down activity in the CNS. Opiates

relieve pain. Psychedelic drugs

disrupt normal thought processes.

Page 24: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

The Physiology of Drug Effects Psychoactive drugs work by acting on brain

neurotransmitters. These drugs can: increase or decrease the release of

neurotransmitters, prevent reabsorption of excess neurotransmitters by

the cells that have released them, block the effects of neurotransmitters on receiving

cells, or bind to receptors that would ordinarily be triggered

by a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator.

Page 25: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Cocaine’s Effect on the Brain Cocaine blocks the brain’s

reabsorption (“reuptake”) of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine, so levels of these substances rise.

The result is an overstimulation of certain brain circuits and a brief euphoric high.

When drug wears off, depletion of dopamine may cause user to “crash.”

Page 26: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

The Psychology of Drug Effects. Reactions to psychoactive drugs depend on:

Physical factors such as body weight, metabolism, initial state of emotional arousal and physical tolerance.

Experience or the number of times a person has used a drug.

Environmental factors such as where and with whom one is drinking.

Mental set or expectations for drug’s effects.

Page 27: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

The Riddle of Hypnosis Defining hypnosis. The nature of hypnosis. Theories of hypnosis.

Page 28: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Defining hypnosis A procedure in which the practitioner suggests

changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings or behavior of the subject.

Page 29: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

The Nature of Hypnosis The hypnotic state is not sleep. Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the

person being hypnotized than on the skill of the hypnotist.

Hypnotized people can’t be forced to do things against their will.

Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis.

Page 30: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

The Nature of Hypnosis

Hypnosis doesn’t increase accuracy of memory. Hypnosis doesn’t produce a literal reexperiencing of

long-ago events. Hypnotic suggestions have been used effectively for

medical and psychological purposes.

Page 31: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Theories of Hypnosis Dissociation theories.

Hypnosis is a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of the rest of the consciousness, or

During hypnosis, dissociation occurs between an executive control system in the brain (probably frontal lobes) and other brain systems involved in thinking and acting.

Page 32: Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5. Body Rhythms and Mental States Biological rhythms: The tides of experience The rhythms of sleep Exploring the

Theories of Hypnosis Sociocognitive theories

Effects of hypnosis result from interaction between social influence of the hypnotist (socio) and the abilities, beliefs and expectations of the subject (cognitive).

Can explain “alien abduction” and “past-life regression.