Body Systems

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Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: The study of

the parts of the body

Physiology: The function of the body

Anatomical Position: Standing erect with face forward, arms at the side, palms forward.

Anatomic Terminology Position and Direction

Anterior or Ventral: Front or in front of

Posterior or Dorsal:Back or in back of Cranial: refers to the

head of the body Caudal: means tail end Superior: upper or

above something Inferior: lower or below

something

Anatomical terms cont. Medial: toward the

midline Lateral: toward the side

of the body Proximal: toward the

point of attachment to the body or the trunk of the body

Distal: away from the point of attachment to the body

Superficial: (external) near the surface or outside of the body

Deep (internal) inside the body

Body planes and Sections Planes: imaginary

anatomical dividing planes

Section: cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane

Sagittal Plane: divides the body into right and left parts

Planes and Sections Coronal (Frontal)

Plane: vertical cut at right angles to saggital plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Transverse planes- cross-section a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Cavities of the Body Dorsal Cavity: contains

the brain and spinal cord- the brain is in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord is in the spinal cavity.

Anterior or Ventral Cavity contains the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities.

Cavities

The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and heart

Abdominal Cavity: contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Pelvic Cavity: contains the urinary bladder, and reproductive organs.

Abdomino-pelvic Cavity Regions

Tissues Tissues: cells

grouped because they are similar in shape, size, structure, and function.

Tissues

EpithelialTissue

Connective Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Nervous Tissue

Protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces and produces secretions.

Supports and connects organs and tissue

Has the ability to contract and move the body

Cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse

Connective Tissue Adipose Tissue: type of connective tissue that

stores fat cells Ligaments: strong, flexible bands of connective

tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints

Tendons: white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone

Cartilage: firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton

Membranes Membranes are

formed by putting two thin layers of tissue together, cells may secrete a fluid.

Types of membranes Mucous

membrane: lines the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary systems produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining.

Types of membranes cont. Serous membranes:

double walled membrane produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities

1. The outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the Parietal membrane

2. The part that covers the organs is the Visceral membrane.

More membranes Pleural Membrane:

lines the thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs

Pericarial membrane: lines the heart cavity and protects the heart

Peritoneal membrane: lines the abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organs

Organ and System

Organ system: a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function.

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, Excretory, Nervous, Endocrine, and Reproductive.

Guess the system….

Circulatory

Carries oxygen and nourishment to the cells of the body.

Respiratory System

Acquires oxygen, rids the body of carbon dioxide.

Integumentary System

Helps regulate body temperature, establishes a barrier between the body and environment.

Nervous System

Communicates, control body activity.

Skeletal System

Gives shape to the body.

Endocrine System

Manufactures hormones to regulate organ activity.

Muscular System

Determines posture, produces body heat.

Excretory System

Removes waste products of metabolism from the body.

Digestive System

Prepares food for absorption.

Reproductive System

Reproduces human beings.