body systems anatomy: the structure of an organism body structure physiology: the function of an...
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Body Systems
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Anatomy:
• The structure of an organism
• body structure
Physiology:
• The function of an organism
• Physical and chemical processes of a living thing
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Tissues• Group of cells that perform a similar
function• 4 typesEpithelial tissueMuscleConnectiveNerve
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Epithelial tissue• Lines internal and external body surfaces• Protects• Certain types perform specialized functions
secretionabsorptiondiffusionfiltration
Examples
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• Skin• Mucous membranes• Lining of the intestinal tractMucous membranes• Endodermal in origin
Germ layerGive rise to all organs and tissues by what is known as organogenesis
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• Involved in absorption and secretion• line cavities that are exposed to the external
environment and internal organs• At several places, continuous with the skin
NostrilsMouth
Lips Eyelids
Ears Genital area Anus
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• The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and glands is termed mucus
Body cavities with mucous membranes• Most of the respiratory system• Glans penis• Glans clitoridis• Prepuce• Clitoral hood• urethra
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• The secreted mucus traps the pathogens in the body, preventing any further activities of diseases.
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Muscle tissue• Capability of contracting when stimulatedConnective tissue• Most abundant tissue in the body• Support, connection, insulation• Examples
bonescartilagefatsometimes blood
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Nerve tissue
• Transmit electrical impulses throughout the body
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Integumentary system
• Largest organ
• Approximately 16% of TBW
Consists of
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Subcutaneous
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Integumentary System• Latin for integere meaning “to cover”Functions:• Waterproof• Protection of the deeper tissues• Cushion• Excrete waste• Regulate temperature
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• Detect pain, sensation, pressure• Vitamin D synthesis
ultimately protects against microbial invaders
Epidermis• Made up of epithelial cells
function: secretion selective absorption
transcellular transportsensation
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• Epidermis does not contain blood vessels
Function
• Protection
• Absorption of nutrients
• Homeostasis
The major cell of the epidermis is the keratinocyte; rub off daily, waterproofed
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Cells that make up the epidermis
• Squamous cells
• Basal cells
• Melanocytes
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Squamous epithelium cells• Flat, scale-like cells• Function ranges from nutrient exchange to
protectionBasal Cells• The deepest layer• Undifferentiated• Proliferate• Human nails grow
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Melanocytes
• Gives skin its color
• Ultimately Shields against UV radiation
Langerhan’s cells
• Formed in bone marrow and migrates to the epidermis
• Part of the immune defense system
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Dermis• Middle layer of skin• Gives elasticity• Endings of blood vessels and nervesEpidermis• Connective and fatty tissues• Functions: Insulation
Energy storageAnchoring
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The Skull
Divided into two parts• Cranium; houses and protects the brain • FaceCranium; 8 bones• Occipital• Parietal (2)• Frontal• Temporal (2)• Sphenoid
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Occipital
• Base of the cranium
• Contains the foramen magnum
central opening for the spinal cord
Parietal
• Forms the sides and roof of the skull
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Frontal
• Forms the forehead
• Forms the roof of the orbits and nasal fossae
Temporal
• Sides and base of the skull
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Sphenoid
• One of seven bones that articulate to form the orbit
Ethmoid
• Light and spongy
• Anterior part of the base of the cranium between the two orbits and the root of the nose which it contributes to form
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Facial bones• 14• Nasal (2)• Superior maxillary (2)• Lachrymal (2)• Malar (2)• Plalate (2)• Inferior turbinated (2)• Vomer• Inferior maxillary
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Lachrymal• Smallest and most fragile of facial bones• Anterior part of the inner wall of the orbitMalar• Form the prominence of the cheekPalate bones• Formation of three cavities
floor and outer wall of the noseroof of the mouthfloor of the orbit
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Vomer
• Forms part of the septum of the nose
Inferior maxillary bone
• Largest and strongest bone of the face
• Reception for the lower teeth
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The skeleton is complex• Living system of cells• Salt deposits• Protein fibersFunctions• Protects vital organs• Movement• Stores salts and other substances for
metabolism• Produces RBCs
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Haversian canals• Minute blood vessels• Travel lenghwise along the bone• Where nerves enter the boneOstercytes• Helps maintain the boneOsteoblasts• Creation of new boneOsteoclasts• Absorb and remove excess bone
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Devascularization• Loss of blood vessels from a body partDiaphysis• Hollow shaft found in long bones• Supports weightEpiphysis• Towards the end of the bone• Diameter changes• Distributes weight over a larger surface
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Medullary canal
• Contains the marrow
Periosteum
• Tough exterior covering a bone
Joints
Synarthroses
• Joints that do not permit movement
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Diarthroses
• Synovial joints
• Permit relatively free movement
• Divided into three categories
monaxial joints
biaxial joints
triaxial joints
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Monaxial joints
• Hinge joints
Biaxial joints
• Provides movement in 2 directions
Triaxial joints
• Ball and socket
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Types of movement• Flexion• Extension • Adduction• Abduction• RotationSynovial fluid• Substance that lubricates synovial joints
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Axial skeleton
• Bones of the head thorax and spine
• Form the axis of the body
• Protects the CNS
• Makes up the thoracic cage
the housing for respiration
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Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of the upper and lower extremities
• Includes shoulder girdle and pelvis
• Excludes the sacrum
• Major articulation of the body
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Extermities• Arms• Legs• Wrist• Hands• Elbows• Shoulders• Ankles• Feet• Knees• Hips • plevis
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Hands• Abduction
spreading the fingers out• Adduction
bringing the fingers back together
Made possible by the metocarpalphalangeal joint {MCP}
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ElbowUlnar nerve• Funny bone• Largest unprotected {by muscle or bone}
nerve in the body• Directly connected to the little finger and
half of the ring finger• Supplies the palmar side of the afore
mentioned fingers