body systems body systems is a group of organs that work together to perform certain tasks perform...
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BODY
SYSTEMS
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Body Systems
• Is a group of organs that work together to perform certain tasks
• Perform things that no other system does
• Keep you healthy & alive
• Some organs belong to more than 1 system
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Cells
• Smallest living part of the body
• Many different kinds in our body
• Muscle is made of muscle cells
• Bones are made of bone cells
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TissuesTissues
• A group of like cells that work together
• Tissue cells are shaped for the task they perform.
• Ex.- Skin cells are flat & thin. They make up skin which has a flat & thin appearance!
• Bone cells have a tough outer coating…. They form________________________
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OrgansOrgans• A group of
tissues that work together
• There are many organs in the body that perform specific tasks
• What are some examples of organs?
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The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
• The body system for control & communication
• Includes the brain, spinal cord, & nerves that branch off the spinal cord
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NeuronNeuron• Is a mass of nerve cells
• Basic building block of the nervous system
• Carry nerve impulses to and from the body to the brain…
• Cannot divide & multiply like other body cells
• When neurons die, they are not replaced
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BrainBrain
• Organ that is the control center of the body
• Has several key parts!
• Brain cells die after 5 min. without oxygen
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CerebrumCerebrum• Part of the brain
where thinking takes place
• Divided into 4 parts or ‘lobes’
• Forms the bulk of the brain
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CerebellumCerebellum•Part of the
brain that helps muscles work together
•Balance
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Brain StemBrain Stem• Lowest part of brain• Messages are sent
between brain & body through it
• Controls inner organs, heartbeat, etc.
• Controls other critical life functions!
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Spinal CordSpinal Cord• Thick band of nerve
cells through which messages enter & leave the brain
• Soft
• Protected by spine (column of bones in the back)
• Only about 2 cm thick
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Spinal CordSpinal Cord• Connects the brain
w/ nerves in the body
• Nerves send messages to the brain via the spinal cord
• Sometimes the spinal cord works without the brain’s help---- this is called a ___________________
*An adult spinal cord =17 cm !
*Stops growing at age 4-5!
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REFLEX ACTION! Involuntary response to
dfdfdfdfd something; requires no thought
Ex.- Removing your hand from a hot stove!
-To speed up the response, neurons bypass the brain
-The message goes straight to the spinal cord which processes
it-Your brain ‘feels’ the pain
milliseconds later
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How to take care of How to take care of your Nervous Systemyour Nervous System
• Wear a seatbelt
• Wear a safety helmet for sports
• Follow safety rules at all times
• Avoid alcohol, drugs, & poisons
• Get plenty of rest & sleep
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The Circulatory SystemThe Circulatory System
• The system that transport oxygen, nutrients, & waste (CO2) through the body
• Includes our blood, blood vessels, & heart
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The Circulatory System The Circulatory System Fact!Fact!
• You have about 60,000 miles of blood vessels in your body!!!!–
that’s enough to stretch around the world twice!
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BloodBlood• We have about _____
of blood in our bodies
• All tissues receive a blood supply---even bones!
• 4 main parts to our blood
*There are 4 main blood groups: A, B, AB, & O
*Oxygen binds w/ hemoglobin in red blood cells to make blood red
Platelets
Red Blood Cell
White Blood Cell
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(1) Plasma(1) Plasma
• Liquid part of blood
• Contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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(2) Red Blood Cells(2) Red Blood Cells
• Carry oxygen & nutrients to body cells & carbon dioxide away
• Are shaped to fit through the narrowest blood vessel– the capillary
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RED BLOOD CELLS SORT OF WORK LIKE THIS BUS IN THE CITY!!
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(3) White Blood Cells(3) White Blood Cells
• Fight germs that cause infection & illness
FACT: 8 MILLION BLOOD CELLS DIE EVERY
SECOND! The same # are born every second
too!
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(4) Platelets(4) Platelets• Blood cells that
help blood clot
• A ______ is a dried clot
• A- Damaged tissue release a chemical to attract platelets
B- These platlets stick together & form a type of ‘web’
C- Red blood cells get trapped in this ‘web’ & form a clot
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HeartHeart• Muscular organ
that pumps blood to the body
• The average person’s heart beats 30,000,000 times a year!
• Beats about 70 times per minute
*In 70 years, the average heart is at rest for 40 of those years!
*About the size of your fist
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ArteryArtery• A blood vessel
that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart & toward body cells
• Typically carry bright red blood
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Shown in the red is
your system of arteries carrying
oxygenated blood to
your body cells…
Shown in the blue is
your system of
veins carrying
de-oxygenated blood back
to your lungs
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You should not use your thumb when looking for a
pulse because
__________!
IMPORTANT!
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CAPILLARIESCAPILLARIES
……are narrower than a human hair!are narrower than a human hair!
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VeinVein• A blood vessel that
returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart
• Typically carry blood back to the heart
• Typically carries deoxygenated blood which appears _______
*Carry blood under lower pressure than arties
*Have thinner walls than arteries
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DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION
*Oxygen leaves red blood cells & enters *Oxygen leaves red blood cells & enters body cellsbody cells
*CO2 leaves body cells & enters R.B.C. to *CO2 leaves body cells & enters R.B.C. to be transported to the lungs to be exhaled!be transported to the lungs to be exhaled!
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THE CORONARY ARTERIESTHE CORONARY ARTERIES
-The heart itself needs a blood supply.
L & R Coronary Arteries feed the heart w/ blood & branch into capillaries all over the surface of the heart
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*Includes conditions affecting the heart such as:
-Coronary heart disease
-Heart attack
-Congestive heart failure
-Congenital heart disease.
What is Heart Disease?
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*Maintain a healthy weight
*Do not smoke
*Avoid high blood pressure
*Exercise!
*Low Fat / Low Cholesterol Diet
Steps to Avoiding Heart Disease
Heart disease is
the #1 killer of
Americans
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How to take care of How to take care of your Circulatory your Circulatory
SystemSystem
• Keep arteries clear by choosing fewer fatty foods
• Do not smoke to keep your heart from working too hard
• Maintain a healthful weight
• Exercise regularly
• Keep stress low to keep blood pressure normal
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The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System
•Body system that allows us to use oxygen inhaled & get rid of carbon dioxide
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TracheaTrachea• Windpipe through
which air travels to the lungs
• Divides into the 2 bronchial tubes
• Bronchial Tubes- Short tubes where air enters lungs
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AlveoliAlveoli• Inside the lungs
the bronchial tubes branch into smaller tubes
• Small air sacs that allow oxygen to enter capillaries & CO2 to enter the lungs
*Then red blood cells carry the oxygen to body cells & pick up carbon dioxide
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CiliaCilia
• The quality of the air you breathe is vital!
• The hairs in your nose help to trap particles
• Mucus in your nasal passages traps germs & particles
*Cilia= Tiny hairs that line the nasal passages
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GAS EXCHANGEGAS EXCHANGE
*Oxygen enters through the alveoli to the blood stream
*CO2 exits the body from the bloodstream through the alveoli to be exhaled
SHORT VIDEO ON GAS EXCHANGE!!
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How to take care of How to take care of your Respiratory your Respiratory
SystemSystem
• Avoid polluted air
• Do not smoke or breathe tobacco smoke
• Maintain a healthful weight
• Exercise to strengthen the muscles used in breathing
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The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System• Body system
that is the support framework of the body & helps us to move
• This includes bones, joints, & connective tissue
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BonesBones
• Bones help the body move because they are almost all connected to another bone
-Living structures that function as storage centers for minerals such as calcium.
-Produce blood cells in MARROW (Soft tissue that is the center of some bones)
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Bones & JointsBones & Joints
• Different types of joints allow different amounts of movement….
• There are 4 types of joints!
*Joint= Point where 2 bones meet
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CartilageCartilage• Soft material at the end of bones• Protects them by keeping them from rubbing together
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Healthy
Bone
Osteoporosis
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What is a bone growth What is a bone growth plate?plate?• It is an area of
developing tissue near the ends of long bones.
• They are found between the widened part of the shaft & the end of the bone.
• It is an area of developing tissue near the ends of long bones.
• Growth plates help regulate the shape & length of the bone.
• Long bones grow from ends by the growth plates, not from the middle.
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What is a bone growth What is a bone growth plate?plate?
• Growth plates are prone to fractures because they are the last part of the bone to ossify (harden)
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How to take care of How to take care of your Skeletal Systemyour Skeletal System
• Exercise to make bones thicker & stronger
• Wear comfortable shoes w/ good arches
• Use good posture to support the spinal column
• Eat foods w/ calcium, phosphorus, and Vitamin D
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The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System
•Body system that helps you move & keep posture
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The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System
• 3 types of muscles:
A- Voluntary- Those you control
Ex.- Those in your back when you lift something & all skeletal muscles
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•B- Involuntary-
Those you do not control
-Also called smooth muscles
Ex.- Internal muscle organs, blood vessels
These move w/o you being aware of it!
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C- CARDIAC
The Heart Muscle
Ex.- Heartbeat
These move w/o you being aware of it!
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HERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES IN OUR
BODIES!
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•Some muscles stretch across joints.
•Tendons- Tough tissues that connect muscles to joints/bones
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-Ligament- Hold bones together at joints
Ex.- Knees & ankles
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How Muscles Work
•Work in pairs to move bones
•When one contracts (works), it’s partner muscle relaxes (stretches out)
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Taking Care of Your Muscular System
• Lift objects by bending your knees &
keeping back straight to prevent injury
• Choose exercises to work different muscle groups
• Warm-up before hard exercise
• Protein in diet
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The Integumentary The Integumentary SystemSystem
•Body system made up of parts that cover & protect the body
Hair / Skin / Nails
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The Integumentary The Integumentary SystemSystem
•Body system made up of parts that cover & protect the body
Introductory Video!
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IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF OUR SKIN
•Protects us from injury
•Protects us from infection
•Regulates temperature through sweat glands
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MELANIN- A substance that protects
skin & gives it color.
The more melanin it contains, the darker the skin
It protects the skin from the sun’s ultraviolet rays
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Caring for the Integumentary System
*Bathe or shower daily to remove germs, dirt, and oil
*Keep hair clean
*Use at least 15 s.p.f. sunscreen
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Caring for the Integumentary System
*Bathe or shower daily to remove germs, dirt, and oil
*Keep hair clean
*Use at least 15 s.p.f. sunscreen
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The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System
•Body system that breaks down food so that it can be used by the body
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Steps to DigestionSteps to Digestion
1- Begins in the mouth.
Salivary glands soften food for swallowing
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2- Food then passes to the esophagus (tube which leads food to the stomach
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3- Once in the stomach, digestive juices break down food & slowly empties the liquidy mixture into the ????_____
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4- It then passes into the small intestine. Most digestion occurs here w/ a little help from its 3 friends (liver, pancreas, & gall bladder
It spends up to 4 hrs. in the S.I>. Now the nutrients can pass into the blood!
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Villi- Fingerlike projections on the inside of the small intestine.
Peristalsis- Involuntary wave-like contractions of the digestive system that move ‘food’ through it
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5- Digestive juices from glands help w/ digestion
Pancreas- Organ that secretes insulin & juices to help break down food
Insulin- Chemical that helps your body use sugar
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6- The liver produces bile which helps to break down fats
Gall Bladder- Organ that stores bile, which helps to break down fats
Liver- Organ that performs many functions—including making bile & filtering toxins from blood.
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7- Food that is broken down enters the blood through the capillaries in small intestine
Food that is not broken down passes to the large intestine
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8- Large intestine stores food until it leaves the body.
Food that is not broken down passes to the large intestine
Here the wastes are solidified
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9- The colon is the part of the large intestine where most of the water left in the waste is absorbed into the blood.
It gets harder & harder as it makes its way to the end of the L.I.
The wastes stay here until you are ready to go to the bathroom…
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How to care for the digestive system:
1- Chew food thoroughly before swallowing
2- Eat fresh fruits & vegetables daily
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What To Know About Diabetes
*What is the difference between Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes?
*How can a person reduce their risk of Type 2 diabetes?