Boeing 747-8

The Boeing 747-8 is a wide-body jet airliner developedby Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Officially announcedin 2005, the 747-8 is the third-generation of the 747, withlengthened fuselage, redesigned wings, and improved ef-ficiency. The 747-8 is the largest 747 version, the largestcommercial aircraft built in the United States, and thelongest passenger aircraft in the world.[1]

The 747-8 is offered in two main variants: the 747-8Intercontinental (747-8I) for passengers and the 747-8Freighter (747-8F) for cargo. The first 747-8F performedthe model’s maiden flight on February 8, 2010, with the747-8 Intercontinental following onMarch 20, 2011. De-livery of the first freighter aircraft occurred in October2011 and the passenger model began deliveries in 2012.As of October 2014, confirmed orders for the 747-8 to-talled 119, comprising 68 of the freighter version, and 51of the passenger version.

1 Development

1.1 Background

Main article: Boeing 747

Boeing had considered larger-capacity versions of the 747several times during the 1990s and 2000s.[2] The 747-500X and −600X, proposed at the 1996 FarnboroughAirshow, would have stretched the 747 and used a 777-derived wing,[2] but did not attract enough interest toenter development. In 2000, Boeing offered the 747Xand 747X Stretch derivatives as alternatives to the AirbusA3XX. This was a more modest proposal than the pre-vious −500X and −600X. The 747X would increase the747’s wingspan to 229 ft (69.8 m) by adding a segmentat the root.[3] The 747X was to carry 430 passengers upto 8,700 nmi (16,100 km). The 747X Stretch would beextended to 263 ft (80.2 m) long, allowing it to carry 500passengers up to 7,800 nmi (14,400 km).[3] However, the747X family was unable to attract enough interest to en-ter production. Some of the ideas developed for the 747Xwere used on the 747-400ER.[4]

After the 747X program, Boeing continued to study im-provements to the 747. The 747-400XQLR (Quiet LongRange) was meant to have an increased range of 7,980nmi (14,780 km), with better fuel efficiency and reducednoise.[5] Changes studied included raked wingtips simi-lar to those used on the 767-400ER and a sawtooth en-

Boeing’s Everett Facility at Paine Field, originally built for the747 program, is also the site of 747-8 assembly.

gine nacelle for noise reduction.[6] Although the 747-400XQLR did not move to production, many of its fea-tures were used for the 747 Advanced.In early 2004, Boeing announced tentative plans for the747 Advanced that were eventually adopted. Similar innature to the 747X, the stretched 747 Advanced usedtechnology from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner to mod-ernize the design and its systems.[7] On November 14,2005, Boeing announced that it was launching the 747Advanced as the “Boeing 747-8”.[8]

1.2 Design effort

The 747-8 was designed to be the first lengthened 747to go into production. The 747-8 and shortened 747SPare the only 747 variants with a fuselage of modifiedlength. The 747-8 was intended to use the same engineand cockpit technology as that of the 787, including theGeneral Electric GEnx turbofan and partial fly-by-wire.[9]Boeing said that the new design would be quieter, moreeconomical, and more environmentally friendly than pre-vious versions of the 747. As a derivative of the already-common 747-400, the 747-8 has the economic benefit ofsimilar training and interchangeable parts. Boeing firmedthe 747-8 Freighter’s configuration in October 2006.[10]

The 747-8, as the current new development of Boeing’slargest airliner, is notably in direct competition on long-haul routes with the Airbus A380, a full-length double-deck aircraft now in service. For airlines seeking verylarge passenger airliners, the two have been pitched ascompetitors on various occasions. Boeing states that the

1

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2 1 DEVELOPMENT

747-8 is more than 10 percent lighter per seat and isto consume 11 percent less fuel per passenger than theA380, translating into a trip-cost reduction of 21 percentand a seat-mile cost reduction of over 6 percent.[11]

Production of the first 747-8 Freighter began in Everettin early August 2008.[12][13] On November 14, 2008,Boeing announced a delay to the 747-8 program, cit-ing limited availability of engineering resources withinBoeing, design changes, and the recent strike by factoryworkers.[14][15][16] On July 21, 2009, Boeing released aphotograph of the first cargo airplane, its fuselage andmain wing assembled.[17]

The 747-8 landing gear configuration is the same as on earlier747 versions

In February 2009, only one airline customer (Lufthansa)had ordered the 747-8I passenger model, and Boeing an-nounced it was reassessing the 747-8 project. Chief ex-ecutive Jim McNerney stated that continuation of theproject was not a foregone conclusion. The company wasassessing various options.[18][19]

In October 2009, Boeing announced that it had delayedthe first flight on the 747-8 until first quarter 2010 anddelayed 747-8I delivery. The company took a US$1-billion charge against its earnings for this delay.[20][21][22]In response, launch customer Cargolux stated it still in-tended to take delivery of the thirteen freighters it hadordered; Lufthansa confirmed its commitment to the pas-senger version.[23] On November 12, 2009, Boeing an-nounced that Cargolux’s first airplane was fully assem-bled and entering the Everett plant’s paint shop. It willundergo flight testing prior to delivery.[24]

On December 4, 2009, Korean Air became the secondairline customer for the −8I passenger model, with an or-der for five airliners.[25][26] On January 8, 2010, Guggen-heim Aviation Partners (GAP) announced the reductionof its −8F order from four to two aircraft.[27] In March2011, Korean Air converted options into a firm order fortwo additional −8 freighters.[28][29]

On April 21, 2010, Boeing chief executive officer JimMcNerney announced that the company would be accel-erating the production of both the Boeing 747 and 777 to

support increasing customer demand.[30]

1.3 Flight testing and certification

Boeing 747-8 flight deck

The 747-8’s first engine runs were completed in Decem-ber 2009.[31] Boeing announced the new model had suc-cessfully completed high-speed taxi tests on February 7,2010.[32] On February 8, 2010, after a 2.5-hour weatherdelay, the 747-8 Freighter made its maiden flight, takingoff from Paine Field, Washington at 12:39 PST,[33] andlanded at 4:18 pm PST.[34] Boeing estimated that morethan 1,600 flight hours would be needed in order to cer-tify the 747-8.[35] The second test flight in late February, aferry flight to Moses Lake, Washington, tested new nav-igation equipment.[36] Further flight testing was to takeplace in Moses Lake, conducting initial airworthiness andflutter tests, before moving to Palmdale, California, forthe majority of flight tests, so as to not interfere with 787flight tests based out of Boeing Field in Seattle.[37]

ByMarch 11, 2010, the 747-8F had flown thirteen flightsfor a total of 33 hours of flying time.[38] On March 15,2010, the second 747-8F first flew from Paine Field toBoeing Field, where it was briefly based before moving toPalmdale to continue flight testing with the first −8F.[39]OnMarch 17 the third −8F made its first flight and joinedthe test program.[40] Boeing planned to display the 747-8F at the 2010 Farnborough Airshow, along with the 787,although appearances by both aircraft are contingent onflight testing remaining on schedule.[41]

During the flight tests, Boeing discovered a buffet prob-lem with the aircraft, involving turbulence coming offthe landing gear doors interfering with the inboard flaps.Boeing undertook an evaluation of the issue, which in-cluded devoting the third test aircraft to investigating theproblem.[42] The issue was resolved by a design change tothe outboard main landing gear doors.[43] In early April2010, Boeing identified a possible defect in a part atthe top of the fuselage called a longeron. According toBoeing, the parts, manufactured by subcontractor VoughtAircraft Industries, are, under certain loads, susceptibleto cracking. Boeing said that the issue would not affectflight testing, but other sources stated that the problem

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1.4 Entry into service and future prospects 3

The prototype 747-8F during flight testing

could impact the operating envelope of the aircraft un-til it is fully repaired.[44] Two other problems have beenfound, with oscillation in the inboard aileron, and a struc-tural flutter, and have not yet been resolved. Combined,these problems have slowed flight testing and used up al-most all the margin in Boeing’s development schedule.[45]

On April 19, 2010, the second flight-test aircraft wasmoved from Moses Lake to Palmdale to conduct tests onthe aircraft’s engines in preparation for obtaining a typecertification for the aircraft. The remaining aircraft in thetest fleet are scheduled to be moved to Palmdale duringMay.[46] It was reported on June 3, 2010, that an engineon the second 747-8F was struck by a tug during a groundmove. The engine cowling was damaged, but there wasno damage to the engine itself. After repairs the aircraftis to perform fuel efficiency testing.[47] It was announcedon June 14, 2010, that the 747-8 had completed the initialphase of flight-worthiness testing and that the FAA hadgiven Boeing an expanded type inspection authorizationfor the aircraft.[48]

Cargolux's first Boeing 747-8F in flight over Fresno, California

By the end of June 2010, the three 747-8Fs that com-posed the flight-test program had flown a total of over500 hours and had completed hot-weather testing inArizona.[49] In June 2010, Boeing determined that afourth −8F aircraft was needed to help complete flighttesting. It was decided to use the second productionaircraft, RC503, to conduct the non-instrumented or

minimally-instrumented tests, such as HIRF and WaterSpray Certifications.[50][51] The aircraft, painted in deliv-ery customer Cargolux's new livery, first flew on July 23,2010.[52]

On August 21, 2010, the 747-8F proved its capabilityby taking off from the runway at Victorville, Califor-nia, weighing 1,005,000 pounds (455,860 kg). Its designmaximum take-off weight (MTOW) is 975,000 pounds(442,253 kg). The fifth 747-8F joined the flight-testeffort with its first flight on February 3, 2011.[53] OnSeptember 30, 2010, Boeing announced a further post-ponement, with the delivery of the first freighter to Car-golux planned for mid-2011.[54][55]

The 747-8I passenger variant took to the skies overEverett, Washington, for the first time on March 20,2011.[56] The second 747-8I flew on April 26, 2011.[57]Three 747-8I aircraft had taken part in flight testing byDecember 2011.[58]

The 747-8F received its amended type certificate jointlyfrom the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) andEuropean Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) on August 19,2011. Freighter deliveries were to begin on September19, 2011.[59][60] Then on September 17, 2011, Cargoluxannounced that it would not accept the first two 747-8Fsscheduled for delivery on September 19 and 21, 2011,due to “unresolved contractual issues between Boeing andCargolux” with the aircraft.[61][62] It eventually enteredservice in October 2011.[63]

On October 25, 2011, the 747-8I flew to Grantley AdamsInternational Airport in Barbados to begin flight test-ing in the tropical climate of the Caribbean to deter-mine its effects on the aircraft. The Boeing 787 Dream-liner performed similar testing at Barbados the previousweek.[64][65][66] One test −8I was used for an evaluationby Lufthansa in early December 2011 before first deliv-ery in early 2012.[58] On December 14, 2011, the 747-8Ireceived its type certificate from the FAA.[67][68]

The 747-8 has an airport Quota Count of 2 for takeoff and1 for landing,[69] permitting night operations at LondonHeathrow Airport.

1.4 Entry into service and future prospects

After resolving their contractual issues, Boeing handedover the first 747-8F to Cargolux in Everett, Washington,on October 12, 2011. The freighter then flew to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport and picked up cargo beforeflying to Luxembourg.[70]

Lufthansa received its first 747-8I on May 5, 2012, andbegan operating the 747-8I on flights from Frankfurtto Washington, D.C., on June 1, 2012.[71] Flights fromFrankfurt to Delhi, Bangalore, Chicago and Los Ange-les are to be added later.[72] On September 15, 2012, theUnited States’ National Transportation Safety Board re-quested the grounding of GE-powered 747-8s and 787s

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4 2 DESIGN

until engines receive inspections following cracks discov-ered in three GEnx engines.[73]

On January 27, 2013, the 747-8 fleet reached the 100,000hours mark.[74] The 747-8 production rate was decreasedfrom 2 to 1.75 aircraft per month and in April 2013 andthen reduced further to 1.5 aircraft per month in October2013.[75]

The future for the 747-8 passenger version seems lim-ited. While airline pilots delight in flying the airplane andsome carriers, like Delta Airlines, have found aging 747-400s to be iconic and attractive in advertising, demandfor the airplane is likely to fade. Lufthansa vice pres-ident Nico Buchholz blamed Boeing for not marketingthe 747-8 aggressively enough. However, veteran indus-try analyst Richard Aboulafia, of the Teal Group, pointedto a basic misunderstanding of the 747’s original draw.Airlines bought the 747 primarily for its range, not its ca-pacity, and the potential to lose money because of unfilledseats was an accepted drawback. The advent of the long-range twin jet, exemplified by the Boeing 777 and Boeing787, took away the range advantage. The increased ca-pacity of the 747-8 is an advantage for the freighter ver-sion, not the passenger version; moreover, the freighterhas no direct competitor. Boeing marketing vice presi-dent Randy Tinseth acknowledges that the company hassold more freighters and fewer passenger versions thanit expected.[76] Boeing’s 787 provides greater operationalsavings than the 747-8. The 747-8’s large cargo space,coupled with the growing worldwide demand for efficientair cargo transport, suggest that the cargo version mayhave a strong future.[77][78][79]

2 Design

Boeing 747-8 wing-fuselage sections during final assembly

The 747-8 is a development of the Boeing 747 that takesadvantage of improvements in technology and aerody-namics. The two 747-8 variants feature a fuselage stretchof 18.3 ft (5.6 m) over the 747-400, bringing the to-tal length to 250 ft 2 in (76.25 m). The 747-8 is theworld’s longest passenger airliner, surpassing the AirbusA340-600 by approximately 3 ft (0.91 m).[1][80] With a

maximum take-offweight of 975,000 lb (442,000 kg),[81]the 747-8 is the heaviest aircraft, commercial or military,manufactured in the U.S.[80]

Compared to the 747-400, the main changes have beenon the wings, which have undergone a complete designoverhaul. The sweep and basic structure has been kept tocontain costs, but the wing is thicker and deeper, with theaerodynamics recalculated. The pressure distribution andbending moments are different, and the new wing for thepassenger version holds 64,225 US gal (243,120 L) ofjet fuel, and the cargo aircraft 60,925 US gal (230,630L).[81] The increased wing span makes the 747-8 a Cate-gory F plane rather than a Category E plane,[82] similar tothe Airbus A380.[83] The newwing features single-slottedoutboard flaps and double-slotted inboard flaps.[84]

The General Electric GEnx engine for the 747-8/787 on displayat the 2009 Paris Air Show

Raked wingtips, similar to the ones used on the 777-200LR, 777-300ER, and 787 aircraft, are used on thenew 747 variant instead of winglets used on the 747-400.[85][86] These wingtip structures help reduce thewingtip vortices at the lateral edges of the wings, decreas-ing wake turbulence and drag, and thereby improving fuelefficiency. Another effort to reduce weight is the intro-duction of fly-by-wire technology for the majority of thelateral controls.[9]

The extra fuel capacity in the redesigned wing comparedto the 747-400 eliminates the need to significantly changethe horizontal tail unit to accommodate auxiliary tanks,further saving costs.[87] The 747-8’s vertical tail unit islargely unchanged with a height of 63 feet 6 inches (19.35m).[81] The lower rudder has changed from single-jointedto double-jointed in order to increase its effect in theevent of 2 engines failing on the same side. Some carbonfiber-reinforced plastic is used in the 747-8’s airframe toreduce weight. However, structural changes are mostlyevolutionary, rather than revolutionary with respect to the747-400.The General Electric GEnx is the only engine availablefor the 747-8. It is one of the two powerplant choicesoffered for the Boeing 787. The 747 engine variant has

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3.2 747-8 Intercontinental 5

been adapted to provide bleed air for conventional air-plane systems and feature a smaller diameter to fit on the747 wing. The flight tests of the GEnx 2b engine fitted toa Boeing 747-100 aircraft at the left inner engine beganin March 2009.[88]

3 Variants

3.1 747-8 Freighter

The Boeing 747-8F during flight testing at Everett, Washington

The 747 has proven to be a very popular freighter, carry-ing around half of the world’s air freight.[89] To maintainthis position, Boeing designed a freight variant of the 747-8, named the 747-8 Freighter or 747-8F. The companylaunched the freighter version on November 14, 2005.[90]The 747-8F is the initial model to enter service. As on the747-400F, the upper deck is shorter than passenger mod-els; the 18 feet 3 1⁄2 inches (5.575m) stretch is just beforeand just aft of the wing. With a 975,000 lb (442,000 kg)maximum take-off weight, it is to have a total payload ca-pability of 308,000 lb (140,000 kg) and a range of 4,390nmi (8,130 km).[91] Four extra pallet spaces were cre-ated on the main deck, with either two extra containersand two extra pallets, or three extra pallets, on the lowerdeck.[17] The 747-8F is expected to achieve a 16% lowerton-mile operating cost than the 747-400F and offer aslightly greater range.[92]

The first 747-8 Freighter at the fuel dock of Boeing’s Everett Plant

The 747-8F is to have more payload capacity butless range than the current 747-400ERF. When Boeinglaunched the −400ERF, all of the 35,000 lb (16,000 kg)increase over the 747-400F’s maximum take-off weight(MTOW) of 875,000 lb (397,000 kg) allowed for greaterrange with the same landing weight as the 747-400F.Cargo carriers often move machinery or indivisible loadsthat require a higher payload and landing capability. Asis common with cargo planes, range is given with max-imum payload, not maximum fuel. The 747-8’s 65,000lb (29,000 kg) MTOW increase over the −400ERF hasbeen directed exclusively to its Zero-Fuel weight or pay-load capacity. If taking off at maximum payload, the747-8 takes off with its tanks not full. On trips where thepayload is not at maximum, the plane can take on morefuel and extend its range.Cargolux and Nippon Cargo Airlines were the first cus-tomers for the 747-8, placing orders for the freightervariant in November 2005.[93] The firm configuration ofthe aircraft was finalized in October 2006.[94] Major as-sembly of the aircraft began on August 8, 2008,[13] andthe aircraft first left Boeing’s Everett factory on Novem-ber 12, 2009.[95] The first aircraft was delivered on Oc-tober 12, 2011, to Cargolux.[96] At its six-month ser-vice mark, Boeing announced that initial 747-8F opera-tors had achieved a 1-percent reduction in fuel burn overprojections.[97] Nippon Cargo’s business suffers from aslow market, and several of its new 747-8F aircraft areparked long-term in the Arizona Desert rather than car-rying freight,[75] along with a VIP version.[98]

3.2 747-8 Intercontinental

The prototype Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental on a test flight

The passenger version, named 747-8 Intercontinental or747-8I was formally launched on November 14, 2005,by Boeing.[99] It can carry up to 467 passengers in a typi-cal three-class configuration over 8,000 nmi (15,000 km)at Mach 0.855. The 747-8I can carry 51 more passen-gers and two more freight pallets with 26% more cargovolume than the 747-400.[92] Despite initial plans for ashorter stretch than the freighter model, the two variantswere set at the same length, increasing passenger capacity

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6 3 VARIANTS

and allowing easier modification of the 747-8I to freighteruse.[100] The upper deck is lengthened on the −8I.[101]New engine technology and aerodynamic modificationsallow longer range. Boeing has stated that compared tothe 747-400, the −8I is to be 30% quieter, 16% morefuel-efficient, and have 13% lower seat-mile costs withnearly the same cost per trip.[102]

Main deck seating on the 747-8 Intercontinental

For the 747-8, Boeing has proposed some changes tothe interior layout of the aircraft. Most noticeable isthe curved stairway to the upper deck and a more spa-cious main passenger entrance.[103] The 747-8’s maincabin uses an interior similar to that of the 787. Over-head bins are curved, and the center row is designed tolook as though it is attached to the curved ceiling, ratherthan integrated into the ceiling’s curve like on the 777.The windows are also of similar size to the type used onthe 777, which are 8% larger than those on the current747-400s. The 747-8 features a new solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) lighting system, which can createmood lighting.[101] LED technology also offers improvedreliability and lower maintenance costs.Further down the aircraft, it has been proposed toplace cabin-accessible facilities in the “crown” area, thespace above the passenger cabin, previously used for air-conditioning ducts and wiring. The wiring and ducts aremoved to the side to create extra space; as a consequence,this area will not have windows. The added space can beused for galleys and crew rest areas, freeing up main deckspace for additional passenger seating.During the initial 747-8 marketing phase, Boeing alsoproposed creating a revenue-generating “SkyLoft” pas-senger facility in the crown space. This facility wouldinclude “SkySuites”, small individual compartments withsliding doors or curtains, featuring beds, seating, and en-tertainment or business equipment. A common loungearea could also be provided. Boeing also proposedsmaller, more modest “SkyBunks”. Access to the crownarea would be via a separate stairway at the rear of the air-craft. Passengers using the SkySuites, sold at a premiumprice, would sit in regular economy class seats for take-off and landing, and move to the crown area during flight.However, pricing feasibility studies found the SkyLoft

Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental upper deck staircase and skylight

concept difficult to justify. In 2007, Boeing dropped theSkyLoft concept in favor of upper-deck galley storage op-tions, which were favored by the airlines.[104] Outfittingthe crown space for sleeping remains an option on VIPaircraft,[105] and the first BBJ 747-8 with AeroLoft wasproduced in 2012.[106][107]

The first order for the 747-8 Intercontinental was placedby an undisclosed VIP customer in May 2006.[108][109]Lufthansa became the first airline to order the 747-8Intercontinental on December 6, 2006.[110] In Decem-ber 2009, Korean Air announced the order of five 747-8Is.[25][26] Boeing stated firm configuration for the −8Iwas reached in November 2007.[111]

A Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental of launch customer Lufthansashortly after take-off

Major assembly of the first 747-8I began on May 8,

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4.1 Orders and deliveries 7

2010.[102] The final body join occurred on October 15,2010, slightly ahead of the projected schedule.[112] As-sembly of first 747-8I was completed in February 2011,before being unveiled at a rollout ceremony in Everett,Washington on February 13, 2011.[113][114] At the time,deliveries were set to begin in late 2011.[115]

Gauntlet ground testing of the −8I, which tests systems bysimulating flight conditions, took place on March 12 and13, 2011.[115] The 747-8I’s first flight occurred on March20, 2011 from Paine Field in Everett, Washington.[116]The second 747-8I first flew the following month.[57] Fol-lowing a flight test program the 747-8I was FAA certifiedon December 14, 2011.[117] At that time, −8I deliverieswere planned to begin in early 2012.[58][67]

To prevent a chance of aeroelastic flutter, the 747-8I’sfuel tanks in the horizontal stabilizers will be closed offto prevent their use until the issue can be resolved. Thiswill reduce its range by 550–930 km.[118] On December18, 2013 Boeing announced that a series of new perfor-mance packages will allow for the reactivation of the tailfuel tanks starting no later than early 2014. Older 747-8s can also be retrofitted with them.[119] The first 747-8 Intercontinental was delivered to a VIP customer onFebruary 28, 2012. It is to be outfitted with a VIP inte-rior before entering service in 2014.[120] The first 747-8Iwas delivered in May and began commercial service onJune 1, 2012, with Lufthansa.[72]

3.3 Presidential aircraft replacement

The United States Air Force is seeking to upgrade AirForce One by replacing the Boeing VC-25 (two heav-ily modified 747-200Bs).[121] Boeing is reported to beexploring a 747-8 proposal, along with a Boeing 787Dreamliner variant.[122] In 2010, South Korea govern-ment sources indicated that the country was consideringpurchasing the 747-8 to serve as the country’s presidentialaircraft.[123]

4 Operators

See also: List of Boeing 747 operators

There were a combined 62 Boeing 747-8 aircraft inairline service as of July 2014 with the followingoperators:[124]

• AirBridgeCargo Airlines (5)[124] (as part of Volga-Dnepr Airlines)[125]

• Atlas Air (4)[124]

• Etihad Cargo (1)[124] operated on wet-lease.[126]

• Panalpina (2) operated on wet-lease.[127]

• Polar Air Cargo (4)[124] wet-leased andalso operated for Polar customer DHL Ex-press.[126][128]

• Cargolux (9)[124]

• Cathay Pacific Cargo (13)[124]

• Korean Air Cargo (5)[124]

• Lufthansa (14)[124]

• Nippon Cargo Airlines (5)[124]

• Saudia Cargo (2)[124]

Two additional carriers, Air China and Silk Way Air-lines, took delivery of three aircraft in total from Augustto September 2014.[129][130] Previous operators includeGlobal Supply Systems which operated three Freightersfor British Airways World Cargo.[131]

4.1 Orders and deliveries

Data through the end of December 2014[93][134]

4.2 Sales and marketing

4.2.1 Cargo aircraft

Boeing holds a 90% share of the heavy air freighter mar-ket. The freighter version of the 747-8 has attracted or-ders from several cargo airlines; the plane has the bene-fit of similar training and interchangeable parts with theBoeing 747-400F. In addition, the 747 has a long his-tory as a cargo aircraft, and remains popular among op-erators as it has greater cargo capacity and longer rangethan other freight aircraft.[89] GE Capital Aviation Ser-vices (GECAS) has agreed to buy two freighters.[135][136]

The recent recession in the U.S., combined with mar-ket softness in Europe and Asia,[137] has led to lower de-mand for air freighters as more shipments are made bysea. The world’s air cargo fleet in 2012 was smaller thanit was in 2003, defying Boeing’s predictions. However,the proportion of very large freighters in that fleet has in-creased, and Boeing’s dominant position in large, fuel-efficient freighters has offered the company an opportu-nity to protect its market share and its product line despitethe market weakness.[138] For example, in March 2013,Boeing, Cathay Pacific Cargo and Air China entered intoan agreement wherein three 747-8F aircraft were pur-chased, increasing Cathay’s official order total to 13 air-craft. Eight 777F freighters were canceled, and five 777Fpurchase options were created. The eight canceled 777Fswere then picked up by Air China Cargo, which in turnsold seven 747-400BCF (passenger aircraft converted tofreighters) back to Boeing. Boeing will use these aircraftas sources for spare parts. In December 2013, Cathay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroelastic_flutterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Onehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Onehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_VC-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamlinerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamlinerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boeing_747_operatorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirBridgeCargo_Airlineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga-Dnepr_Airlineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga-Dnepr_Airlineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Airhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etihad_Airwayshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panalpinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Air_Cargohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHL_Expresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHL_Expresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargoluxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathay_Pacific_Cargohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Cargohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Cargo_Airlineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia_Cargohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Way_Airlineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Way_Airlineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Supply_Systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways_World_Cargohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Capital_Aviation_Serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Capital_Aviation_Serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_China_Cargo

8 7 SEE ALSO

ordered one more aircraft to increase its order total to 14−8Fs.[139][140]

Emirates SkyCargo ordered ten aircraft in October 2006,then sold the airplanes to Dubai Aerospace Enterprise(DAE) in July 2008 to be leased back.[141] DAE al-ready had five of its own freighters on order since Jan-uary 2008,[142] which they converted to 777F in Novem-ber 2011.[143] In December 2012 DAE canceled five ofthe −8F order purchased from Emirates,[144] in May2013. The remaining five were later canceled.[144] USbased lessor Guggenheim Aviation Partners cut its orderof four[142] −8Fs in half in December 2009, and can-celed the remainder in January 2011 because of uncer-tainty surrounding the timing of the deliveries.[145]

4.2.2 Passenger aircraft

Compared to the freighter version, the passenger ver-sion of the 747-8 has received fewer orders. Airlines in-cluding Emirates and British Airways considered order-ing the 747-8I, but opted to purchase the Airbus A380instead.[146][147] The 747-8I has also received several VIPorders from various customers. Boeing Chairman andChief Executive Jim McNerney acknowledged in a con-ference call to Boeing’s investors in April 2008 that hewould like to see more orders for the passenger versionof the 747-8.[148]

On March 7, 2011, it was announced that Air China hadagreed to purchase five 747-8Is;[149][150] after approvalby the Chinese government, the order was confirmed 18months later.[151] Air China has agreed to purchase an ad-ditional two 747-8Is after approval by the Chinese gov-ernment and confirmed by Boeing.[152]

On June 20, 2011, at the Paris Air Show, Boeing an-nounced that it had received two orders and 15 com-mitments from two different undisclosed users for the−8I.[153] On October 6, Arik Air was announced as thecustomer for two 747-8Is; the airline was previously iden-tified as an unidentified customer for the order at the ParisAir Show.[154] OnNovember 8, 2011, it was reported thatTransaero had preliminarily agreed to purchase four 747-8Is.[155] In 2013, Arik Air reportedly converted its orderfor two 747-8Is to two 777-300ERs,[156] though Boeinglists it as an 747-8I order as of March 2014.[93]

At the 2013 Paris Air Show, Korean Air agreed to or-der five 747-8Is, in addition to five ordered in 2009.Lufthansa was the only airline operator of the passengerversion as of June 2013.[157] Korean Air and Boeing fi-nalized the new −8I order in October 2013.[158]

5 Incidents

On July 31, 2013, an Airbridge Cargo 747-8F experi-enced core engine icing that caused engine malfunctions

and damage to three engines near Chengdu, China, whileen route to Hong Kong; the aircraft landed safely at itsdestination. Boeing and General Electric are working onsoftware changes to mitigate the effects of core engineicing.[159][160][161]

6 Specifications

0

SCALE2 4 6 10 m8

97.5 m

66.6 m

Airbus A380-800 - 79.6 m

24.1 mS

pruce Goose

Hughes H-4 Spruce Goose

Hughes H-4 Spruce Goose

An-225 Mriya 88.4 m

84.0 m

An-225

18.1 m

An-225 Mriya

Airbus A380-800 79.8 m

Airbus A380-800 - 79.6 m

73.0 m

24.1 mA

380-800

Airbus A380-800

Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental

76.4 m

19.6 mB

747-8I

Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental

68.5 m

Comparison between four of the largest aircraft:Hughes H-4 HerculesAntonov An-225Airbus A380-800Boeing 747-8

Sources: Boeing specification page,[81] airportreport[166][167]

7 See also

• Competition between Airbus and Boeing

Related development

• Boeing 747

• Boeing 747-400

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_SkyCargohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Aerospace_Enterprisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Aviation_Partnershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Airlinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airwayshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Air_Showhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arik_Airhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaerohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirBridgeCargo_Airlineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu,_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_H-4_Herculeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-225https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380-800https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_between_Airbus_and_Boeinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400

9

• Airbus A380

• Antonov An-124

Related lists

• List of airliners

8 References

Footnotes

[1] The delivery of a 747-8F in March 2013 indicates that theunidentified customer for two −8Fs is Saudia Cargo.[133]

[2] Maximum seating is based on certification.[162]

Citations

[1] “Boeing 747-8I completes first flight”. Flight Interna-tional, March 20, 2011. Quote: “At 76.3m (250ft), the−8I is the longest ever built in commercial aviation his-tory...”

[2] “Boeing Outlines the “Value” of Its 747 Plans.” The Boe-ing Company, September 2, 1996. Retrieved April 5,2012.

[3] “Boeing 747 Celebrates 30 Years In Service”. Boeing,January 21, 2000.

[4] “Boeing Launches New, Longer-Range 747-400”. Boe-ing, November 28, 2000.

[5] “Boeing Offers New 747-400X Quiet Longer Range Jet-liner”. Boeing, February 26, 2002.

[6] Steinke, Sebastian. “Boeing Proposes 747-400X QuietLonger Range”. Flug Revue Online, May 2002.

[7] “Boeing 747, the 'Queen of the Skies,' Celebrates 35thAnniversary”. Boeing, February 9, 2004.

[8] “Boeing Launches New 747-8 Family”. Boeing. Novem-ber 14, 2005. Retrieved December 17, 2007.

[9] “Boeing Rethinks 747-8 Outsourcing”. Aviation Week,April 11, 2008.

[10] “Boeing Completes Firm Configuration of 747-8Freighter”. Boeing

[11] “Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental and 747-8 Freighter”.Boeing. Retrieved 2011-07-01.

[12] Dunlop, Michelle. “Boeing: Getting 747-8 and 777 readyfor production”. Heraldnet.com, August 25, 2008.

[13] “Boeing 747 Program Milestone”. Boeing CommercialAirplanes. Retrieved January 3, 2011.

[14] “Boeing Adjusts 747-8 Program Production and DeliverySchedule”. Boeing, November 14, 2008.

[15] “Boeing announces delay in delivery of 747-8”. The Seat-tle Times. November 15, 2008. Retrieved February 17,2009.

[16] Sobie, Brendan. “Atlas seeks compensation for 747-8F delays”. Air Transport Intelligence news via flight-global.com, June 12, 2009.

[17] “First Boeing 747-8 Freighter Takes Shape”. Boeing, July21, 2009.

[18] “Boeing hints at possible reassessment of 747-8 pro-gramme”. Flight International. January 31, 2009. Re-trieved July 2, 2011.

[19] Wallace, James; Aerospace, P-I (February 24, 2009).“Boeing replaces head of 747-8 program”. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved July 2, 2011.

[20] Frean, Alexandra (October 7, 2009). “Boeing takes 1bncharge as further problems beset 7478 jumbo jet”. TheTimes (London). Retrieved April 26, 2010.

[21] Rothman, Andrea (October 6, 2009). “Boeing to Take$1 Billion Charge on 747 Program Costs (Update4)".Bloomberg. Retrieved January 4, 2011.

[22] “Boeing admits further 747-8 delay”. BBC, October 6,2009.

[23] “Boeing Settles In for a BumpyRide”. Wall Street Journal,Marketplace Section, October 7, 2009, p. B1.

[24] “First Boeing 747-8 Freighter Leaves Factory”. Boeing,November 12, 2009.

[25] “Boeing, Korean Air Announce Order for New 747-8 In-tercontinental”. Boeing, December 4, 2009.

[26] “KAL orders five Boeing 747-8 passenger aircraft”. AirTransport Intelligence news via FlightGlobal.com, De-cember 4, 2009.

[27] “Guggenheim cancels orders for two Boeing 747-8Fs”.Air Transport Intelligence news via FlightGlobal.com,January 8, 2010.

[28] “Korean Air firms up two additional 747-8F options”.Flight International. March 18, 2011. Retrieved March18, 2011.

[29] /index.php?s=43&item=1673 “Boeing, Korean Air An-nounce Order for Two 747-8 Freighters”. Boeing, March18, 2011.

[30] “Boeing Production Rate Increases toMeet Customer De-mand”. Boeing. Retrieved 2011-07-01.

[31] Boeing Successfully Completes 747-8 Freighter EngineRuns. Boeing

[32] “Boeing Says 747-8 Freighter to Make First Flight”. ABCNews. February 7, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2010.

[33] Ostrower, Jon. “Boeing’s 747-8F lifts off on maidenflight”. Flightglobal.com, February 8, 2010.

[34] “Boeing 747-8 Freighter Successfully Completes FirstFlight”. Boeing

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13

[159] Guy Norris (September 2, 2013). “Core Engine Ic-ing Strikes Russian 747-8F”. Aviation Week. RetrievedSeptember 2, 2013.

[160] Simon Hradecky (n.d.). “Incident: Air Bridhe CargoB748 near Hong Kong on Jul 31st 2013, both left handengines surged at same time, one right hand engine dam-aged too”. Retrieved September 2, 2013.

[161] Polina Borodina (n.d.). “Russia to investigate AirBridge-Cargo 747-8F engine incident with Boeing, GE”. Re-trieved September 2, 2013.

[162] “Special Conditions: Boeing Model 747-8 Airplanes;Stairway Between the Main Deck and Upper Deck.” Of-fice of the Federal Register. Retrieved April 29, 2012.

[163] Lufthansa Wing Area Data for Aspect Ratio

[164] Federal Aviation Authority Type Certificate Data SheetA20WE

[165] http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/commercial/airports/misc/A20WE.pdf

[166] 747-8 Airport Compatibility Report. Boeing, December2011.

[167] 747-8 Airport Compatibility brochure. Boeing, January2008.

9 External links• Boeing 747-8 on Boeing.com

• Boeing 747-8, The Shape of the Future on NewAir-plane.com

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14 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text• Boeing 747-8 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20747-8?oldid=643634879 Contributors: Edward, Michael Hardy, Delirium,Mcarling, WhisperToMe, Tech77jp, DocWatson42, Axeman, Reub2000, Joconnor, Andycjp, Oneiros, One Salient Oversight, Hammers-fan, Trevor MacInnis, Ericg, Canterbury Tail, N328KF, Rich Farmbrough, Sladen, FT2, Andros 1337, ESkog, R. S. Shaw, Ctrl build,Alansohn, Nick Moss, Denniss, Marianocecowski, Wtmitchell, ProhibitOnions, Vedant, Skyring, GabrielF, BDD, Dan100, Vanished userdfvkjmet9jweflkmdkcn234, Yousaf465, DeAceShooter, Bobrayner, Sylvain Mielot, Blackeagle, ScottDavis, LrdChaos, Jeff3000, Tabletop,Uris, GraemeLeggett, Wrh2, Xmas1973, Angusmclellan, Hiberniantears, Heinovh, Ligulem, FlaBot, Wikiliki, Nogburt, Mark83, Gurch,Carrionluggage, Nivals, Sherool, Bgwhite, YurikBot, Wavelength, Jimp, StuffOfInterest, RussBot, Sarranduin, Hellbus, Hydrargyrum,Akhristov, Bovineone, NawlinWiki, NW036, Siddiqui, Nick, CPColin, DeadEyeArrow, Galar71, BazookaJoe, Sharkb, SuperJumbo,ViperSnake151, Blau, Sacxpert, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Radoslaw Ziomber, Jdoniach, Reedy, Howardchu, Eskimbot, CommanderKeane bot, Tomh009, GoldDragon, Lepetitvagabond, Yasobara, DHN-bot, Speedyprimus, Alexmcfire, Butterfly0fdoom, Mnw2000, Dr-philharmonic, Wizardman, Zbot370, Ohconfucius, Lester, LCmucky, Soumyasch, MilborneOne, Minna Sora no Shita, OVERMIND,ThundertamerS, Fangfufu, Uwe W., MrDolomite, Eddie Wong, Hu12, DabMachine, Judgesurreal777, Joseph Solis in Australia, JHP,Courcelles, Falconus, Henrickson, Zackp, Sketch051, Mostergr, Causantin, Otsego, Zeus1234, Dgw, Skyskraper, Dk16, Cydebot, Fn-layson, Gwdr500, Travelbird, Hebrides, Kevin23, Trident13, TAG.Odessa, Crum375, Thijs!bot, Jmg38, WillMak050389, Nslsmith,LG4761, Signaleer, Dawnseeker2000, Ogigacz, Ctillier, Akradecki, Parnell88, Rehnn83, Benny45boy, Darklilac, MECU, JAnDbot,OhanaUnited, Memphisto, Magioladitis, SynergyStar, JamesBWatson, SHCarter, Robby, Jploc3000, Bangabalunga, Alatar144, Kukan-otas, Eqdoktor, BilCat, JWTH583, LorenzoB, MartinBot, Marcusaffleck, CommonsDelinker, Anais1983, Jtimotiwu2, ChrisfromHouston,Persuede, Jhz94, Rockford1963, Michael Daly, Bdodo1992, StephenML, Transylvanus, RenniePet, Smitty, DorganBot, Andy March-banks, Chaimklein, Zweef, Zeltar, TheUltimateHistorian, Timothyzoelman, SimmonsL, 4300streetcar, RightSideNov, Jeff.solomon, Ae-sopos, TXiKiBoT, GimmeBot, Nono le petit robot, Raryel, NicoBolso, DesmondW, BotKung, RobbWiki, Mayakowsky, Lamro, Ed-wardlay, RaseaC, Kai, Djmckee1, Thunderbird2, Quantpole, Pishi212, Isaacu, CJCJCJ1, Biscuittin, Akula83, Unamed102, Simplifier,Morcus, Laurent Simon, Pcpirate16, Gerbilface, Fan Railer, Mohammed Hasanie, Earendil11, NicolasJz, TB115, Farhandanialzahidi,Mtaylor848, Driftwood87, WikiLaurent, Cirrocumulus, Schalkcity, Muhends, ImageRemovalBot, MBK004, Zanudaaa, ClueBot, Eetvartti,Binksternet, Ariadacapo, Keeper76, Josullivan6, Wispanow, Mild Bill Hiccup, FCivish, PolarYukon, R rogel, BlackLukes, CarloPlyr440,Mmachuca, SempreVolando, Holden yo, Arjayay, Jake43, Mgw89, Polly, C628, MarkWales, Ltarte, Globalroamer, Nukes4Tots, Air-planeman, Olyus, Addbot, Planenut, Ashanda, Hereford, Lightbot, Telebyte, Zorrobot, Thunberg, Aliziaee, The Bushranger, Luckas-bot,Yobot, AnomieBOT, Adenosine Triphosphate, Da man times 2, Piano non troppo, Materialscientist, Druid.raul, Fabri88, Kiskaloo, Tran-sity, Malshayef, Boscaswell, Printpost, Isteele00, Milestang, J04n, KJ4EPE, Yoganate79, Rlrcoasterdude21, N419BH, B767-500, Scrooke,Erik9bot, Zaps93, Molnarb14, FrescoBot, NSH002, LucienBOT, Vinceouca, Kyteto, Ravendrop, Pinas Central, Rgvis, HamburgerRadio,Gulfstream86, Hughes-MDflyer4, Exsfo, DReifGalaxyM31, Lecapeletto, AHeneen, Lotje, Tomyip123, 777sms, Snoozlepet, Miacsin, Ax-elll84, Cainamahs, RjwilmsiBot, Earthquake2012, Bradleystetz, TGCP, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Gfoley4, Jefford717, Sp33dyphil,Lavrans123, Dcirovic, Sasha Chhh, Josve05a, Compdude123, Zalnas, SporkBot, Matt7272727272, Brandmeister, JhanJensen, Yasser96,58snow, Whoop whoop pull up, Adamop, Alainmoscoso, Quityergreeting, ClueBot NG, Pys482, JetBlast, Milad A380, Theodoreg, Spar-tan7W,World Super Cars, AviaWiki, Pepsi132, Serranocalvinjed, Pajag0912, BomberFletch31, SojerPL, TexXxan91, BG19bot, Hans100,Tatchell, TheriusRooney, Compfreak7, Mustangmanxxx, Sgt. Rojas, ולדמן שמחה ,יהודה Monarchbala, Njirk, BattyBot, Abimael85,MichaelG1986, Lollomz, Pzwill, Cyberbot II, Sjohan06, Tagremover, Erepac, 42serenity, Fadrianx, Caoliwu1, B747131, Playerstroke,Karelke87, EricCan, Zundex, CX Flyer, Jayck123, Cucamest, Mishalmishal, Elhacka, Elwikieditor, Jean3106, Волфрам карбид, Inglok,FoxyOrange, Fx120, Humongous125, Navneeth Lal, WikiSirEditor, LebedevXD, 747-8info, MattBismarck, Jumbodriver747, Sideshow-Bob7, Monkbot, PrinceSulaiman, Cyntiamaspian, Mr.alsmadi, Jtxxtj, ShannynLearns2Know, Cavsboyd190 and Anonymous: 589

10.2 Images• File:747-8F_at_Boeing_Everett_Plant_fuel_dock.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/747-8F_at_Boeing_Everett_Plant_fuel_dock.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Yasobara

• File:747-8I_(N6067E)_wide_angle.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/747-8I_%28N6067E%29_wide_angle.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: 747-8i Wide Angle Original ar