Bogor Agricultural University andApplied Research Centre for Climate and Technology-Indonesia

(ARCATE-Indonesia)

Assessment of Community Participation to Reduce Impact Assessment of Community Participation to Reduce Impact of Climate Change at Citarum Watershed, of Climate Change at Citarum Watershed,

West Java IndonesiaWest Java Indonesia

Uci SulandariRizaldi BoerEka Intan Kumala PuteriDelon Martinus

IntroductionIntroductionCitarum river plays important role for supplying water of districts in and surrounding the watershedHistorical data showed:

Annual Rainfall in Citarum Wathershed decreased at a rate of 10 mm/year(Pawitan 2002)Dry season tended to decrease (Kaimuddin et al,2002)

IntroductionIntroductionForest cover at upper Citarum decrease at a rate of about 2.4% per year ~ cause the ratio between maximum and minimum flow increasedPresent ratio 86 : 1 (Boer et al., 2004), while the ideal ratio 25:1 (Asdak, 2002)

Under changing climate, intensity and frequency of extreme climate events may increase ~ there is an urgent need to stop deforestation and increase forest cover at the upper Citarum Watershed as an effort to reduce the impact of the changing climate

Efforts to increase and protect forest in the upper Citarum

should not be only the responsibility of upstream

community but also the responsibility of downstream

communities

ObjectivesObjectivesTo assess perception of communities to climate change and to evaluate the impact of climate hazards on upstream and downstream communities

To evaluate driving factors for deforestation at the upper Citarum wahtershed

To assess perception of downstream communities to the need of increasing forest cover of the upper Citarum watershed as effort to mitigate impact of climate hazards

To assess willingness of downstream community of Citarum watershed to pay for protecting and improving forest cover at upper the Citarum.

MethodologyMethodology

STUDY SITES• Three sites in the upstream

• Four sites in downstream:

– 2 Agriculture areas

– 2 Cities

MethodologyMethodology

SURVEY METHOD

• Interview– 75 respondents at the

three villages

– 26 respondents at agriculture downstream

– 900 respondents at two cities downstream

Aimed of the SurveysAimed of the Surveys

• Survey in the three villages upstream and two agriculture areas was aimed:

• To assess perception of communities to climate change,

• To evaluate impact of climate hazards, and

• To assess driving factors for deforestation and types of rewards preferred by upper watershed community for the services they provided in maintaining and protecting forests

Aimed of the SurveysAimed of the Surveys

• Survey in the two cities was aimed:

• To assess the willingness of the community to pay compensation for environmental services provided by the upper watershed community in maintaining and protecting forest

Method of AnalysisMethod of Analysis

Statistical Descriptive: Perspective communities to climate change (in agriculture area)AHP: Prioritizing driving factors for deforestation and types of rewards in upstreamCVM: Willingness to pay of downstream communities

Result and DiscussionResult and Discussion1. 85% of respondents stated that the

intensity of climate hazards have increased

85%

15%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Yes No

Perception of The Climate Change

2. Properties being damaged by flood and drought2. Properties being damaged by flood and drought

0

10

20

30

40

50

Rice cr

ops

Upland

crop

s

Lives

tock

Ponds

Fishing

gro

unds

House

Infra

struc

ture

Other

s

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

sp

on

de

nt

Flood

Drought

3. 3. Perception of Community to Factors Causing the Increase of Drought and Flood Intensity and Role of Forest Function

60% of respondents at Ciparay and Bojongsoang said that they did not know factors causing the increase of drought and flood intensity

Communities in the upper Citarum watershed (Cikembang, Cibereum and Tarumajaya) knew quite well with forest function

Community perception to type of activities Community perception to type of activities that can avoid deforestationthat can avoid deforestation

0

20

40

60

80

100

Cikembang Cibereum Tarumajaya

Pe

rce

nt o

f re

spo

nd

en

tEstablishing forest plantationEstablishing agroforestryProtecting forests

4. 4. Driving Factors for Deforestation and Rewards Preferred by Community for Protecting Forest

Level 2. a. Lack of income sources for meeting primary needs of the household.b. Lack of knowledge on forest functionc. Lack of land for cultivationd. Lack of cooperation between village institutions in protecting forest

Level 1. Community participation to protect and rehabilitate forest

Level 3. Aid alternative: Fund aid, live stock aid, education aid agriculture equipment aid

Inconsistency ratios of the respondent in answering the question were all less than 0.1, indicating high level of consistency or certainty.

The inconsistency ratios for Tarumajaya, Cikembang and Cibereum were 0.09, 0.01 and 0.08

Analytical Hierarchical Process for protecting and Analytical Hierarchical Process for protecting and rehabilitating forestrehabilitating forest

Community participation at Tarumajaya to protect and

rehabilitate forest

Lack of income to meet primary

needs0.56

Lack of knowledge of

forest function0.06

Lack of land for cultivation

0.31

Fund aid0.26

Livestock aid0.50

Education aid0.09

Agriculture equipments aid

0.07

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

5. Willingness of Downstream Community to Pay Compensation

0102030405060708090

100

Play Role Don't play role Agree No agree

Role of upstreamcommunties

Need to rehabilitate forest

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

sp

on

de

nts

Jakarta Utara

Purwakarta

Perception of downstream community to the role of upstream community and the need of rehabilitating the forest

WTP (WTP (Willingness to PayWillingness to Pay) :) :

Purwakarta was Rp.900,- per 10 mPurwakarta was Rp.900,- per 10 m33

North Jakarta was Rp.1500,00 per 10 mNorth Jakarta was Rp.1500,00 per 10 m33..

05

101520253035404550

250 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

WTP (Rp)

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nd

en

t North Jakarta

Purwakarta

Dependency of willingness to pay on level of Dependency of willingness to pay on level of knowledge on forest function and the perception of knowledge on forest function and the perception of downstream community. downstream community.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Good Medium Low

Level of knowledge on forest function

Prob

abili

ty o

f w

illin

gnes

s to

pay

Understand the role of upstream communityDo not understand the role of upstream community

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Good Medium Low

Level of knowledge on forest function

Prob

abili

ty o

fw

illin

gnes

s to

pay

Agree to support rehabilitation activitiesDo not agree to support rehabilitation activities

Coefficients of logistic regression for WTP for Purwakarta and North Jakarta

Predictors Purwakarta North Jakarta

Level of knowledge on forest function (X1) 2,9231**(18,60)

4,5395**93,65

Perception on the role of upstream community (X2) 3,2223**25,09

3,5320**34,19

Perception on the need for rehabilitating forest (X3) 1,6396*5,15

3,176**23,96

Job (X4 in category) 0,5557*1,74

1,2802*3,60

Age (X5 in years) 0,09050**1,09

0,11729**1,12

Education (X6 in years) 0,14171*1,15

0,15388**1,17

Income (X7 in category) 1,3333*3,79

1,3433*3,83

Family size (X8 in number of family) -0,7291**0,48

-0,3771*0,69

Sex (X9) 1,1928**3,30

2,0481**7,75

R2 87.9% 97.8%

Most of respondents agree that the intensity and the frequency of climate hazards (drought and flood) have increased recently.

Deforestation can be avoided if the community can increase land use intensity or find suitable alternative activities to get additional income such as raising livestock and trading.

Development of reward system for environmental services provided by the upstream community is possible as the downstream communities is willing to support activities or program for maintaining and increasing forest cover of the upstream watershed by increasing price of drinking water from the current price.

(WTP) of the downstream communities highly depends on level of understanding on forest function and their perception on the role of upstream communities and the need for rehabilitating the forest.

There is a need to establish institutional system for collecting, transferring or distributing the payment to the community as well as the regulation.

Conclusion

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