Boiling Stones and Bison Bones.www.formontana.net/home.html

• Appropriate for grades 8-12 Physical Appropriate for grades 8-12 Physical Science or Earth Science Classes Science or Earth Science Classes

• Rod BensonRod Benson• Earth Science TeacherEarth Science Teacher• Helena High SchoolHelena High School

NOTICE: This presentation is intended for those who attended my sectional at the NOTICE: This presentation is intended for those who attended my sectional at the 2010 MEA-MFT Teachers’ Convention in Helena. If you weren’t there, the presentation2010 MEA-MFT Teachers’ Convention in Helena. If you weren’t there, the presentationprobably won’t make much sense to you. I use the presentation before my students do probably won’t make much sense to you. I use the presentation before my students do the activity called “No Pots? No Pans? No Problem.”the activity called “No Pots? No Pans? No Problem.”

Science Concepts Indian Education

• the use of fire-heated stones to boil water*

*Stones were also to roast and bake foods. Cultures throughout the world used this technology.

• heat transfer• measurement of heat

transferred• rock types• Ice Ages

Sources• Brink, Jack. Brink, Jack. Imagining Head Smashed InImagining Head Smashed In. Edmonton: Athabasca . Edmonton: Athabasca

University Press, 2008.University Press, 2008.

• Brumley, John. Archaeologist at Wahkpa Chu'gn Buffalo Jump in Brumley, John. Archaeologist at Wahkpa Chu'gn Buffalo Jump in HavreHavre

• Fisher, John, Ph.D., Department of Sociology, Montana State Fisher, John, Ph.D., Department of Sociology, Montana State University-Bozeman University-Bozeman

• Lahren,Lahren, Larry, Ph.D, Larry, Ph.D, Homeland: An archaeologist’s view of Homeland: An archaeologist’s view of Yellowstone Country’s Past.Yellowstone Country’s Past. Cayuse Press, Livingston, Montana Cayuse Press, Livingston, Montana 2006. 2006.

• Rennie, Patrick J. "The Interpretive Value of Fire-Cracked Rock." Rennie, Patrick J. "The Interpretive Value of Fire-Cracked Rock." Archaeology In MontanaArchaeology In Montana 42.1 (2001): 65-90. 42.1 (2001): 65-90.

• Wilmoth, Stan. Archaeologist, Office of Historical PreservationWilmoth, Stan. Archaeologist, Office of Historical Preservation

NEXT: The Learning Activities

• PowerPoint, handouts, videos are all posted on the internet • http://formontana.net/bones.html

• Take a look at the worksheet.• Bison Bones and Boiling Stones• http://formontana.net #102

• Next: Lab Activity•No Pots? No Pans? No Problem

1. What are the three ways heat is transferred?

• ConductionConduction• ConvectionConvection• RadiationRadiation

NEXT: Quick review

• Conduction?Conduction?

• Convection?Convection?

• Radiation?Radiation?

As cool as As cool as thetheother side other side of the of the pillow . . .pillow . . .

NEXT . . . Intro to today’s activity

Map courtesy of The Map courtesy of The Defenders of WildlifeDefenders of Wildlife

• 60-75 million bison60-75 million bison• About 40,000 Native About 40,000 Native

Americans lived on the Americans lived on the plains of Montana plains of Montana

• Each person needed Each person needed about 5 bison/yearabout 5 bison/year

• No horses, no gunsNo horses, no guns

Pre-European Contact

Photo courtesy of the Montana Historical SocietyFigures by Gardell Christensen, 1952Background by Dale Livezey, 1988Photo by John Smart, 1988

First Peoples Buffalo Jump

Formerly known as Ulm Pishkun

Hwy. #2

The Mall

Milk River

Havre Middle School

Courtesy of Wahkpa Chu’gn Archaeological Site www.buffalojump.org

The Belt Meteor Crater

NEXT: So, if you are looking for a kill site? . . .

5 miles NW of HarlemTipi rings nearby

• Bone Beds• Projectile Points•ArrowheadsArrowheads

•Atlatl points Atlatl points

Photo from Imagining Head Smashed In by Jack BrinkCourtesy of Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump

NEXT: Back in time

Courtesy of Canadian Museum of Civilization CorporationCourtesy of Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation

NEXT: Question #2

The Processing Area

2. Containers for boiling?

• Stomach sacsStomach sacs• Pits lined with hidesPits lined with hides

Courtesy of Canadian Museum of Civilization CorporationCourtesy of Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation

NEXT: Focus on bones, marrow

Marrow from Marrow from a roasted bonea roasted boneMarrow from Marrow from

a roasted bonea roasted bone

NEXT: Bone Grease

MarrowMarrow

Bone Bone MatrixMatrixcontainincontaining g bone bone greasegrease

NEXT: Extracting Bone Grease

NEXT: No pots . . . How do you boil the bones?

3. What are some ways to bring the water to a boil?

• ANSWER: They used fire-heated ANSWER: They used fire-heated stones called “boiling stones”stones called “boiling stones”

5-minute YouTube Video

Illustration by Shayne Tolman

Grease is the word.

Jeopardy The name of this Montana Indian tribe The name of this Montana Indian tribe

(loosely translated) means “those who cook (loosely translated) means “those who cook with stones”.with stones”.

The Assiniboine are people of the northern Great Plains of North America who call The Assiniboine are people of the northern Great Plains of North America who call themselves Nakoda or Nakota. To the Chippewa, they are known as AS'see'nee pai-tue themselves Nakoda or Nakota. To the Chippewa, they are known as AS'see'nee pai-tue (those who cook with stones).(those who cook with stones).

Illustration by Shayne Tolman

NEXT: What kind of rocks would work best?

• Roasting Pits• Boiling Pits

How can you tell this is a roasting pit (not a boiling pit)?How can you tell this is a roasting pit (not a boiling pit)?

Quartzite Cobbles

Quartzite used to be sandstone.

The “Rimrocks” of Billings(Eagle Sandstone)

Near Harlem(North-Central Montana)

How do experts know quartzite was preferred?

First Peoples Buffalo Jump

Formerly known as Ulm Pishkun

Fire-Cracked rock Fire-Cracked rock from from First Peoples Buffalo First Peoples Buffalo JumpJump

Fire-Cracked Rock

Here’s how you do the activity.

Watch YouTube Video of the LabWill the rocks explode?Where can you get quartzite?

• PowerPoint/Pre-Lab: 40 minutesPowerPoint/Pre-Lab: 40 minutes• Lab Activity: 20 minutesLab Activity: 20 minutes• Follow-Up Questions: 10-20 minutes

IMPORTANTRemove the thermometer while you are placing the hot rock into the water.

4. What measurements will you need to make?

• the mass of the water the mass of the water • the temperature of the water before the temperature of the water before • the temperature of the water afterthe temperature of the water after

5. The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram x °C

• It takes one calorie of heat to raise the It takes one calorie of heat to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C. temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C.

• So, how many calories would it take to So, how many calories would it take to raise the temperature of 30 g. of water raise the temperature of 30 g. of water by 5 °C?by 5 °C?

6. What is a calorie?

• amount of energy needed to raise the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g. of water by 1 °C temperature of 1 g. of water by 1 °C

• NOTE: Nutritionists use NOTE: Nutritionists use kilocalorieskilocalories • equal to 1000 caloriesequal to 1000 calories• typically label them as "kcal" or as "Calories" typically label them as "kcal" or as "Calories"

with a capital "C".with a capital "C".

C x m x T = Heat transferred in calories

• C = specific heat of water (1 cal/gram x °C)

• m = mass of water (200 g.)

• T = change in temperature of water change in temperature of water

NEXT: Cautions

CAUTIONS• The rock is hot. If you drop it, use the The rock is hot. If you drop it, use the

tongs to pick it up!tongs to pick it up!• The tongs will become very hot also. Do The tongs will become very hot also. Do

not touch them.not touch them.• Wear your goggles during the activity.Wear your goggles during the activity.• If your burner goes out, turn the valve to If your burner goes out, turn the valve to

the off position.the off position.

• Work in groups of 2-3.Work in groups of 2-3.• Read the directions.Read the directions.• Take your time!Take your time!• Keep your hair out of the flame.Keep your hair out of the flame.

•What were the variables?

• Type of rockType of rock

• Size of rockSize of rock

• Amount of waterAmount of water

• How long the rock is heatedHow long the rock is heated

NEXT: Follow-Up Questions

• Go over these after the lab.Go over these after the lab.

1. What if the cup had contained 100 ml of water instead of 200 ml?

Theoretically . . . .

The T should have been twice as much. However . . .

2. What if the rock had been twice as massive?

The T should have been twice as much.

300 g.300 g.

250 250 °C°C

150 g.150 g.

250 250 °C°C

200 g.200 g.

20 20 °C°C

200 g.200 g.

20 20 °C°C

35 35 °C°C??50 50 °C°C

3. If water splashed out . . . ?

4. How was most of the heat transferred from the stone to the water?

5. radiation

6. conduction

7. conduction

8. convection

9. conduction

www.formontana.net/bones.html

Questions? rbenson@helena.k12.mt.us