bombay duck2
TRANSCRIPT
BOMBAY DUCKBY
BY
JAMES J PULIKOTTIL
THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME
The origin of the term "Bombay duck" is uncertain. One
popular etymology relates to railroads..When the rail links
started on the Indian sub-continent, people from the eastern
Bengal were made aware of the large availability of the
locally prized fish on India's western coasts and began
importing them via the railways. Since the smell of the dried
fish was overpowering, its transportation was later
consigned to the 'Mail' Train. The mail train — the Bombay
Mail or the Bombay Daak — thus reeked of the fish smell and
'You smell like the Bombay Duck', was a common term in use
in the days of the British Raj. In Bombay, the local English
speakers then called it so, but it was eventually corrupted
into "Bombay duck".
According to local Bangladeshi stories, the term
Bombay duck was first coined by Robert Clive, after
he tasted a piece during his conquest of Bengal. It is
said that he associated the pungent smell with that
of the newspapers and mail which would come in to
the cantonments from Bombay. The term was later
popularized amongst the British public by its
appearance in Indian restaurants across the country.
MOISTURE %
PROTEIN %
FAT % ASH %
89.30 9.10 .70
.90
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF
BOMBAY DUCK
SCIENTIFIC CLASIFICATION OF BOMBAY DUCK
Phylum Chordata
Class Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fishes)
Order Aulopiformes (Lizardfishes)
Family Synodontidae (Lizardfishes)
Subfamily Harpadontinae (Bombay ducks)
Genus: Harpadon
Species H. nehereus, H. squamosus
The genus Harpodon comprises of two species Harpodon nehereus $ Harpodon squamosus
The body is slender, soft, and gelatinous in appearance. Reported to
be phosphorescent in fresh condition.
Large head. Small eyes; cleft of the mouth wide and deep, lower jaw
prominent of unequal recurved.Depressible teeth in the jaws, caudal
is tri lobed. Scales commence opposite to the origin of the dorsal fin
color brownish to grayish-white
Morphological characters
Worldwide distribution, from Zanzibar to China, seas and
estuaries of India, EastPakistan, Burma and straits of Malaca.
In India it occurs in large quantities on the West Coast, in
Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Cambay in Gujarat and along the
Congon coast of Maharashtra, particularly in Kolaba and
Thane districts. On the east coast it is taken in small numbers
along the Coromandel coast, in appreciable quantities along
the Andhra-Orissa coast and in the estuaries of West Bengal.
Distribution
Inhabit deep water offshore on sandy mud
bottom for most of the year, but also gathers in
large shoals in deltas of rivers to feed during
monsoons
Benthopelagic; Oceanodromous ; depth range 50
- m
SHOALING BEHAVIOUR
THE FOOD AND FEEDING
In the early stages food consist of wholly prawns
As the growth progresses the prawn diet is
supplemented with fish(clupeids).
As the fish grows clupeids make up 16% of the
food while the percentage of the prawn varies
between 74 and 78.
When the adult stage is reached they constitute
37.8 and 47.8 respectively.
FOOD OF JUVENILES
The fish is indiscriminate
voracious ,carnivorous and cannibalistic
feeder.
It does not show preference for any particular
type of food but feeds mainly on fishes and
crustaceans
THE FOOD OF ADULTS
The food items
The wide gape of the mouth and the elongated lower
jaw enables the fish to swallow large sized prey.
The teeth in both the jaws are thin, long and recurved
which prevent the prey from escaping
The stomach is greatly distensible and when gorged
with food becomes almost translucent.
Instance are known where a Bombay duck of 210 mm
long has a 250 mm Trichiurus in its stomach.
FEEDING ADAPTATIONS
AGE AND GROWTH The Bombay duck is a continues breeder; but two
peaks of spawning activity are apparent during November-December and March – April. The length frequency studies which are normal procedure for determining the age and growth of a fish.
year Length 1st year 50mm 2nd year 150mm 3rd year 230mm 4th year 290mm
REPRODUCTION
The sexes are separate and instance of
hermaphroditism have not been reported so
far
There are also no external sex differentiating
characters.
The ratio between the two sex is found to be fluctuating during the various months in the year. The males predominate in the catches in the monsoon months of July and august but from September to may the females are dominant. The overall catching shows that the females predominates in the commercial catches, the ratio being 100 males to 171 females
AGE AND SEX
In males testis is differentiated when the male reached 170mm long
In females the ova is first differentiated when the females reached 120-140mm
Minimum size at maturity in females
2OOMM. 200-210MM. 240MM.
MATURITY
It has been assumed that the species is a continues breeder with intense activity from OCTOBER TO APRIL and slack from MAY TO SEPTEMBER.
DIVERSE OVER THE SPAWNING PERIODICITY
•The individual spawns twice a year, though the breeding season extends practically through the year
•Later on it has been observed that the individual fish spawns only once while the species as a whole breeds throughout the year with two peaks. Once in APRIL-JULY, and the second in NOVEMBER-DECEMBER
Spawning Season and Spawning periodicity
The number of mature ova produced by Harpadon nehereus ranging in size between 229 and 318 mm has been found to vary from146000 to 146400
There is a relation ship exist between the weight of the ovary and the number of mature ova.
It has been observed that the larger females maturing on the second or subsequent occasions produce more ova
FECUNDITY
CRAFT AND GEAR
The bag nets or doll nets on the west coast in Maharashtra and Gujarat
The gill nets or khanderi in Gujarat
Behundi jal or a fixed bag net in the estuaries of Bengal and Mutla river
CRAFT AND GEAR
The Doll net is operated in depths varying about
15 to 50m.The operations being carried out at
greater depths as the season advances.
In Gujarat the gill net khanderi is operated in the
10 mile zone between kosambo and kolak,
In Andhrapradesh the boat seines called
Iragevala are operated by two catamarans during
the July to November periods.
Fixed bag nets are used in Orissa coast.
The Behundi jal is used in the estuaries of west
Bengal from October to June
LANDINGS OF BOMBAY DUCK
The catch statistics indicate a remarkable increase in landings from 7262 tones in 1951 to 1,28,618 tones in 1956. In 1958 and 1959 recorded poor landings. The fishery revived in 1960 and since then it has more or less stabilized around 80,000 tones comprising 80% of the catch of immature fish. 80% of total Bombay duck landings come from the west coast of India, which exclusively from the States of Gujarat and Maharashtra. In 1989, 1,30,689 tones have been landed. In 2010-2011 the total contribution of Bombay duck was 3.1%(94,942 tonnes)
1950-1990
YEAR EAST COAST
WEST COST
1990 17936 124299
1991 23620 142418
1992 23923 153738
1993 6595 142074
1994 11884 126396
1995 25485 133786
1996 25750 159362
1997 25229 187887
1998 35141 144774
1999 35229 146591
2000 35544 133156
1990-2000
YEARS WEST COAST
EAST COAST
2001 141027 34920
2002 100302 35382
2003 101869 40640
2004 135285 35981
2005 158778 29486
2006 152788 29528
2007 185043 26520
2008 218590 15513
2009 177959 17090
2010
2001-2010
.The estimated total catch of Bombay duck in Gujarat
during 2010 was 37,879 t (7.5% of the total fish landing).
The landings by dolnets from the inshore grounds of
Nawabunder, Rajpara and Jaffrabad were 25,178 t, which
is nearly 22%of the total dolnet catches with a catch rate
of 742.2 kg/unit. Higher catch and catch rates were seen
during October - December. The size of H. nehereus
ranged from 180 to 309 mm
Landings in Gujarat
19
50
19
53
19
56
19
59
19
62
19
65
19
68
19
71
19
74
19
77
19
80
19
83
19
86
19
89
19
92
19
95
19
98
20
01
20
04
20
07
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
East coast
West coast
1950-2009
The only possible method by which age or size at first can be adjusted by regulating the mesh size at an appropriate size.
The experimental study was conducted by CMFRI at Bassein in Maharashtra using doll nets with different cod end mesh to determine the selectivity of the gear and to evolve an optimal mesh size for the escapement of the undersized fish
The immediate reduction in the Bombay duck catch with 30mm mesh was 37% of the catch by 15mm conventional mesh and with 40 mm mesh the catch had dropped by 23%.Besides Bombay duck, the golden anchovy and non penaeid prawns also registered considerable decrease
STOCK MANAGEMENT
In case of the exploited stocks it is essential to find out the current fishing intensity and determine the level of fishing intensity to obtain a maximum sustainable yield.
Studies on the eggs and larvae and the area of spawning, migration of fishes needs exploratory survey.
Emphasis on the laminated Bombay duck from traditional sundried ones are to be given to its export potential.
Study of fluctuations of annual catches will be helpful in predicting fishing success on a short term basis.
FUTURE FISHERY
In 1997, Bombay duck was banned by the European
Commission(EC) of the European Union. The EC admitted that it
had no "sanitary" evidence against the product and the UK Public
Health Laboratory Service confirmed that there are no recorded
cases of food poisoning, or bacterial contamination, associated
with Bombay duck. It was banned because the EC only allows fish
imports from India from approved freezing and canning factories,
and Bombay duck is not produced in factories. Prior to the ban,
consumption in the United kingdom was over 13 tonnes per year.
EUROPEAN UNION IMPORT RESTRICTIONS
Who is known as Bombay duck ??????
T H A N K Y O
U
The wanderings of the Bombay duck, which bring about fisheries of much regional importance along certain coasts seem to be influenced by two main factors i.e. the availability of food and the favorable condition of the water temperature. The low surface temperature in the areas of occurrence is probably responsible for the peculiar distribution of the species to a great extent than the other factors.
SHOALING BEHAVIOUR