bonding between atoms. why do atoms form bonds? to get a stable octet of valence electrons. to get a...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bonding Between AtomsBonding Between Atoms
![Page 2: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why do Atoms Form Bonds?Why do Atoms Form Bonds?To get a To get a stable octetstable octet of valence electrons. of valence electrons.
Called a “noble gas configuration”Called a “noble gas configuration”
IONIC BOND = valence e- transferred
COVALENT BOND = valence e- shared
![Page 3: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Changes in EnergyChanges in Energy
Energy is Energy is releasedreleased when bonds form. when bonds form. (exothermic)(exothermic)
Results in lower energy, more stabilityResults in lower energy, more stabilityKnow example…Know example…
![Page 4: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Lewis Dot Diagrams of AtomsLewis Dot Diagrams of Atoms
Show valence electrons that are involved Show valence electrons that are involved in bondingin bonding
![Page 5: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Lewis Dot Diagrams of IonsLewis Dot Diagrams of Ions
Positive Ions (cations): lose outer shell Positive Ions (cations): lose outer shell valence to get stable octet.valence to get stable octet.
Negative Ions (anions): gain electrons to Negative Ions (anions): gain electrons to complete outer shell octet.complete outer shell octet.
![Page 6: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ionic BondingIonic Bonding
Happens between metals Happens between metals and nonmetalsand nonmetals
Forming Table Salt :6 minuteshttp://science360.gov/obj/video/c8b6ed58-5791-4fc1-8619-62fd8d99d9d0/atoms-bond-ionic-bonds
![Page 7: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Atoms Atoms Become IonsBecome Ions
Metals Lose Electrons:Metals Lose Electrons: become (+) ion become (+) ion
Ex: Mg is 2-8-2Ex: Mg is 2-8-2Loses 2 electrons to become MgLoses 2 electrons to become Mg+2+2 2-82-8
Nonmetals Gain ElectronsNonmetals Gain Electrons: : usually take top (-) chargeusually take top (-) charge
become (–) ion become (–) ion Ex: Cl is 2-8-7Ex: Cl is 2-8-7Gains 1 electron to become ClGains 1 electron to become Cl-1-1 2-8-82-8-8
![Page 8: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Electron TransferElectron Transfer
As ions form, an exchange or As ions form, an exchange or transfertransfer of of electrons happens.electrons happens.
Lithium (metal) 2-1 Fluorine (nonmetal) 2-7
![Page 9: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Electronegativity DifferenceElectronegativity Difference
Atoms in ionic compounds Atoms in ionic compounds
have have large differences in their EN large differences in their EN values ( > 1.7)values ( > 1.7)
The greater the EN difference, theThe greater the EN difference, the
more more “Ionic Character”.“Ionic Character”.
![Page 10: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ex: Ex: EN ValuesEN ValuesMetalMetal Na = 0.9Na = 0.9Nonmetal Nonmetal Cl = 3.2Cl = 3.2
Nonmetal with higher EN Nonmetal with higher EN “takes” electron(s) from metal“takes” electron(s) from metal
![Page 11: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Positively and negatively charged ions Positively and negatively charged ions form and attract each other due to form and attract each other due to OPPOSITE CHARGES.OPPOSITE CHARGES.
Attraction forms an Attraction forms an
IONIC BONDIONIC BOND
+ ion
- ion
![Page 12: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ionic compounds have a Ionic compounds have a uniform crystalline uniform crystalline lattice structure.lattice structure.
![Page 13: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Can you identify an ionic compound from a Can you identify an ionic compound from a covalent?covalent?
![Page 14: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Drawing Lewis Dot Drawing Lewis Dot Diagrams of Ionic Diagrams of Ionic Compounds Compounds
Do Page 7 in Do Page 7 in Bonding PacketBonding Packet
![Page 15: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Writing Ionic FormulasWriting Ionic Formulas
![Page 16: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ionic Compounds are NeutralIonic Compounds are Neutral
Subscripts showSubscripts show
ratio of ions ratio of ions
Total positive andTotal positive and
negative chargesnegative charges
must balancemust balance so the so the
compound iscompound is
electrically neutral.electrically neutral.
![Page 17: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Writing Neutral Ionic FormulasWriting Neutral Ionic Formulas Write symbols of elementsWrite symbols of elements Write the chargesWrite the charges Criss-Cross charges Criss-Cross charges if necessaryif necessary to balance the to balance the
formulaformula Put parenthesis around polyatomic ions if more than Put parenthesis around polyatomic ions if more than
one in formulaone in formula
Simplify if needed.Simplify if needed.
Tutorial on writing ionic formulas 9 minhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vscoYh6m46M
![Page 18: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Stock System for Naming Stock System for Naming Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds
Binary:Binary:
Contain ions of 2 Contain ions of 2 elements elements
Ex:Ex: MgClMgCl22, Al, Al22OO33, ,
NaClNaCl
![Page 19: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Naming Binary IonicsNaming Binary IonicsName metalName metalName nonmetal with “-ide” ending.Name nonmetal with “-ide” ending.
Ex: NaCl, MgBrEx: NaCl, MgBr22, CaO, Al, CaO, Al22SS33
![Page 20: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Ternary:Ternary: Contain 3 elements Contain 3 elementsPolyatomic ionPolyatomic ion present. present.Elements inside the polyatomic ion are Elements inside the polyatomic ion are
covalently bonded (all nonmetals).covalently bonded (all nonmetals).
Thus these compounds Thus these compounds contain both ionic contain both ionic and covalent bondsand covalent bonds!!!!
Ex:Ex: NaNONaNO33, Ca, Ca33(PO(PO44))2, 2, NHNH44ClCl
![Page 21: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Naming Ternary Ionics (with polyatomic)Naming Ternary Ionics (with polyatomic)Name MetalName MetalName polyatomic ionName polyatomic ion If two polyatomics, name them bothIf two polyatomics, name them both
![Page 22: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
When to Use a Roman NumeralWhen to Use a Roman Numeral
Roman numerals are used when the Roman numerals are used when the metalmetal can have more than one possible charge.can have more than one possible charge.
Roman numeral indicates the charge the Roman numeral indicates the charge the metal takes in that compound and metal takes in that compound and must be must be indicated in the nameindicated in the name
Ex:Ex: NiBrNiBr22 Nickel II BromideNickel II Bromide
NiBrNiBr33 Nickel III Bromide Nickel III Bromide
![Page 23: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Crash Course Chemistry: NomenclatureCrash Course Chemistry: Nomenclature (only watch first 6 minutes, skip section on naming acids for now)(only watch first 6 minutes, skip section on naming acids for now)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlRhLicNo8Qv=mlRhLicNo8Q
![Page 24: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Properties of Ionic Properties of Ionic CompoundsCompounds
![Page 25: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
High Melting PointHigh Melting Point
Attraction between theAttraction between theions is very strong.ions is very strong.
Requires a lot of heatRequires a lot of heatenergy to separateenergy to separateions and make solidions and make solidcrystal melt.crystal melt.
![Page 26: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Solubility in WaterSolubility in Water
Most ionics will Most ionics will dissolve in water, or dissolve in water, or be be ““solublesoluble”.”.
When dissolved in water When dissolved in water they are “aqueous”they are “aqueous”
Ex: NaCl (aq)Ex: NaCl (aq)
![Page 27: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Water is a “polar molecule”Water is a “polar molecule”. . Acts like a magnet to pull ions apart and into Acts like a magnet to pull ions apart and into
solution.solution. Ions are now “dissociated” or “hydrated” ions.Ions are now “dissociated” or “hydrated” ions.
http://youtu.be/EBfGcTAJF4ohttp://youtu.be/EBfGcTAJF4o
![Page 28: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ConductivityConductivity
Ionic compounds Ionic compounds conduct when ions conduct when ions are are ““mobilemobile”” or free or free to move about.to move about.
![Page 30: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ConductivityConductivity Ionic compounds conduct when:Ionic compounds conduct when:
Molten (melted/liquid) Molten (melted/liquid) (l)(l)Aqueous Aqueous (aq)(aq)
Note: They Note: They DO NOT DO NOT conduct conduct when solid as the ions are locked when solid as the ions are locked in place.in place.
![Page 31: Bonding Between Atoms. Why do Atoms Form Bonds? To get a stable octet of valence electrons. To get a stable octet of valence electrons. Called a “noble](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e205503460f94b0bd8d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Dancing Queen: Song about Ionic vs Dancing Queen: Song about Ionic vs Covalent BondingCovalent Bonding
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIfTT-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIfTT-_-xLo_-xLo
Crash Course: Atomic Hookups Crash Course: Atomic Hookups http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=QXT4OVM4vXIv=QXT4OVM4vXI