bone ossification - ju medicine€¦ · endochondral ossification. cartilage in the center of the...
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Bone OssificationPractical part
Dr. Heba KalbounehAssistant Professor of Anatomy and Histology
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Bone Development
• Osteogenesis (ossification)—bone tissue formation
• Stages:
– Bone formation—begins around 8th week of development
– Postnatal bone growth—until early adulthood
– Bone remodeling and repair—lifelong
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Postnatal Bone Growth
• Interstitial growth:
– length of long bones
• Appositional growth:
– thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces
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Ossification
The process by which bone forms.
Different methods of development in which both replace preexisting connective tissue with
bone, both methods lead to the same structure in mature bone
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Intramembranous Ossification(prenatal)
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Mesenchymal cell
Collagen fiber
Ossification
center
Osteoblast
Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective
tissue membrane.
• Selected centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster and
differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center.
1
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Osteoid
Osteocyte
Newly calcified
bone matrix
Osteoblast
Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous
membrane and calcifies.
• Osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is calcified
within a few days.• Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes.
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Mesenchyme
condensing
to form the
periosteum
Blood vessel
Trabeculae of
woven bone
Woven bone and periosteum form.
• Accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood
vessels in a random manner. The result is a network (instead of
lamellae) of trabeculae called woven bone.
• Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum.
3
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Fibrous
periosteum
Osteoblast
Plate of
compact bone
Diploë (spongy
bone) cavities
contain red
marrow
Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to
the periosteum. Red marrow appears.
• Trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, and are later
replaced with mature lamellar bone, forming compact bone plates.
• Spongy bone (diploë), consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists
internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow.
4
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Trabeculum
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trabeculum
osteocyte
Osteoblast
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Bone collar forms around
hyaline cartilage model.
1
Hyaline cartilage
Bone collar
Primary
ossification
center
Endochondral Ossification
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Cartilage in the center
of the diaphysis calcifies
and then develops cavities.
2
Area of deteriorating
cartilage matrix
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The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form.3
Spongyboneformation
Bloodvessel ofperiostealbud
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The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity formsas ossification continues. Secondary ossification centersappear in the epiphyses.
4
Epiphysealblood vessel
Secondaryossificationcenter
Medullarycavity
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The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage
remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.
5
Epiphyseal plate
cartilage
Articular cartilage
Spongy bone
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Bone collar
E
E
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Secondary ossification center
Blood vessels
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Zone of reserve cartilage(resting cartilage)
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Zone of proliferation
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Zone of hypertrophy and calcification
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Zone of ossification
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1
2
3
4
Bone collar
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2
3
4
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1234
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23 4
1
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Ossification zone
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Ossification zone
Note bone matrix is acidophilic (red/pink) while cartilage matrix is basophilic (blue)
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3
2 4
Cartilage at the head of thebone remains – this is thearticular cartilage (no perichondrium!)
Direction of growth (due to cartilage proliferation)
Shaft (diaphysis) becomes compact bone
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Secondarycenter ofossification
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Growth in the Epiphyseal Plate
36
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What type of bone formation is taking place?
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Osteoporosis
Clinical Application