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How to teach the Standard Model
1.What is Fundamental And What are Interactions
2 Nomenclature2.Nomenclature 3.Building Particlesg
4.Interactions
1.What is Fundamental
Fundamental
2. Nomenclature
An Analogy withAn Analogy with Taxonomy
• Kingdom Animalia (Protista - * see note below)• Phylum Ciliophora• Class Ciliatea• Class Ciliatea• Subclass Rhabdophorina• Order Hymenostomatida• Suborder Peniculina• Family ParameciidaeFamily Parameciidae• Genus Paramecium• Species aurelia, bursaria, or caudatum ..............
KingdomKingdom 1. Fermions (matter)( )2. Bosons (forces)
KingdomKingdom1. Fermions
PhylumQuarks
PhylumLepton
PhylumQuarks
1. Family 2. Family 3. Family
up (+2/3) charm (+2/3) top (+2/3)
down (-1/3) strange(-1/3) bottom (-1/3)1/3)
Quark
PhylumPhylumLeptons
1. Family 2.. Family 1. Family
electron (-1) muon (-1) tau (-1)
electron neutrino (0)
muon neutrino (0)
tau neutrino (0)neutrino (0) neutrino (0) neutrino (0)
leptons
KingdomKingdom2. Bosons (forces)
Phylum1. Gravity2 Electromagnetic2. Electromagnetic3.Strongg4.weak
PhylumPhylum1. Graviton
Gravity
PhylumPhylum2.Electromagnetic
Electromagnaticg
PhylumPhylum3. Weak
Weak
PhylumPhylum4. Strong
Strong
Summary of Things toSummary of Things toKnow
1. Kingdom Names2 Phylum Names2. Phylum Names3. Names and Charges of particles in each
Phylum and Family
BUILDING PARTICLES
HadronsHadrons
• Quarks are confined in Hadrons
• Hadrons are either• A) Mesons
Pair of quark and anti-quark
B) Baryons-made up of three quarks
Mesons
• Mesons: made up of a pair of quark and anti-quark.
• A few examples of types of mesons1) pion 2) Kaon3) rho)4) B-zero5) eta-c )
BaryonsBaryons
• Made up of three quarks or three anti-quarks.
• Examples of baryons• 1) proton) p• 2) antiproton• 3) neutron3) neutron• 4) lambda• 5) omega• 5) omega
Why we’re here!
Particle Physics TimelineParticle Physics Timeline• 2500 years of 5 yparticle progress in under 60 slides…guaranteed!
Democritus(late 5th Century B.C.)
• Supposed that the cosmos consisted of Supposed that the cosmos consisted of “atoms and the void” , i.e. very small indivisible particle and empty spaceindivisible particle and empty space.
Aristotle(384 – 322 B.C.)
• Opposed atomism Supposed the cosmos Opposed atomism. Supposed the cosmos consisted of a plenum of infinitely divisible particles: Earth Water Air Fire on Earth particles: Earth, Water, Air, Fire on Earth and Aether in the heavens.
R. BoscovicR. Boscovic
Rudjer Bošković (1711‐1787) Croatia 5000 dinara note (1992).A mathematician and astronomer, Bošković imagined atoms as point sources of force that repel each other at small separations (making liquids and solids difficult to compress) and attract at larger liquids and solids difficult to compress) and attract at larger separations (making solids difficult to pull apart).
Rene Descartes(1596 ‐ 1650)
• Followed Aristotle in believing the Cosmos Followed Aristotle in believing the Cosmos is full of invisible particles. Supposed those particles whirling in vortices are responsible particles whirling in vortices are responsible for gravity of Earth and planetary motion.
Daniel Bernoulli
• Daniel Bernoulli in Hydrodynamica(1738) proposed that a gas is a collection a gas is a collection of very many very small particles ( l l ) i (molecules) in constant motion that exert pressure pby collisions – the first kinetic theory of gassesof gasses.
John Dalton(1766 ‐ 1844)
Proposed the idea of Proposed the idea of the “chemical atom” in New System of y fChemical Philosophy(1808‐1827) and gave fi f l i first set of relative atomic weights based on combining on combining proportions of elements in elements in compounds.
James Clerk Maxwell
• James Clerk James Clerk Maxwell in 1866 developed a developed a statistical kinetic theory of gases theory of gases that related molecular motion molecular motion to gas temperaturetemperature.
Wilh l RWilhelm Roentgen• Wilhelm Röntgen in g1895 discovered x‐rays, a previously unknown radiation unknown radiation that traveled in straight lines and
h d gave shadow pictures of bones within the skin. Röntgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901in Physics in 1901.
Early Particle PhysicsEarly Particle Physics
J.J. Thomson at work on his l t electron discovery.
Ernest Rutherford(1871 – 1937)
• Named α and β radiation based on absorption of rays, explored radioactive decay series, proposed atomic transmutation in radioactive elements (1902), showed α particles are He nuclei, developed nuclear model of atom (1910) based on α particle scattering, demonstrated
ifi i l i ( j d h llid d i h N artificial transmutation (proton ejected when α collided with N nucleus, measured nuclear size.
Rutherford’s ExperimentRutherford s Experiment
Henri BecquerelHenri Becquerel
• Henri Becquerel Henri Becquerel discovered natural radioactivity in1896 y 9while searching for x‐rays produced from y pphosphorescent uranium salts. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.
Albert Einstein(1879 – 1955)
• His 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect proposed that 9 5 p p p p plight energy comes in “quantum” units (later called photons). The energy of a photon is E = hf, where f = frequency of the light and h = Planck’s constantf = frequency of the light and h = Planck s constant.
Robert Millikan
• Robert Millikan demonstrated the quantization of electric charge (q = 1 6 x 10‐19 C) charge (qe = 1.6 x 10 9 C) in 1910 and in 1915 verified Einstein’s h l i h photoelectric theory
based on energy carrying photons. He y g preceived the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923.
Victor Hess
• Victor Hess Victor Hess discovered the existence of cosmic rays, high energy particles from pspace, as a result of measurements in balloon flights 1911‐1913. He received the N b l P i i 6Nobel Prize in 1936.
C.T.R. Wilson
• Charles Thomson Rees Wilson invented the cloud chamber in 1896 to examine the to examine the formation of clouds. In 1911 he made the first h h f k photographs of tracks
of α particles, βparticles, and electrons. p ,He received the Nobel Prize in 1927.
Niels BohrNiels Bohr
Niels Henrik David Bohr (1885-1962) Denmark 500 kroner note (1999). Bohr established the first quantum theory of atomic structure in 1912 to explain atomic spectral lines and the periodic table He received the 1922explain atomic spectral lines and the periodic table. He received the 1922 Nobel Prize for Physics for that work. His liquid drop model later explained nuclear fission.
Henry MoseleyHenry Moseley• Henry Moseley in 1913 y y 9 3
found a pattern of characteristic x‐rays from cathodes of different materials that reflected the number of proton positive p pcharges (atomic number) in the cathode materials. He was killed at Gallipoli in 1915 during WW I.
James ChadwickJames Chadwick
• James Chadwick Ja es C adw cstudied with Ernest Rutherford at C b id Cambridge, investigated β decay, and in 1932 and in 1932 demonstrated the existence of the neutron. He received the Nobel Prize in 1935.
Arthur Compton
• Arthur Compton pstudied the scattering of x‐rays from electrons in metals and in 1922 developed evidence for the existence of photons proposed by Einstein to explain the photoelectric peffect. He received the Nobel Prize in 1927.9 7
Louis de Broglie
• Louis de Broglie gproposed that particles were characterized by wave properties in his wave properties in his doctoral thesis of 1924, an idea subsequently
ifi d b th l t verified by the electron diffraction results of Davisson and Germerand by G. P. Thomson. He received the Nobel Prize in 1929Prize in 1929.
Werner Heisenberg
• German physicist and one of the founders of quantum mechanics. He is most well‐known for discovering one of th t l i i l f the central principles of modern physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He received the Nobel Prize in the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932.
Max Born
• German physicist and p ymathematician. He won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for the Prize in Physics for the formulation of the now‐standard i i f h interpretation of the probability density function for ψ*ψ in the f ψ ψSchrödinger equation of quantum mechanicsmechanics.
Erwin SchroedingerErwin Schroedinger
• An Austrian ‐ Irish ust a sphysicist who achieved fame for hi ib i his contributions to quantum mechanics mechanics, especially the Schrödinger gequation, for which he received the N b l P i i Nobel Prize in 1933.
Enrico FermiEnrico Fermi
Italian physicist most ta a p ys c st ostnoted for his work on the development f h fi l of the first nuclear
reactor, and for his contributions to the contributions to the development of quantum theory q yand particle physics.He won the
8 N b l P i i 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics
P.A.M. DiracP.A.M. Dirac
• British theoretical British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum of the field of quantum mechanics. Dirac shared the Nobel Prize shared the Nobel Prize in physics for 1933 with Erwin SchrödingerErwin Schrödinger.
Clinton DavissonClinton Davisson
• American physicist p ywho confirmed the De Broglie hypothesis that all hypothesis that all matter has a wave‐like nature through th di f the discovery of electron diffraction. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937 with George Paget Thomson Paget Thomson.
George P. ThomsonGeorge P. ThomsonA Nobel‐Prize‐winning, (1937)English physicist who discovered the wave properties of the electron properties of the electron by electron diffraction.He was the son of Nobel Prize winning physicist J. J. Thomson and Rose Elisabeth Paget, the Elisabeth Paget, the daughter of the Professor of Medicine at Cambridge
Wolfgang Pauli
An Austrian theoretical physicist noted for his work on the theory of spin, and in particular the discovery of the exclusion principle, He received the Nobel Prize i Ph i i H in Physics in 1945. He had been nominated for the prize by Ensteinthe prize by Enstein.
E.O. LawrenceE.O. Lawrence
• An American An American physicist best known for his invention for his invention, utilization, and improvement of the improvement of the cyclotron. He was awarded the Nobel awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 1939.
Robert Van de GraaffRobert Van de Graaff
• American physicist e ca p ys c stand designer of the Van de Graaff
I h generator. In 1929, he developed his first generator (80 000 generator (80,000 volts); by 1933, he had constructed a much larger generator, capable of generating illi lt7 million volts.
John Cockroft & E. WaltonJohn Cockroft & E. Walton
• Winners of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics Winners of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics for the development of the accelerator that bears their namebears their name.
Carl AndersonCarl Anderson• Carl Anderson discovered
th it i b the positron in 1932 by examining tracks of cosmic ray particles in a y pcloud chamber. Continuing cosmic ray research with his cloud research with his cloud chamber, he and his first graduate student, Seth N dd di d Neddermeyer, discovered the muon in 1936, the year that Anderson received the Nobel Prize
P. CherenkovP. Cherenkov• Pavel Čerenkov in 1934 observed
th bl l d d i the blue glow produced in a bottle of water bombarded by fast‐moving particles from a radioactive source. This Čerenkov effect results from light emitted when particles travel through a medium faster than light travels in the than light travels in the medium, analogous to a sonic boom shock wave produced when an object travels through i f h d l i air faster than sound travels in air. Čerenkov received the Nobel Prize in 1958.
H. YukawaH. Yukawa
• Hideki Yukawa in 1935 935published a field theory of nuclear forces in which he predicted the which he predicted the existence of a new particle, later identified i h h i h with the pion that was
first observed by Cecil Powell in 1947. Yukawa 947received the Nobel Prize in 1949.
Seth NeddermeyerSeth Neddermeyer• Seth Neddermeyer, while
a graduate student with a graduate student with Cark Anderson, participated in the discovery of cloud discovery of cloud chamber tracks that led to the discovery of the muon in 1936. 93Neddermeyer later championed the development of the i l i h i f implosion mechanism for exploding plutonium nuclear bombs in the Manhattan Project Manhattan Project during WW II.
Cecil PowellCecil Powell• Cecil Powell pioneered p
methods of tracking particles with fine grained “nuclear” gphotographic emulsions. With this method he and his colleagues discovered the pion predicted by Hideki Yukawa in 1935. 935Powell received the Nobel Prize in 1950.
•
G. Rochester & C. ButlerG. Rochester & C. Butler• George Rochester, working with Clifford Butler in 1947 947on cosmic rays, discovered a pair of tracks indicating
it l h d ti l oppositely charged particles emanating from blank spot in a cloud chamber in a cloud chamber. Rochester and Butler inferred the existence of a heavy neutral particle later identified as a kaon, the first known strange particlefirst known strange particle.
F. Reines & C. CowanF. Reines & C. Cowan• Frederick Reines,
ki ith Cl d working with Clyde Cowan in 1956, observed the first direct evidence for the existence of a neutrino (electron antineutrino) in observations at the observations at the Savannah River nuclear reactor. After a long career in h i hi d physics teaching and
research, Reinesreceived the Nobel Prize in 1995.995
Donald GlaserDonald Glaser• Donald Glaser developed p
the bubble chamber to view tracks of charged particles in 1952. For over twenty 95 yyears analysis of bubble chamber tracks led to a variety of important y pdiscoveries including the Ω‐
particle and the existence of weak neutral currents. Glaser received the Nobel Prize in 1960.
Owen Chamberlain & Emilio SegreOwen Chamberlain & Emilio Segre• Owen
Chamberlain Chamberlain and Emilio Segrè, working with Wiegand
d Y il i i and Ypsilantis in 1955, produced and discovered the antiproton the antiproton with the “Bevatron” accelerator at Berkeley Berkeley, California. They received the Nobel Prize in 1959.
L. Lederman, J. Steinberger, M S hM. Schwartz
• Leon Lederman, Melvin ,Schwartz, and Jack Steinberger developed the spark chamber spark chamber experiment at Brookhaven in 1962 that led to the
li i h realization that muonneutrinos (νμ) are distinct from electron neutrinos (νe). They received the Nobel Prize in 1988.
Murray Gell‐MannMurray Gell Mann• Murray Gell‐Mann
developed the Eight Fold developed the Eight‐Fold Way theory relating particle properties in patterns of multipletpatterns of multipletsymmetry groups. This led to his prediction of the existence of the Ω‐ particle existence of the Ω particle in 1962 (confirmed in 1964) and the proposal that hadrons are composed of hadrons are composed of quarks with electric charges of + ⅔ qe and ‐⅓ qe. Gell Mann received the Gell‐Mann received the Nobel Prize in 1969.
A. Salam, S. Glashow, S. WeinbergA. Salam, S. Glashow, S. Weinberg
• Salam, Glashow and Weinberg arrived at the Electro‐Weak theory independently and h d h N b l P i i Ph i i shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979.
Richard FeynmanRichard Feynman
• American physicist American physicist known for expanding the theory of quantum the theory of quantum electrodynamics and particle theory He was particle theory. He was a joint recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965
G. ‘t Hooft & M. VeltmanG. t Hooft & M. Veltman• Shared the
N b l 1999 Nobel Prize in Ph i "f Physics "for elucidating h the quantum structure of l k electroweak interactions".
D. Gross, F. Wilczek, H.D. PolitzerD. Gross, F. Wilczek, H.D. Politzer
They were awarded ythe 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics for h i di f their discovery of asymptotic freedom
S. Ting & B. RichterS. Ting & B. Richter
• 1976 1976 winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics for h the discovery of the J of the J particle
Martin PerlMartin Perl
• American physicist, who p y ,won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 for his discovery of the tau discovery of the tau lepton
Leon LedermanLeon Lederman
• American experimental American experimental physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988 for his work on neutrinos He is Director neutrinos. He is Director Emeritus of the Fermilab.
C. Rubbia & S. Van der MeerC. Rubbia & S. Van der Meer• Winners of
the Nobel the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 for their 1984 for their decisive contributions which led to which led to the discovery of the field particles W particles W and Z, the communicators of weak rs of weak interaction"
CDF Collaboration ‐ 1995CDF Collaboration 1995
• Two words• Two words…
DZero Collaboration ‐ 1995DZero Collaboration 1995
TOP …TOP QUARK!!!
DONUT CollaborationDONUT Collaboration
• Discovered Tau Neutrino in 2000 • Discovered Tau Neutrino in 2000 at Fermilab
CERNCERN• The next
h chapter in the
i ongoing particle h i physics
progress sstory…
Compact Muon SolenoidCompact Muon Solenoid
where the story will be told!…where the story will be told!