book 1 beginners ene 2012

JV ENGLISH COLLEGE

INTRODUCTORY

TO

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

BOOK 1 FOR BEGINNERS

LEVEL I

SECOND EDITION

Edited by:

Professor JOSÉ VÉRTIZ H.

JV ENGLISH COLLEGE INTRODUCTORY TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR LEVEL I

Professor, José Vértiz H. 2

Student’s name:

______________________________

Address:

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

Phone number:

______________________________

January, 2012

Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua. Mexico



TABLE OF CONTENTS LEVEL I

LESSON 1 GREETINGS, THE ABC’S, NUMBERS, TIME, ETC. Page 1.1 The ABC’s: Spelling words and phrases ------------------- 05 1.2 Greetins and meeting people ----------------------------- 07 1.3 The numbers --------------------------------------------------------- 11 1.4 Ordinate numbers ------------------------------------------------ 12 1.5 Days, months, and years -------------------------------------- 15 1.6 The time --------------------------------------------------------- 16 1.7 Vocabulary --------------------------------------------------------- 20 1.8 My background ------------------------------------------------ 21

LESSON 2 VOCABULARY: COLORS, FAMILY, & MORE 2.1 The colors --------------------------------------------------------- 22 2.2 My family --------------------------------------------------------- 24 2.3 Fruit and vegetables ------------------------------------------------ 26 2.4 The food a meals ------------------------------------------------ 29 2.5 The animals ------------------------------------------------ 34 2.6 My body parts ------------------------------------------------ 38

LESSON 3 SINGULAR & PLURAL NOUNS 3.1 Common and proper nouns -------------------------------------- 41 3.2 Definite and indefinite articles: the, a, and an ---------- 43 3.3 A vs. an: the use of: a / an with final u / h ------------------- 45 3.4 Plural form endings: -s, -es, -ies, -ves ------------------- 51 3.5 Irregular nouns ------------------------------------------------ 52 3.6 Error analysis ------------------------------------------------ 54 3.7 Common verbs and their pronunciation -------------------- 57

LESSON 4 THE VERB TO BE 4.1 The simple present tense of be: (am-is-are) ---------- 58 4.2 Negatives, questions and answers ----------------------------- 61 4.3 The use of the verb have -------------------------------------- 67 4.4 Negative and question with don’t-doesn’t- didn’t ---------- 67 4.5 The use of be vs. have -------------------------------------- 71 4.6 The simple past tense of be: (Was-were) ------------------- 73 4.7 Negative, questions and answers ----------------------------- 75 4.8 The present and past progressive ------------------- 80 4.9 The future tense with: be + going to ---------------------------- 85 4.10 Negatives, questions and answers ----------------------------- 87 4.11 The future with: be and other verbs ----------------------------- 91 4.12 The contracted form ------------------------------------------------ 93



LESSON 5 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS “THIS & THAT” Page

5.1 The use of this / that (singular) ----------------------------- 95 5.2 Negative, question, and aswers ----------------------------- 96 5.3 The use of these / those (plural) ----------------------------- 98 5.4 Negative, question, and aswers ----------------------------- 101 5.5 The past of this/these/that/those ----------------------------- 105 5.6 Negative, question, and aswers ----------------------------- 106

LESSON 6 THERE IS & THERE ARE

6.1 The use of There is and there are ----------------------------- 108 6.2 Negative, question, and aswers ----------------------------- 111 6.3 The past tense of There is and there are -------------------- 113 6.4 Negative, question, and aswers ----------------------------- 113

LESSON 7 NOUNS & ADJECTIVES

7.1 Using adjectives to describe nouns ----------------------------- 116 7.2 Using nouns as adjectives -------------------------------------- 121 7.3 More adjectives ------------------------------------------------ 125 7.4 The use of good and well -------------------------------------- 127 7.5 Using adjectives and adverbs with –ful and –ly ---------- 129

LESSON 8 POSSESSIVE NOUNS

8.1 Singular nouns without –s (‘s ) ----------------------------- 131 8.2 Singular nouns that end with –s ( ‘ ) ----------------------------- 132 8.3 Plural nouns that end with –s (‘s ) ----------------------------- 133 8.4 Plural nouns without –s ( ‘ ) ----------------------------- 133 8.5 Phrases with one owner-one property ------------------- 134 8.6 Phrases with two owners-same property -------------------- 134 8.6 Phrases with two owners-different property ------------------- 134 8.7 Exercises of possessive nouns ----------------------------- 135

LESSON 9 PRONOUNS PREVIEW 9.1 Personal (subject) pronouns -------------------------------------- 142 9.2 Objecto pronouns ------------------------------------------------ 145 9.3 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ---------- 147

REFERENCE PAGES Vocavulary: --------------------------------------------------------- 149

Sentence formulas of the verb to be ----------------------------- 157 All forms of the verbs ------------------------------------------------ 168



Lesson 1

Greetings, ABC’s, Numbers, & Vocabulary

1.1 SPELLING WORDS. THE ALPHABET EL ABECEDARIO

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N éi bi ci di i ef lli éich ái lléi kéi el em en

O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z óu pi quiú ar es ti iú vi dábol iu eks güai tzi

EXERCISE 1: SPELLING Directions: Spell the words indicated bellow. EJERCICIO 1: DELETREANDO Direcciones: Deletrea las palabras indicadas en seguida.

Example: Please spell your first and last names. J-O-S-E V-E-R-T-I-Z H-E-R-N-A-N-D-E-Z Ejemplo: Por favor deletrea tu nombre y apellidos.

1. Please spell your first name for me. ___________________________________________ 2. Please spell your last name for me. ___________________________________________

3. Please spell your father’s first name. ___________________________________________

4. Please spell your mother’s first name. ___________________________________________

5. Please spell the name of your sister. ___________________________________________

6. Please spell the name of your brother. ___________________________________________

7. Please spell your teacher’s name. ___________________________________________

8. Please spell your classmate’s first name. ___________________________________________

9. Please spell the name of the street where you live. ___________________________________

10. Please spell the name of the neighborhood where you live. ____________________________

11. Please spell the word: table. ________________________________________________

12. Please spell the word: work. ______________________________________________

13. Please spell the word word. ______________________________________________



14. Please spell the word: she. ______________________________________________

15. Please spell the word: they. ______________________________________________

16. Please spell the word: window. ______________________________________________

17. Please spell the word door. ______________________________________________

18. Please spell the word: house. ______________________________________________

19. Please spell the word: home. ______________________________________________

20. Please spell the word: supervisor. _____________________________________________

21. Please spell the word: bus. ______________________________________________

22. Please spell the word boss. ______________________________________________

23. Please spell the word: black. ______________________________________________

24. Please spell the word: blue. ______________________________________________

25. Please spell the word luck. ______________________________________________

26. Please spell the word: lesson. ______________________________________________

27. Please spell the word: want. ______________________________________________

28. Please spell the word: house. ______________________________________________

29. Please spell the word: chapter. ______________________________________________

30. Please spell the word: file. ______________________________________________

31. Please spell the word: woman. ______________________________________________

32. Please spell the word: man. ______________________________________________

33. Please spell the word: women. ______________________________________________

34. Please spell the word: company. ______________________________________________

35. Please spell the word: lead. ______________________________________________

36. Please spell the word: group lead. _____________________________________________

37. Please spell the word wonderful. ______________________________________________

38. Please spell the word: chair. ______________________________________________

39. Please spell the word: go. ______________________________________________

40. Please spell the word: play. ______________________________________________



1.2 GREETINGS and MEETING PEOPLE SALUDOS Y CONOCIENDO GENTE

We talk to people everyday, so it’s very important to know how to say “hello” to somebody and start a conversation.

Todos los días, hablamos con gente. Así es que, es muy importante saber cómo decir "Hola" a alguien y empezar una conversación.

VOCABULARY VOCABULARIO

Good morning/good afternoon Buenos días/buenas tardes Good evening/good night Buenos noches/buenos noches al despedirse Hi, Hello, Hi there? ¿Hola, cómo estás? How are you? ¿Cómo estás? ¿Como te va? How do you do? ¿Cómo estás? ¿Como te va? How are you today? ¿Como estás hoy? How are you this morning? ¿Cómo estás esta mañana? How are you this afternoon? ¿Cómo estás esta tarde? I’m fine thank you. And you? Estoy bien gracias. ¿Y tú? I’m fine too. Thank you. Estoy bien también. Gracias. My name is Joe. It’s nice to meet you. Mi nombre es Joe. Gusto en conocerte. My name is Susan. It’s nice to meet you too. Mi nombre es Susan. Gusto en conocerte tambien. What’s up? Hola, ¿que pasa? ¿Que pasó? ¿Que onda? What’s up man? ¿Qué pasa compa? ¿Qué onda compa? What’s up guy/guys? ¿Qué onda chavo/chavos? Let me introduce myself Permítame presentarme My name is Joe. Mi nombre es Joe (Pepe / José) It’s nice to meet you. Nice to meet you. Gusto en conocerte Where are you from? ¿De dónde eres? I’m from Mexico City. What about you? Soy de la ciudad de México. (Soy de México, D.F.) ¿Y tú? ¿Y que de ti? ¿Y que en tu caso? Where do you live? ¿Donde vives? Where are you living? ¿Donde estas viviendo? ¿Donde vives? What are you doing? ¿Qué estás haciendo? I’m working. I’m studying. I’m eating. Estoy trabajando, estudiando, comiendo Where are you going? ¿A dónde vas? I’m going to work. I’m going to my English class. Voy a trabajar. Voy a mi clase de Inglés. What are you up to? ¿Que haces? ¿En que andas? ¿Que estas por hacer? I’m going to the cafetería. I’m going to eat. Voy a la cafetería. Voy a comer. I’m going to my place. I’m going to my office. Voy a mi lugar. Voy a mi oficina. My family and I are going to the movie. Mi familia y yo vamos a ir al cine. I’m going to my house. I’m going home. Voy a mi casa. Voy a casa. What’s the meaning of (chair) in Spanish? ¿Cuál es el significado de (chair) en Español? What’s the meaning of (silla) in English? ¿Cuál es el significado de (silla) en Inglés? How do you say (table) in Spanish? ¿Como se dice (table) en Español? How do you say (mesa) in English? ¿Como se dice (mesa) en Inglés? How do you Spell the Word ( . . . )? ¿Como deletreas/escribes la palabra ( . . . )? How do you pronounce the word T-I-E? ¿Como se pronuncia la palabra (T-I-E)?

How do you say the word T-I-E ¿Como se dice (se pronuncia) la palabra (T-I-E)?



EXERCISE 2: GREETINGS.

Directions: Pair up with a classmate and practice some words and phrases from the previous vocabulary.

EJERCICIO 2: SALUDOS.

Direcciones: Juntate con uno de tus compañeros de clase y practica algunas palabras y frases del vocabulario anterior.

A: Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. Good night. Spanish: Buenos días. Buenas.tardes. Buenas noches. Buenas noches al despedirse B: Hi there? How do you do? How are you? How are you doing? Spanish: ¿Cómo estás? ¿Que tal? Hola! A: How are you today? How are you this morning/ this afternoon? Spanish: Cómo estás hoy? Cómo estás esta mañana/esta tarde?

B: I’m fine. Thank you. And you? Spanish: Estoy bien, gracias. ¿Y tú?

A: I’m okay thanks. And yourself? Spanish: Estoy bien, gracias. ¿Y tú?

B: I’m fine. How about you? How about yourself? Spanish: Estoy bien, gracias. ¿Y tú?

B: It’s nice to see you. It’s good to see you. Spanish: Gusto en verte

A: It’s good/nice to see you too. Spanish: Gusto en verte también.

INTRODUCING YOURSELF PRESENTANDOTE TU MISMO CON OTROS

A: Hello, my name is Joe. It’s nice to meet you. Spanish: Hola, mi nombre es Joe. Gusto en conocerte.

B: Hi. My name is Susan. It’s nice to meet you too. Spanish: Hola. Mi nombre es Susan. Gusto en conocerte también.

A: Where are you from Susan? Spanish: ¿De dónde eres Susan?

B: I’m from Guanajuato. How about you Joe? Where are you from? Spanish: Soy de Guanajuato. ¿Y tú Joe? ¿De dónde eres?

A: I’m from Mexico, City. Spanish: Yo soy de México, D.F.

B: Well, see you later Joe. Nice meeting you. Spanish: Bueno, nos vemos Joe. Gusto en conocerte.

A: My pleasure Susan. See you. Spanish: Fué un placer Susan. Hasta luego.



MORE VOCABULARY MAS VOCABULARIO

What’s the meaning of office in Spanish? What’s the meaning of oficina in English?

Spanish: Cuál es el significado de Office in Spanish?

How do you say felíz in English? How do you pronounce the word felíz in English?

Spanish: ¿Cómo se dice felíz en Inglés? ¿Cómo se pronuncia la palabras felíz en Inglés?

How do you spell the word window?

Spanish: ¿Cómo se deletrea la palabra window?

Is this correct? Is this right? Yes, it is. No, it’s not.

Spanish: ¿Está bien esto? Sí está bien. No, no está bien.

Am I correct? Am I right? Spanish: Estoy bien? Yes, you are. No, you’re not. Spanish: Estoy bien? Estoy bien? Sí, lo estás. No, no estás bien.

I don’t understand. Spanish: No entiendo. I didn’t understand. Spanish: No Entendí.

A: (………) Can you help me? Would you help me please? Could you help me please?

Spanish: (Sofia), ¿puedes ayudarme? ¿Podrías ayudarme por favor? ¿Podrías ayudarme por favor?

B: Yes, I would. Sure, I can. Yes, I could. Okay. What do you need?

Spanish: Sí podría. Seguro. Sí podría. Está bien. ¿Qué necesitas?

A: I need to know the meaning of the word……… in Spanish / English.

Spanish: Necesito saber el significado de la palabra ……… en Español / Inglés. B: I don’t know that word, but let me ask someone else (somebody else). ( ,,, ) Could you help us?

Spanish: No conozco esa palabra, pero dejame preguntarle a alguien más. (Karen), ¿puedes ayudarnos?

C: Sorry. I don’t know the meaning either. Let me ask our teacher.

Spanish: Lo siento, yo no sé el significado tampoco. Dejenme preguntarle a nuestro professor.

C: Teacher, would you help us please?

Spanish: ¿Profesor, prodría ayudarnos por favor?

Teacher: Sure, I would. What do you want to know? What do you need? What do you need to know?

Spanish: Seguro que sí. ¿Qué quieren saber? ¿Qué necesitan? ¿Qué necesitan saber?



MORE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS MAS PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS A: What’s your name? ¿Cómo te llamas? ¿Cuál es tu nombre? B: My name is Pedro. Mi nombre es Pedro. Me llamo Pedro. A: Where do you live? Where are you living? ¿Dónde vives? B: I live in Praderas del Sur. Vivo en Praderas del Sur. A: How old are you? ¿Cuántos años tienes? ¿Qué edad tienes? B: I am 25-years old. Tnego 25 años de edad.

A: What are you doing? ¿Que estás haciendo? B: I’m working. I’m studying. I’m making a report. I’m reading. I’m thinking.

Spanish: Estoy trabajando. Estoy estudiando. Estoy hacienda un report. Estoy leyendo. Estoy pensando.

A: Where are you going? ¿A dónde vas?

B: I’m going to work. I’m going to my English class. I’m going to eat. I’m going to lunch. I’m going to the cafeteria. How about you?

Spanish: Voy al trabajo (a trabajar). Voy a mi clase de Inglés. Voy a comer. Voy a la cafeteria. Y tú?

A: At what time is your class? At what time do you eat?

Spanish: A qué hora es tu clase? A qué hora comes.

B: At 12.30. My class is at 12:30 a.m. My luch time is at 1:45 in the afternoon.

Spanish: A las 12:30. mi clase es a las 12:30 de la tarde. My hora de comida es a la 1:45 de la tarde.

A: You have a good day / You have a nice day.

Spanish: Que tengas un buen día. Que tengas un bonito día.

B: Thank you. You too / Same to you / Likewise.

Spanish: Gracias. Tú también. Lo mismo para tí. Igualmente.

A: See you later. See you around. See you soon. See you tomorrow. See you next class / next week.

Spanish: Hasta luego. Nos vemos. Te veo pronto. Nos vemos mañana. Nos vemos la próxima clase.

B: Okay, see you. Don’t work too hard. Muy bien, nos vemos. No trabajes demasiado.

A: I won’t. You don’t do it either, bye. No lo hare. Tú no lo hagas tampoco, adiós.



1.3 REGULAR NUMBERS NUMEROS REGULARES Number Written Sound Number Written Sound 0 zero zirrou

1 one uan – wan 101 one hundred and one uan-wan jandred end uan. 2 two tchu 102 one hundred and two uan jandred end tchu.

3 three tdri 103 one hundred and three uan jandred end tdri. 4 four for 104 one hundred and four uan jandred end for.

5 five faiv 105 one hundred and five uan jandred end faiv. 6 six sics 110 one hundred and ten uan jandred end ten.

7 seven seven 115 one hundred and fifteen uan jandred end fiftin. 8 eight eight 120 one hundred and twenty uan jandred end tuenty.

9 nine nain 130 one hundred and thirty uan jandred end tdirty-tdori. 10 ten ten 170 one hundred and seventy una jandred end seventy

11 eleven ileven 200 two hundred tchu jandred 12 twelve tuelv 250 two hundred and fifty tchu jandred end fifty.

13 thirteen tdirtin-tdertin 300 three hundred tdri jandred 14 fourteen fourtin 400 four hundred for jandred

15 fifteen fiftin 500 five hundred faiv jandred 16 sixteen sicstin 600 six hundred siks jandred

17 seventeen seventin 700 seven hundred seven jandred 18 eighteen eigtin 800 eight hundred eight jandred

19 nineteen naintin 900 nine hundred nain jandred 20 twenty tuenti-tueni 1,000 one thousand uan tdaosend 21 twenty one tuenti uan 2,000 two thousand tchu tdaosend 22 twenty two tuenti tchu 3,000 three thousand tdri tdaosend 23 twenty three tuenti tdri 4,000 four thousand for tdaosend 24 twenty four tuenti for 5,000 five thousand faiv tdaosend 25 twenty five tuenti faiv 6,000 six thousand siks tdaosend 26 twenty six tuenti six 7,000 seven thousand seven tdaosend 27 twenty seven tuenti seven 8,000 eight thousand eight tdaosend 28 twenty eight tuenti eight 9,000 nine thousand nain tdaosend 29 twenty nine tuenti nain 10,000 ten thousand ten tdaosend

30 thirty tdorti-tdori 20,000 twenty thousand tuenti tdaosend 40 forty fourti 30,000 thirty thousand tdirty daosend

50 fifty fifti 40,000 forty thousand forty tdaosend 60 sixty sicsti 50,000 fifty thousand fifty tdousend

70 seventy seventi 60,000 sixty thousand sixti tdaosend 80 eighty eigti 70,000 seventy thousand seventi tdaaosend

90 ninety nainti 80,000 eighty thousand eighty tdaosend 100 one hundred uan jandred 90,000 nine thousand nain tdaosend

100,000 One hundred thousand Uan jandred tdaosend. 1,000,000 One million Uan milian. 1,000,000,000 One billion Uan bilian.



1.4 ORDINATE NUMBERS NUMEROS ORDENADOS

Number Write Sound Spanish 1st first ferst primero 2nd second sequend segundo 3rd third tderd tercero 4th fourth fortd cuarto 5th fifth fiftd quinto 6th sixth sixtd sexto 7th seventh seventd séptimo 8th eight eightd octavo 9th ninth naintd noveno 10th tenth tentd décimo 11th eleventh ileventd onceavo 12th twelfth tuelftdz doceavo 13th thirteenth tdirtintdz treceavo 14th fourteenth fourtintdz catorceavo 15th fifteenth fiftintdz quinceavo 16th sixteenth sixtintdz décimo sexto 17th seventeenth seventintdz décimo séptimo 18th eighteenth eightintdz décimo octavo 19th nineteenth naintintdz décimo noveno 20th twentieth tuentietdz vigésimo – vetiávo 21st twenty-first tuenti ferst vigésimo primero 22nd twenty-second tuenti sequend vigésimo segúndo 23rd twenty-third tuenti tdirtd vigésimo tercero 24th twenty-fourth tuenti fourtdz vigésimo cuarto 25th twenty-fifth tuenti fiftdz vigésimo quinto 26th twenty-sixth tuenty sixtdz vigésimo sexto 27th twenty-seventh tuenty seventdz vigésimo séptimo 28th twenty-eighth tuenty eightdz vigésimo octavo 29th twenty-ninth tuenty naintdz vigésimo novena 30th thirtieth tdirtietdz treintavo – trigésimo 40th fortieth fortietdz cuadragésimo 50th fiftieth fiftietdz quincuagésimo 60th sixtieth sicstietdz sextagésimo 70th seventieth seventietdz septuagésimo 80th eightieth eightietdz octagésimo 90th ninetieth nairieitdz nonagésimo 100th one hundredth uan jandredtdz censuagésimo 101st one hundred first uan jandred ferst centuagésimo primero 102nd one hundred second uan jandred sekend 103rd one hundred third uan jandred tdertd 104th one hundred fourth uan jandred fortd 120th one hundred twentieth uan jandred tuentietdz 1,000th one thousandth uan tdaosendtdz 10,000th ten thousandth ten tdaosendtdz



Next there is a clue to read and write big numbers correctly lake next. The words “and” are optional.

254,971,363,194,358 En seguida hay una pista (ayuda) para leer y escribir námeros grandes correctamente. Las palabras “and” son opcionales. hundred and hundred and hundred and hundred and hundred and

2 5 4, 9 7 1, 3 6 3, 1 9 4, 3 5 8

trillion billion million thousand

Reading: Two hundred and fifty four trillion, nine hundred and seventy one billion, three hundred and sixty three million, one hundred and ninety four thousand, three hundred and fifty eight.

EXERCISE 3: THE NUMBERS.

Directions: Write on the lines the numbers in English.

EJERCICIO 3: LOS NUMEROS. Direcciones: Escriba sobre las líneas el número en Inglés.

_________seven___________ _________________________ _________________________ 7 9 15 _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 2 14 3rd _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 11 1 6 _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 19th 8 12 _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 22nd 24 29 _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 25 21st 27 _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 33rd 41st 55th _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 52 58 69 _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 81 85 82 _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 90 74 99



________________________________________________________________________________ 100

________________________________________________________________________________ 105 ________________________________________________________________________________ 175 ________________________________________________________________________________ 249 ________________________________________________________________________________ 448

________________________________________________________________________________ 637 ________________________________________________________________________________ 2,473 ________________________________________________________________________________ 9,795 ________________________________________________________________________________ 29,990

________________________________________________________________________________ 51,924 ________________________________________________________________________________ 158,471 ________________________________________________________________________________ 278,451

________________________________________________________________________________ 89,359,486

________________________________________________________________________________ 415,159,474

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________ 56,972,004,069

________________________________________________________________________________



1.5 THE DAYS, MONTHS, AND YEARS LOS DIAS DE LA SEMANA

Days Sound Spanish Days Sound Spanish Sunday Sándei Domingo Thursday Dtórsdei Jueves Monday Mándei Lunes Friday Fráidei Viernes Tuesday Tiúsdei Martes Saturday Sáterdei Sábado Wednesday Wédnsdei Miércoles

THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR LOS MESES DEL AÑO

Months Sound Spanish Months Sound Spanish January Llanuéri Enero July LLulái Julio February Februéri Febrero August A-Oguest Agosto March March Marzo September September Septiembre April Eiprol Abril October October Octubre May Méi Mayo November November Noviembre June Llun Junio December Dicember Diciembre

EXERCISE 4: THE DAYS, MONTHS, AND YEARS Directions: Write the answer after each question. EJERCICIO 4: LOS DIAS, MESES Y AÑOS Direcciones: Escriba la respuesta después de cada pregunta.

1. What day is today? ______Today is Tuesday.____________________________ 2. What day was yesterday? ______Yesterday was Monday._______________________

3. What day will be tomorrow? _________________________________________________

4. What date is today? _________________________________________________

5. In what year are we? _________________________________________________

6. What days of the week do you work? ___________________________________________

7. What days of the week are you off? ___________________________________________

8. In which month is the México Independence? What day? ______________________________

9. In which month is Christmas? What day? ___________________________________________

10. When is your birthday? _______________________________________________________

11. When is your father’s birthday? _________________________________________________

12. When is your mother’s birthday? _________________________________________________



1.6 THE TIME EL TIEMPO

English Sound Spanish English Sound Spanish One second guan sékend Un Segundo One year guan yir Un año One minute guan ménet Un minuto A quarter Ei cuárter Un cuarto de año One hour guan áuer Una hora One semester guan seméster Un semester One day guan déi Un día One decade guan dekéid Una década

One week guan wik Una semana One century guan cénchuri Un siglo One month guan mantd Un mes One millennium guan milénium Un milenio

EXERCISE 5: THE TIME Directions: Write the answer after each question.

EJERCICIO 5: EL TIEMPO Direcciones: Escriba la respuesta después de cada pregunta.

1. How many seconds are there in a minute? _There are sixty seconds in a (one) minute. _ 2. How many minutes are there in an hour? _____________________________________

3. How many hours are there in a day? _____________________________________

4. How many days are there in a week? _____________________________________

5. How many days are there in a month? _____________________________________

6. How many months are there in a year? _____________________________________

7. How many weeks are there in a year? _____________________________________

8. How many years are there in a century? _____________________________________

9. How many years are there in a decade? _____________________________________

10. How many hours are there in five days? _____________________________________

11. How many weeks are there in four months? _____________________________________

12. How many seconds are there in two hours? _____________________________________

13. How many months are there in a quarter of a year? ___________________________________

14. How many months are there in one semester? _____________________________________

15. How many weeks are there in one semester? _____________________________________

16. How many semesters are there in two years? _____________________________________



Another expression of time is when you want to know the hour and minutes on a clock. Otra expresión del tiempo es cuando quieres saber la hora. For example: You can ask for the time this way: What time is it? Or, what time is it right now? Or, what time do you have in your watch? Por ejemplo: Tu puedes preguntar la hora de este modo: ¿Qué hora es? O, ¿Qué hora es en este momento? O, ¿Qué hora tienes en tu reloj? What time is it on the clock number…? ¿Qué hora es en el reloj número…?

FIRST CLOCK: SECOND CLOCK: THIRD CLOCK:

It’s six fifty two It’s one twenty five It’s six o’clock It’s eight before seven It’s twenty five after one It’s six on the dot It’s eight minutes 'til seven It’s twenty-five minutes after one

It’s eight to seven It’s twenty-five minutes past one EXERCISE 6: THE TIME Directions: Write the time on the lines under each clock.

EJERCICIO 6: EL TIEMPO Direcciones: Escriba el la hora en las líenas debajo de cada reloj.

1. What time is it? 2. What time is it? 3. What time is it? 4. What time is it? It’s ____________ It’s ____________ It’s ____________ It’s ____________




EXERCISE 7: THE TIME

Directions: Write the number from the parentheses in the blanks, but in words form, not in numeric form. Translate the sentences tu Spanish.

EJERCICIO 7: LA HORA

Direcciones: Escribe el número que aparece en los paréntesis en los espacios pero en forma de palabra, no en forma de número. Traduce los enunciados al Español.

1. A: What time do you eat breakfast?

B: I take breakfast at (7:30) _________________________ in the morning

2. A: I go to lunch at (11:30) _________________________. What about you? B: I eat lunch at (12:45) _________________________ in the afternoon.

3. The post office opens at (9:00) ___________________ and closes at (5:00) ___________________

4. A: At what time does your English class begin? B: My English class starts at (2:00) _________________________

5. Carlos: Maria, at what time do you go to bed at night? Maria: I go to bed at (11:30) _________________________ at night. Carlos: How about you Joe, at what time do you go to bed? Joe: I go to bed at (10:30) _________________________ Carlos: And you Mercy, at what time do you go to bed? Mercy: I go to bed at (11:00) _________________________, but I fall to sleep at (2) ________ or (3:00) _________________________ in the morning.

6. Aurrera store opens at (8 A.M.) ______________________ and closes at (10) ______________ P.M.

7. A: What time do you wake up, and get up to get ready for work every day? B: I wake up at (5 A.M.) _________________________ and I get up at (5:15) ________________ and then I take a shower at (5:20) _________________________ and I take the bus at (5:55) _________________________.



1.7 VOCABULARY WORD – PHRASE PRONUNCIATION MEANING IN SPANISH A – an ei – an un – una (singular)

After áfter despues de Afternoon áfternun tarde Airplane érplein avión Arm arm brazo Bad bad malo Bag bag bolsa de plástico/papel Backyard bak/iard patio trasero Before bifór antes de Big big grande Book buk libro Boss bos jefe Breakfast brékfast desayuno Bus bas camion Car car carro, coche Ceiling ciling techo de adentro Chair cher silla Dinner dinner cena Door dor puerta Down town daon-taon centro de la ciudad Easy ici fácil Evening ivining noche Fan fen ventilador – abanico – fanático Floor flor piso Glass glas vaso, vidrio Good gud bueno, bien Hand jend mano Family family familia

Food fud comida – alimento Hair jer cabello, pelo Hard jard dificil, duro Heart jart corazón Here jir aquí High jai alto Home jom hogar, casa House jaos casa Later leirer más tarde, después Lunch lonch almuerzo, comida Machine machín máquina Morning morning mañana Night nait noche School skul escuela Table teibol mesa Teacher ticher maestro, professor Tomorrow tumorou mañana Window uindou ventana



1.8 MY BACKGROUND

EXERCISE 8: MY BACKGROUND. Directions: Write on the lines some information about you and introduce yourself to the class.

EJERCICIO 8: MI EDUCACION Y EXPERIENCIA.

Direcciones: Escribe en las lineas algo de información acerca de ti; y preséntate con el grupo. Hello, my name is _________________________________________________________________ Your name I’m ___________ years old. I work for ________________________________________________ Number Company

In the ______________________________________ , as _________________________________ Department Position

I have been working for this company since _______________________________________ Month and year

I’m married. I’m not married. I’m divorced (whatever applies) I have ________ kid(s) ________ boy(s) and ________ girl(s) I’m from _________________________________________________________________ City and State I moved to this city in ______________________ (if applies) Year

Right now I’m living in _________________________________________________________

Address

I graduated from ______________________________________________________________ Career/School At present, I’m attending an ____________________________________________________ School/Course

END OF LESSON 1



Lesson 2

Vocabulary: Colors, Family, Food, Etc.

2.1 THE COLORS LOS COLORES English Sound Spanish English Sound Spanish Beige beich color crema Maroon marrún guinda (o) Black black Negro Orange óranch naranja Blackish blackish negriso/negroso Light orange láit óranch naranja claro Blue blu azul Dark orange dark óranch naranja obscuro Blueish bluish azulado Pink pink rosa Dark. blue dark blu azul obscuro Light pink láit pink rosa claro Lightt blue lait blu azul claro Dark pink dark pink rosa obscuro Brown braon café Red red rojo Brownish braonish cafetoso Redish rédish rojiso Dark brown dark braon café obscuro Light red láit red rojo claro Light brown lait braon café claro Dark red dark red rojo obscuro

Gray gréi gris Pearl perol perla Grayish gréish grisáseo Purple parpol morado, púrpura Dark gray dark grei gris obscuro Silver silver plata Lightt gray lait grei gris claro Tan ten bronceado Green grin verde Turquoise to/ercois turquesa Greenish grínish verdoso Violet vaiolet violeta Dark green dark grin verde obscuro Yellow iélou amarillo Lightt green lait grin verde claro Yellowish iélouish amarrillento Gold gold oro Golden golden dorado

EXERCISE 1: VOCABULARY. Directions: Write on the lines the translation to Spanish or English whatever the case is.

EJERCICIO 1: VOCABULARIO.

Direcciones: Escriba en las lineas la traducción al Inglés o Español, cualquera que sea el caso.

________Blue___________ ___________Rojo___________ _________________________ Azul red black ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ Yellow café amarillo ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ verde plateado naranja ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ bronce oro cremna



EXERCISE 2: THE COLORS.

Directions: Translate the words in parentheses and write them on the lines and translate the whole sentences to Spanish.

EJERCICIO 2: LOS COLORES.

Direcciones: Traduce las palabras en paréntesis y escríbelas en las lineas y traduce los enunciados completes al Español.

1. Sergio, please paint the wall (azul) _______________________. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

2. My house is painted (amarrillo) _________________________. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

3. (Rojo) ______________________ is my favorite color. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

4. Javier, I told you to buy (rojas) _______________ roses, not (amarillas) _________________. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

5. Mix the paint with colors (Negro, amarrillo y verde) ________________________________. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

6. I want my desk (café) _______________________________. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

7. The patient is not breathing; he’s turning (morado) ____________________________. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

8. My suitcase is (verde) __________________ but I want a (negro) _________________ one. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

9. The sky is totally (azul) __________________, but at night, it is (negro) _________________ Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

10. Juan’s car is (rojo) __________________, but mine is (blanco) _________________ one. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________



2.2 THE FAMILY LA FAMILIA

English Sound Spanish English Sound Spanish Father fatder padre mother matder madre Dad ded papá mom mam mama

Daddy deri papito, papasito mommy mami mamita, mamacita Son san hijo daughter dáter/dárer hija Brother brotder hermano sister sister hermana Grandfather grandfatder abuelo grandmother grandmatder abuela Grandson grandsan nieto granddaughter grandogter nieta Great-grandfather greit… bisabuelo great-grandmother greit… bisabuela Uncle ancol tío Godfather gadfatder padrino Aunt aont tía Godmother gadmatder madrina Niece nis sobrina Goddaughter gaddogter ahijada Nephew nefiu sobrino Godson gadsan ahijado Father-in-law fatder in lo suegro stepfather stepfatder padrastro Mother-in-law matder in lo suegra stepmother stepmatder madrastra Brother-in-law brotder in lo cuñado stepbrother stepbrotder hermanastro Sister-in-law sister in lo cuñada stepsister stepsister hermanastra Son-in-law san in lo hierno stepson stepsan hijastro

Daughter-in-law dogter in lo nuera stepdaughter stepdorer hijastra Cousin ca/osin primo (a) husband jasbend esposo Spouse spaos cónyuge wife uaif esposa Mr. Mister mister señor Mrs. misis señora Ma’am mem señora (con respeto) Miss mis señorita Sir ser señor (con respeto) Ms mis señorita / señito EXERCISE 3: VOCABULARY.

Directions: Write on the lines the translation to Spanish or English whatever the case is.

EJERCICIO 3: VOCABULARIO. Direcciones: Escriba en las lineas la traducción al Inglés o Español, cualquera que sea el caso.

_________Tío______________ __________________________ _________________________ uncle sister hermano ______________________ ______________________ _____________________ abuela suegra stepson ______________________ ______________________ _____________________ prima Godfather cuñada ______________________ ______________________ _____________________ Papá Mom tía ______________________ ______________________ _____________________ stepbrother grandaughter sobrina



EXERCISE 4: THE FAMILY.

Directions: Translate the words in parentheses and write them on the lines and translate the whole sentences to Spanish.

EJERCICIO 4: LA FAMILIA.

Direcciones: Traduce las palabras en paréntesis y escríbelas en las lineas y traduce los enunciados completes al Español.

1. My _______________________________ (cuñado) went to the circus with his family.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Felipe’s (tío) _____________________ brought a new motorcycle today.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________ 3. After I marry Sylvia, her mother became my (suegra) ____________________________.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

4. Tell your (prima) ______________________ to come over to the party tonight.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

5. I was baptized in the Catholic Church, so now I have (un padrino y una madrina) ________________________________________________.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

6. The son of my (padrastro) ________________ is my (hermanastro) ____________________.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

7. My (hija) _______________________ goes to College.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

8. The yesterday I told my (sobrina) _________________ to come to visit us this Sunday.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

9. Your (cuñada) _______________________ goes to the park in the evening.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

10. My wife’s (Dad) _______________________ works at the power company.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________



2.3 FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

FRUTAS Y VERDURAS Fruit Sound Spanish Fruit Sound Spanish

Apple apol manzana Apricot eiprocat chabacano Avocado avocado aguacate Banana banana plátano Beans bins frijoles Bread bred pan

Broccoli broccoli broccoli Cabbage cabech repollo Cantaloupe canteloup melón Carrot kerret zanohoria

Cauliflower coliflauer coliflor Cherry cherri ceresa Celery celery apio Clove clov clavo Coconut coconat coco Coriander coriander cilantro Corn corn elote Cucumber kiucumber pepino Fig fig higo Fig tree fig tri higuera

Garlic garlic ajo Granada granara Granada Grape greip uva Grapefruit greipfrut toronja Green pepper grin peper pimiento verde Guava guava guayava Honeydew janidu melón verde Kiwi kiwi kiwi

Lettuce leras lechuga Lemon lemen limón Lime laim lima Mandarin mandarin mandarina

Mango mangou mango Mushrooms mashrums champiñones Nut nat nuez Onion onion cebolla Orange oranch naranja Papaya papaya papaya Peach pich durazno Peanuts pinats cacahuates Pear per pera Peper peper pimienta Potatoes poteiros papas Pineapple painapol piña Pumpkin pamkin calabaza grande Plum plam ciruela Purple onion parpol onion cebolla morada Radish radish rabano Raisins reisins pasitas Red pepper red peper pimiento rojo

Rice rais arroz Salt solt sal Spinach spenech espinacas Squash scuash calabaza Strawberry stroberi fresa Tomatoes tomeiros tomates Turnip ternip nabo Yellow onion ielou onion cebolla amarilla Yellow pepper ielou peper piminento amarillo Watermelon warermelon sandía Walnut uolnat nuez



EXERCISE 5: FRUITS AND VEGETABLE.

Directions: Match with a line, the name of the fruit or vegetable with the picture.

EJERCICIO 5: FRUTAS Y VERDURAS. Direcciones: Une con una línea, el nombre de la fruta o verdura con el dibujo.

1. A banana

A 2. An onion

B 3. A corn

C 4. A watermelon

D 5. Pineapple

E 6. Bread and tomatoes

F 7. A couple of cherries

G 8. Apricot

H 9. A hamburger and an apple

I 10. A peach

J



11. Tomatoes.

K 12. A pear.

L 13. Grapefruit.

M 14. A lemon.

N 15. A carrot.

O 16. A banana, a pear, and an apple.

P 17. Grapes.

Q 18. Green and red peppers.

R 19. Peanuts.

S 20. Mushrooms

T

Total correct answers: _____________ Score: ________________



2.4 MEALS AND DRINKS COMIDAS Y BEBIDAS

Food Sound Spanish

American cheese American chis queso Americano (Amarillo) Bar B-Q chicken babikiu chicken pollo a la parrilla con salsa Bar B-Q Bar B-Q steak barbikiu steik carne asada en la parrilla con … Bar B-Q ribs barbikiu ribs costillas a la parrilla con … Beef bif carne de res Brisket brisket carne de res Bioled eggs bóiold eggs huevos hervidos Bologna boloni mortadela Burrito burrito burrito Cake keik pastel Cheese chis queso Cheesecake chiskeik pastel de queso Cheesy bread chisi bred pan con queso Chili with cheese chili wid chis chile con queso Chinese food chainis fud comida china Chipotle chili chipotle chili chile chipotle Chorizo chorizo chorizo Cocktail cakteol coctel Cooked ham cuct jem jamón cocido Cool-aid culeid bebida de sabor Corn chips corn chips trozos de tortilla frita en bolsa Corn tortilla corn tortilla tortilla de maíz Cream crim crema Cup of coffee cap ov cofi tasa de café Cup of tea cap ov ti taza de té Eggs egs huevos Enchiladas enchiladas enchiladas Fish fish carne de pescado Flour tortilla flaor tortilla tortilla de harina French-fries French frais papas fritas Fried chicken fraid chicken pollo frito Fried eggs fraid eggs huevos fritos Fried potatoes fraid poteiros papas fritas Grilled chicken griol chicken pollo a la parrilla Grilled fish griol fish pescado a la parrilla Ham je/am jamón Ham & eggs jemendegs huevos con jamón Hamburger jamberguer hamburguesa Hot cakes jatkeiks pastel caliente Ice cream aiscrim varquillo de nieve Italian food italian fud comida italiana Lemonade lemeneid limonada Lobster lobster langosta Meatloaf mitlof pastel de carne Orange juice oranch llus jugo de naranja



Over easy eggs over isi egs huevos estrellados Pancakes penkeiks pastel caliente (hot cakes) Pickles pikols pepinillos en vinagre Pizza pitza pizza/pay Popsicle pápcicol paleta de hielo Popcorns papcorns palomitas de maíz Pork pork carne de puerco Pork skin pork skin chicharrón Pork skin in vinegar porkskin in venagar-er cueritos en vinagre Pigskin stew pigskin stu guisado de chicharrón Potato chips poteiro chips trozos de papas fritas en bolsa Poultry poultry carne de ave (pollo, pavo, etc.) Red wine red uain vino rojo Roast beef roustbif Carne rostizada (en horno) Sliced jalapeño peppers slaisd jalapeño peper rajas de chile jalapeño Sandwich sandwich emparedado Sauce sos salsa Sausage sosech salchicha condimentada Scrambled eggs scrembol eggs huevos revueltos Snow cone snou con cono de nieve Soda soda agua mineral Soup sup sopa Stuffed turkey staft torki pavo de navidad Stew stu guisado, estofado Turkey ham torki jam jamón de pavo Vegetable soup veshtebol sup sopa de verduras White wine juait uain vino blanco Wine uain vino



EXERCISE 6: MEALS AND DRINKS.

Directions: Write on the lines what you see in the picture.

EJERCICIO 6: COMIDAS Y BEBIDAS. Direcciones: Escriba en las lineas lo que ves en la foto.

1. A piece of cheesecake A

2. A couple of eggs B

3. A cup of coffee C

4. Black bread D

5. A cup of tea E

6. A hot dog F

7. A couple of hamburgers G

8. A cake H

9. Cheese I

10. Cup cake J



11. A cocktail K

12. A pair of flautas L

13. A bottle of dressing M

14. An apple with a worm N

15. Pizza O

16. A hamburger and a coke P

17. A red lobster Q

18. A sausage R

19. A fish S

20. A hamburger T



21. A subway sandwich U

22. A turkey V

23. An orange tree W

24. An over-easy egg X

25. An ice sandwich Y

26. A meal with bacon and eggs Z

27. A pitcher of cool-aid ZA

28. Roast beef ZB

29. Different kinds of bread ZC

30. A snow cone ZD




2.5 ANIMALS & INSECTS ANIMALES E INSECTOS Animal Sound Spanish Animal Sound Spanish

Ant ent hormiga Antelope antelop antilope Armadillo armadelo armadillo Badger badller tejón Bat bat murcielago Beaver biver castor Bee bi abeja Beetle birol-bitol escarabajo Bear ber oso Bison bisen bisonte, buffalo Bird berd pájaro, ave Boar bor jabalí Bug bag bicho-insecto Bull bul toro, buey Buffalo bafelo buffalo, bisonte Bunny bani conejito Butterfly barerflai mariposa Calf calf becerro Camel kemol camello Canary canari canario Cat cat gato Caterpillar carerpilar oruga Chameleon camilian camaleón Cheetah chira chita Chick chick pollito (a) Chimpanzee chimpanzi chimpacé Chipmunk chipmank ardilla Cock cak gallo Cockroach cakrouch cucaracha Coyote caiori coyote Cougar cugar puna Cow cao vaca Crab crab cangrejo Crocodile croakodaiol cocodrilo Cub cab cachorro Dalmatian dalmeshan perro dalmata Deer dir venado Doberman doberman perro doberman Dog dog perro Dolphin dolfin delfin Donkey donki burro Dragonfly dragenflai libelula Duck dak pato (a) Ducking daklin patito Eagle igol águila Elephant elefant elefante Falcon falcon halcón Fish fish pez Flea fli pulga Fly flai mosca Fox fox zorro Frog frog rana, sapo German shepherd pastor alemán Giraffe lliraf jirafa Goat gout chivo (a) Goose gus ganso Hawk jok halcón Hamster jamster hamster Hare jer liebre Hedgehog jedchdog erizo Hen jen gallina Heron jeron garza Hippopotamus jipopatemes hipopotamo Hog jog cerdo, marrano Horse hors caballo Hyena jayina hiena Iguana iguana iguana Kangaroo kangeru canguro Kid kid cabrito – niño (a) Kitten kiten gatito Koala koala koala Labrador dog lábrador dog perro labrador Lamb lamb cordero (a) Leopard leperd leopardo Lion laion león Lizard lezerd lagartija Mare mer yegua Monkey monki mono, chango Mouse maos ratón Mice máis ratones Mule miul mula Octopus octopus pulpo Ostrich ostrich avestruz Otter ourer nutria Owl aol tecolote Ox ox buey Panther pentder pantera Parrot perret perico, cotorro (a) Pig pig cerdo, puerco Peacock picak pavoreal



Pigeon pillen pichón, paloma Piglet piglet cerdito Penguin pinwuin pinguino Polar bear polorber oso polar Porcupine porcupain puerco spin Possum possum zarigúella Prairie dog preridog perrito de pradera Puma puma puma, león Americano Puppy papi perrito Rabbit rabbet conejo Raccoon racun mapache Ram ram carnero, borrego, chivo Rat rat rata Rattle snake rárol snéik víbora de cascabel Red Lobster red lobster langosta roja Rhinoceros rainaoseres rinoceronte Roadrunner roudranner corre caminos Rooster ruster gallo Scorpion scorpion escorpión, alacrán Seagull segol gaviota Seal siol foca Sea lion siláion foca-grande Shark shark tiburón Skink scank sorrillo Sheep ship oveja borrego (a) Spider spairer araña Snail sneiol caracol Snake sneik víbora, serpiente Swine suain cerdo, marrano Stork stork cigueña Squirrel scuerol ardilla Tarantula tarantula tarantula Tiger taiguer tigere Tick tick garrapata Toad toud sapo Toucan tucan tucán Trout trout trucha Turkey torki pavo-guajolote Turtle tortol-torol tortuga Vulture volchur buitre Walrus uolres morsa Wasp uasp avispa Whale ueiol ballena Wolf uolf lobo Worm uerm gusano Zebra zibra zebra



EXERCISE 7: THE ANIMALS.

Directions: Write on the lines what you see in the picture.

EJERCICIO 7: LOS ANIMALES. Direcciones: Escriba en las lineas lo que ves en la foto.

1. What’s this? 2. What’s this? 3. What’s this? This is ____________________. This is ____________________. This is __________________



10. What is this? 11. What’s this? 12. What’s this? This is ____________________ This is ____________________. This is __________________



2.6 BODY PARTS PARTES DEL CUERPO

English Sound Spanish English Sound Spanish Abdomen abdomen abdomen ankle encol tobillo Anus eines ano Arm arm brazo Artery árteri arteria back back espalda Backbone bakboun espina dorsal Belly beli bientre, barriga Blood blad sangre Bones bouns huesos Brains breins cerebro Breast brest pecho, senos Butt batt trasero-cola Buttocks bataks nalgas Cells cels células cheek chik mejilla Chest chest pecho chin chi/en barbilla Ears irs oidos elbow elbou codo Eye ai ojo eyeball aibol globo del ojo Eyebrows aibraos cejas eyelashes ailashes pestañas Feet fit pies fingers finguers dedos de las manos Fingernails finguerneols uñas de las manos flesh flesh carne Forehead forjed frente gums gams encias Jaws llos mandíbulas hair jer cabello, pelo Hand jend mano head jed cabeza Heart jart corazón heel jiol talón Hip jip cadera Index finger index finguer dedo índice Intestines intéstins intestinos Kidney kidni riñón Knee ni rodilla Knee cap ni cap rotula de rodilla Lap lap regazo Leg leg pierna Lips lips labios Liver líver hígado Lungs longs pulmones Molars molars muelas Mouth maotd boca Neck nek cuello Nipples ni/epols pezones Nose nous naríz Ovaries ovaris ovaries Pinky pinky dedo meñique Penis pines pene Ribs ribs costillas Scalp scalp cuero de la cabeza Sheen shin espinilla Shoulders shoulders hombros Skin skin piel Skeleton skeleton esqueleto Spine spain espina dorsal Spine discs spain discs vertebras Stomach stomak estomago Teeth titd dientes Testicles testicols testículos Throat tdrout garganta thumb tdamb dedo pulgar Toes tóus dedos de los pies tongue tong lengua Vagina va/ellaina vagina veins veins venas Waist ueist cintura wrist urist muñeca de la mano

SICKNESS DEFINITION

Backache bakeick dolor de espalda Stomachache stomakeick dolor de estomago Headache jedeick dolor de cabeza Stroke stroke ataque de apoplejía The cold tdi cold resfriado the flu tdi flu gripa Cough cof tos chest pain chest pein dolor de pecho HIV eich-ai-vi (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) AIDS eids (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) Cida



EXERCISE 8: BODY PARTS

Directions: Write the correct name of the body-part.

EJERCICIO 8: PARTES DEL CUERPO Direcciones: Escriba el nombre correcto de la parte del cuerpo.



END OF LESSON 2



Lesson 3

The Nouns: Singular and Plural

3.1 COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS

Nouns are commonly defined as “words that name people, places, or things.” Although this definition is rather limited, it does contain a key word “name”. Anything in the physical and mental words can be named with a noun.

Los Sustantivos son comunmente definidos como “palabras que nombran personas, lugares, o cosas.” Aunque esta definición es practicamente limitada, contiene la palabra clave: “nombre.”

Proper nouns are all official names, such as names of people, organizations, geographical locations,

holidays, languages, and historical events. You can easily recognize proper nouns because they begin with capital letters.

Nombres propios son todos los nombres oficiales, así como nombres de gente, organizaciones, lugares geográficos, días festivos, idiomas, y eventos históricos. Tu puedes reconocer fácilmente los nombres propios por que comienzan con mayúscula.

Common nouns are all other nouns that are usually not capitalized unless they appear as the first word

in sentences. Common nouns, son los otros sustantivos que se llaman nombres communes y no se escriben con mayúscula al menos que vayan al principio de la oración.

paper note software keyboard car house television sun computer book engineer doctor father mother teacher professor town country portfolio briefcase store president governor police officer

EXAMPLES OF COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS: EJEMPLOS DE NOMBRES PROPIOS Y COMUNES:

People: Susan, doctor, family, Miguel, engineer, nurse. Places: Canada, ocean, campus, home, store, Mexico, park. Things: popsicle, shoe, fingernail, crater, computer. Senses: sound, smell, taste, feel, touch. Feelings: hope, disappointment, anxiety, peace. Occurrences: earthquake, wedding, party, contest, divorce. Actions: handshake, smile, leap, wink, limp.



PROPER NOUNS NOMBRES PROPIOS

Don Quijote Vicente Fox El Paso Alaska Las Misiones

Examples: Proper nouns common nouns Muhammad Ali boxer United Kingdom country Soriana store Salt Lake City city, town

EXERCISE 1: Common and proper nouns Instructions: Write the proper noun for the following common nouns.

EJERCICIO 1: Nombres communes y propios Instructions: Escribe el nombre propio de los siguientes nombre comunes. Common noun Spanish Proper noun

Religion religion Catholic, Mormon, Jehova Witnesses political party historical figure holiday city river state president store mall country project mayor governor hotel zoo museum restaurant neighborhood



3.2 THE USE OF THE ARTICLES: “THE/A/AN”

The is a definite article. A and an are indefinite articles.

El significado y uso de “the” el, la, los, las [singular y plural]

“The” is used before the subject (nouns, names, or adjectives)

“The” se usa antes del sujeto (sustantivo, nombres o adjetivos) Examples: The book el libro the books los libros

The used car el carro usado the used cars los carros usados The new house la casa nueva the new houses las casas nuevas The computer la computadora the kitchen la cocina

The plate el plato the dishes los trastes EXERCISE 2: THE USE OF “THE”

Directions: Write on the lines the translation to English of each phrase.

EJERCICIO 2:. EL USO DE “THE” Direcciones: Escriba sobre las lineas la traducción al Inglés de cada frase.

1. The books are on the desk. Los libros

Spanish: Los libros están en el escritorio.

2. ________________ are expensive Los carros

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________

3. ________________ is big. La mesa

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________

4. ________________ has leaves. El árbol

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________ 5. _____________________ is in the closet. El vestido

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________

6. ______________________ have petals. Las flores Spanish: ______________________________________________________________ 7. _______________________ are sweet. Las naranjas Spanish: ______________________________________________________________



8. _____________________ go to school. Los niños Spanish: ______________________________________________________________ 9. _____________________ gives us homework every time we have the class. El maestro Spanish: ______________________________________________________________

10. ___________________ is a big and strong cat. El león Spanish: ______________________________________________________________

11. ___________________ is big. La casa Spanish: ______________________________________________________________

12. ___________________ is big and nice. La oficina Spanish: ______________________________________________________________

13. _________________ is easy to understand. El libro Spanish: ______________________________________________________________

14. _________________ went to the party last night. Las chicas Spanish: ______________________________________________________________

15. _________________ went to the party last night too. Los chicos Spanish: ______________________________________________________________

16. _________________ es muy chica. La cocina Spanish: ______________________________________________________________

17. _________________ estan sucios. Los trastes Spanish: ______________________________________________________________



3.3 A vs. AN

a and an are used in front of a noun (e.g., person, apartment, building). It means “one” (singular – male and female). a y an son usados antes de un noun (nombre o sustantivo) (e.g., (por ejemplo,) persona, apartmento, edificio, etc). significa “un, una” (singular – macho o hembra) If a singular noun is modified by an adjective (e.g., small, old), a or an comes in front of the adjective, as in c) and d). Si un noun (nombre) singular es modificado por un adjetivo (e.g., small, old), a o an se escribe antes del adjetivo, como en el case de c) y d). a is used in front of a word that begins with a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, etc.): a boy, a bad day, a cat, a cute baby (except “h”). a se usa antes de cualquier palabra que comienza con una consonante (b, c, d, f, g, etc.): a boy, a bad day, a cat, a cute baby (excepto “h”). an is used in front of words that begin with vowels a, e, i, o (except “u”): example: an apartment, an angry man, an elephant, an empty room, etc. an se usa antes de cualquier palabra que comienza con una vocal a, e, i, o (excepto “u”): ejemplo: an apartment, an angry man, an elephant, an empty room, etc.

a) I have a pencil. b) I live in an apartment. c) I have a small apartment. d) I live in an old building.

The use of a and an with the letters u and h. El use de a y an con las letras u y h. For words that begin with the letter u:

1) an is used if the letter u has a vowel sound, as in an umbrella, an uncle, an unusual day, etc. 2) a is used if the letter u has a consonant sound, as in a university, a unit, a usual event.

Para las palabras que comienzan con la letra u:

1) se usa an SOLAMENTE si la letra u tiene sonido de vocal, como en: an umbrella, an uncle, an unusual day, etc.

2) se usa a SOLAMENTE si la letra u tiene sonido de consonante, como en: a university, a unit, a usual event, etc.

e) I have an umbrella. f) I saw an ugly picture. g) I attend a university. h) I had a unique experience.



For words that begin with the letter h:

1) an is used if the letter h is silent: an hour, an honor, an honest person, etc. 2) a is used if the letter h is pronounced as a consonant: a holiday, a hotel, a high point.

Para las palabras que comienzan con la letra h:

1) se usa an SOLAMENTE si la letra h es silenciosa (no tiene sonido, no se pronuncia): an hour, an honor, an honest person, etc.

2) se usa a SOLAMENTE si la letra h es pronunciada (si tiene sonido) como “j”: a holiday, a hotel, a high point.

i) He will arrive in an hour. j) New year’s day is a holiday. k) That’s a hotel.

Examples with a: Ejemplos con a:

A book un libro a new house una casa nueva a picture una foto. A drawing un dibujo a hospital un hospital a building un edificio A used car un carro usado a happy child. un niño felíz a hotel un hotel

Examples with an: Ejemplos con an:

an orange tree un árbol de naranjas an ugly piano un piano feo an hour una hora an old bus un camion viejo an accident un accidente an apple tree un árbol de manzanas

EXERCISE 3: A vs. AN. Directions: Write a or an in the blanks. EJERCICIO 3: EL A vs. AN.

Direcciones: Escribe a o an en los espacios.

1. _____ mistake. 9. _____ uniform. 17. _____ hour. 2. _____ abbreviation. 10. _____ union. 18. _____ hotel in the ground.

3. _____ dream. 11. _____ untrue story. 19. _____ interesting dream

4. _____ hill 12. _____ urgent message. 20. _____ handsome man.

5. _____ box. 13. _____ universal poem. 21. _____ honest man.

6. _____ empty box. 14. _____ unhappy child. 22. _____ honor.

7. _____ desk. 15. _____ book. 23. _____ hunter.

8. _____ city. 16. _____ grape. 24. _____ small house.

Items: 24 Correct answers: __________ out of 24 = __________ %



EXERCISE 4: THE USE OF A Directions: Write on the lines the article a, and translate the sentences to Spanish. EJERCICIO 4: EL USO DE A Direcciones: Escriba sobre las lineas el artículo a, y traduzca las oraciones al Español.

1. My cousin is ____________ technician. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________ 2. This is _____________ good book. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

3. That is _____________ tall tree. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

4. My youngest daughter has ____________ bad attitude. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

5. On the other hand, my oldest daughter has _______________ good attitude. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 5: THE USE OF AN Directions: Write on the lines the article an, and translate the sentences to Spanish. EJERCICIO 5: EL USO DE AN Directions: Escribe sobre las lineas el artículo an, y traduce las oraciones al Español.

6. That was _______________ accident. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________ 7. This is _____________ orange tree. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

8. That is _____________ apple. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

9. Tommy has ____________ hour to get to the airport. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

10. This picture has ___________ ugly color. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________



EXERCISE 6: THE USE OF: “A & AN.”

Directions: Complete the following sentences with a, or an as applies and translate them to Spanish.

EJERCICIO 6: EL USO DE: “A & AN.” Direcciones: Completa los siguientes enunciados con a, o an según aplique y tradúcelas al Español.

1. Today is ____a________ nice day.

Spanish: _____Hoy es un día bonito _____

2. That is ___________ old university.

Spanish: __________________________________________

3. Right now is ____________ good time to walk.

Spanish: _________________________________________

4. This is _________ long trip.

Spanish: _________________________________________

5. This is ____________ pear.

Spanish: _________________________________________

6. You are __________ honest man.

Spanish: _________________________________________

7. She is ___________ happy child.

Spanish: _________________________________________

8. I have ____________ used car.

Spanish: _________________________________________

9. The hen laid ___________ egg on the grass.

Spanish: _________________________________________

10. I have ___________ apple tree in my backyard.

Spanish: _________________________________________

11. That is __________ big building.

Spanish: _________________________________________



12. This is ___________ easy exercise.

Spanish: _________________________________________

13. I have _____________ good job.

Spanish: _________________________________________

14. This company has ___________ big parking lot.

Spanish: _________________________________________

15. This is ___________ wide Avenue.

Spanish: _________________________________________

16. My sister goes to ___________ good university.

Spanish: _________________________________________

17. Please bring me ___________ chocolate bar.

Spanish: _________________________________________

18. My computer has ___________ digital mouse.

Spanish: _________________________________________

19. That’s ____________ strong chair.

Spanish: _________________________________________

20. That’s ____________ fine ring.

Spanish: _________________________________________

21. My father brought ___________ Christmas tree this morning.

Spanish: _________________________________________

22. I painted ___________ house last weekend.

Spanish: _________________________________________

23. That’s _____________ big and nice waterfall.

Spanish: _________________________________________



24. That’s ___________ elephant.

Spanish: _________________________________________

25. This is _____________ banana.

Spanish: _________________________________________

26. This is _____________ watermelon.

Spanish: _________________________________________

27. That is _____________ orange.

Spanish: _________________________________________

28. That’s _____________ glass of orange juice.

Spanish: _________________________________________

29. That’s _____________ house.

Spanish: _________________________________________

30. This is _____________ good novel.

Spanish: _________________________________________

31. That’s _____________ ugly soap opera.

Spanish: _________________________________________

32. The bus takes _____________ hour to get to the plant.

Spanish: _________________________________________

33. My sister takes _____________ taxi every morning.

Spanish: _________________________________________

34. This is _____________ small umbrella.

Spanish: _________________________________________

35. That’s _____________ unusual meal.

Spanish: _________________________________________



3.4 SINGULAR & PLURAL NOUNS NOMBRES SINGULARES Y PLURALES

Rule 1: Most nouns form their plural by adding one -s at the end. Regla 1: La mayoría de los sustantivos forman su plural añadiendo una -s al final.

Door-doors teacher-teachers pen-pens Clock-clocks day-days girl-girls Office-offices table-tables movie-movies Week-weeks school-schools pin-pins

Rule 2: Nouns ending in: ch, sh, s, x, z, form their plural by adding –es at the end Regla 2: Los sustantivos que terminan en: ch, sh, s, x, z, forman su plural añadiendo –es al final.

Church-churches box-boxes glass-glasses Watch-watches fox-foxes business-businesses Kiss-kisses quiz-quizzes* dress-dresses EXCEPTIONS: Nouns adding –s NOT –es: monarch – monarchs stomach – stomachs Nouns adding –es NOT –s: cloth – clothes

*NOTE: Nouns that end with z, you duplicate the z before addig –es as in quiz-quizzes. *NOTA: Los sustantivos que terminan en z, se duplica la z antes de añadir –es como en quiz-quizzes

Rule 3: Nouns ending in -y and olny if the letter before is a consonant, erase the -y and add -ies.

Regla 3: Las plabras que terminan en -y y solo si la letra anterior es una consonante, borra la -y y agrega -ies

City-cities county-counties country-countries Party-parties panty-panties beauty-beauties Candy-candies mommy-mommies Industry-industries

Rule 4: Nouns ending in –f, and -fe form their plural by changing –f, or –fe and adding -ves. Regla 4: Los nombres que terminan en –f, y -fe forman su plural cambiando –f, y -fe por -ves.

One knife – two knives one shelf – two shelves one wife – two wives One leaf – five leaves one calf – two calves yourself – yourselves

Rule 5: The plural of nouns that end in –o sometimes is –es and sometimes is –s.

Regal 5: El plural de palabras que terminan en –o es algunas veces –es y algunas veces -s. With –s only: zoo-zoos radio-radios studio-studios piano-pianos

With -es: One tomato – two tomatoes one potato – two potatoes With –es or –s: volcano – volcanoes or (volcanos) zero – zeroes or (zeros)

mosquito – mosquitoes or (mosquitos) hero – heroes or (heros)

-es is more common used in theses cases. -es es más comunmente usado en estos casos

Some nouns have the same form in singular and plural. Algunos sustantivos tienen la misma forma en singular y plural.

deer-deer fish-fish sheep-sheep species-species offspring-offspring



3.5 IRREGULAR NOUNS NOMBRES (SUSTANTIVOS) IRREGULARES

Some nouns have irregular plural form. They are called: irregular nouns. This means that they don’t follow any rules for their plural form. They are unpredictable. Algunos sustantivos tienen forma irregular en plural. Son llamados sustantivos irregulares. Esto significa que a ellos no aplica ninguna regla grammatical para formar su plural. Los irregulares son impredecibles.

mouse-lice foot-feet tooth-teeth person-people(persons) child-children goose-geese ox-oxen man-men woman-women mouse-mice

Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have a foreign plurals. Algunos sustantivos que el Inglés a tomado de lenguages de otros países tienen plurales foráneos.

cactus-cacti bacterium-bacteria criterion-criteria phenomenon-phenomena crisis-crises analysis-analyses parentesis-parenteses

EXERCISE 7: Plural nouns.

Instructions: Write the plural form of the following regular and irregular nouns. You may use the plural words or numbers: many, some, a lot of, two, five, ten, etc…

EXERCISE 7: Sustantivos plurales.

Instrucciones: Escribe la forma plural de los nombres (sustantivos) regulares e irregulars. Puedes usar los numeros o palabras plurales: many, some, a lot of, two, five, ten, etc…

1. one potato, __five potatoes___________ 20. a half, a lot of ______________________

2. a library, many ____________________ 21. a possibility, _______________________

3. one child, ________________________ 22. a thief, ____________________________

4. a leaf, a lot of _____________________ 23. a hero, ____________________________

5. one fish, _________________________ 24. a goose. ___________________________

6. one wish, many ___________________ 25. an attorney, ________________________

7. an opinion, _______________________ 26. a butterfly, _________________________

8. a mouse, _________________________ 27. frog, ______________________________

9. one sandwich, two _________________ 28. a mosquito, ________________________

10. a man, ___________________________ 29. one sheep, _________________________

11. one woman, ______________________ 30. an orange, _________________________

12. a flash, three ______________________ 31. one stitch, _________________________

13. one tomato, ______________________ 32. one floor, _________________________

14. one tooth, _______________________ 33. one piano, ________________________

15. one hole, ________________________ 34. a belief, many _____________________

16. one home, ________________________ 35. one person, _______________________

17. one cactus, _______________________ 36. one calf, _________________________

18. one crisis, ________________________ 37. a bird, many ______________________

19. one species, ______________________ 38. a knife, many ______________________



EXERCISE 8: Singular and plural nouns.

Instructions: Write the following sentences in Spanish. Also write them in their plural or singular form, whatever the case is.

EXERCISE 8: Sustantivos singulars y plurals.

Instrucciones: Escribe las siguientes oraciones en Español. Tambien escribelas en plural o singular, cualquiera que sea el caso.

Example: Today I bought a movie. Spanish: Hoy compré una película. Change form: Today I bought two movies.

1. The glass is full of water. Spanish: ____________________________ Change form: ____________________________ 2. There are six gifts for your family in this box. 8. She is a pretty woman. Spanish: ____________________________ Spanish: ___________________________ Change form: ____________________________ Change form: ___________________________ 3. The child is playing basketball outside. 9. This is a big box. Spanish: ____________________________ Spanish: ___________________________ Change form: ____________________________ Change form: ___________________________ 4. He is a young man. 10. Use this pencil for the test. Spanish: ____________________________ Spanish: ___________________________ Change form: ____________________________ Change form: ___________________________ 5. She is the new waitress. 11. Bring that chair closer. Spanish: ____________________________ Spanish: ___________________________ Change form: ____________________________ Change form: ___________________________ 6. She’s a pretty woman. 12. The plates are in the kitchen cabinet. Spanish: ____________________________ Spanish: ___________________________ Change form: ____________________________ Change form: ___________________________ 7. My uncle is old. 13. This lesson is very easy. Spanish: ____________________________ Spanish: ___________________________ Change form: ____________________________ Change form: ___________________________



3.6 ERROR ANALYSIS ANALISIS DE ERROR

When a sentence begins with a plural nous as the main subject, most of the time you don’t need to write the article the. When the verb is in plural, the subject must be in the plural form (original-base).

Cuando un enunciado comienza con un sustantivo plural como el sujeto principal, la mayoría del tiempo no necesitas escribir el artículo the.

EXERCISE 9: Singular and plural nouns.

Directions: These sentences have many mistakes in the use of plural nouns. Underline each wrong noun and write the correct plural form. DO NOT change the verbs. Translate the sentences.

EXERCISE 9: Sustantivos singulars y plurals.

Instrucciones: Estos enunciados tienen muchos errores en el uso de sustantivos plurales. Subraya cada uno de los errores y escribe el plural correcto. NO CAMBIES los verbos. Tradúce los enunciados. 1. Chicago has busy street and highway. Corrected: Chicago has busy streets and highways.

Streets highways

2. Box have six side. Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

3. Big city have many problem.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

4. Banana grow in hot, humid area.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

5. Insect don’t have nose.

Corrected: ____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

6. Lamb are the offspring of sheep.

Corrected: ____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________



7. Library keep book on shelf.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

8. Parent support their child.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

9. Indonesia has several active volcano.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

10. Gorilla are big monkey. They have large arm and big tooth.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

11. Glass are made out of paper sometimes.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

12. Fish eat little animal and worm.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

13. Lion are big cat.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

14. Spider eat fly.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

15. Dog bark.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________



16. Mexican person have many costume.

Corrected: ____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

17. Friend are good person we can trust.

Corrected: ____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

18. Crayon are good to color drawing.

Corrected: ____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

19. Butterfly are beautiful insect.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

20. Person are intelligent.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

21. Car run fast.

Corrected: _______________________________________________

Spanish: _________________________________________________

22. The people is working right now.

Corrected: ____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

23. The child want to play with their/her toy.

Corrected: ____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

END OF LESSON 3



3.7 COMMON VERBS AND THEIR PRONUNCIATION

Verb Sound Spanish Verb Sound Spanish abort abort abortar abuse abiús abusar accept accept aceptar add add agregar – añadir advise edvais aconsejar – advertir affix affix añadidura – pegar agree agrí estar de acuerdo allow alao permitir answer enser responder – contestar apply aplai aplicar ask ask preguntar – pedir attack attack atacar assume asum asumir – adivinar be bi ser – estar

become bicam convertirse begin biguin empezar believe biliv creer bite bait morder

bleed blid sangrar blow blo soplar break breik quebrar-romper borrow barrou prestar build biold construir burn bern quemar buy bai comprar bring bring traer call col llamar can ken poder (hacer) clean clin limpiar carry kerri llevar, acarrear catch catch atrapar – agarrar cook cuk cocinar

come cam venir cover caver cubrir – cubierta cut cat cortar delete dilit borrar, eliminar draw dro dibujar dream drim soñar drink drink beber, tomar drive draiv manejar, conducir do do hacer eat it comer end end terminar enjoy enlloi disfrutar enroll enrol enrollar – suscribirse erase irréis borrar explain expléin explicar fall fol caer – caerse feel fiol sentir find faind encontrar fold fold doblar – dobléz fix fiks arreglar, componer fly flái volar – mosca follow fálou seguir – siguiente forget forguet olvidar forgive forguiv perdonar get guet obtener, conseguir give guiv dar grow gro crecer have jev tener hear jir oir help jelp ayudar – ayuda hide jaid esconder insert insert insertar learn lern aprender like laik gustar live liv vivir lose lus perder look luk mirar, buscar love lov amar y querer make meic hacer, construir meet mit conocer, reunir move muv mover play plei jugar, tocar música put put poner read ruid leer run ruan corer say sei decir send send enviar, mandar sing sing cantar sit sit sentarse sleep slip dormir spend spend gastar, pasar tiempo swim suim nadar take teik tomar, llevar teach tich enseñar tell tel decir turn tern voltear-cambiar walk wolk caminar wish güish desear win güin ganar work uork trabajar



Lesson 4

The Auxiliary Verb To Be

4.1 The simple present form: (am-is-are) El tiempo presente simple del verbo: to be. Very often, the personal pronouns (subject pronouns) are used in sentences. Here they are:

Muy seguido, los pronombres personales (pronombres sujetos) son usados en enunciados. Aquí están:

Pronouns Sound Spanish Definition I ai yo first person singular primer persona singular You iu tu second person singular/plural segunda persona sing/plural He ji él third person singular tercera persona singular She shi ella third person singular tercera persona singular It it ese-eso third person singular tercera persona singular We ui nosotros first person plural primer persona plural They dei ellos-ellas third person plural tercer persona plural

Pron Present Spanish

I Am Yo soy, o estoy You Are Tu eres o estás – ustedes son o están He Is El es, o está She Is Ella es, o está It Is Ese (o) es, o está

We Are Nosotros somos, o estamos They Are Ellos son, o ellos están

Definition: Affirmative: Negative:

1st person singular

I am I am not

3rd person singular

He She is It

He She is not It

1st, 2nd, and 3rd person plural

You We are They

You We are not They



General formula to create sentences: S + V + O

S = Subject (sujeto) + V = verb (verbo) + O = object (complemento)

Formula del verbo to be S + be (am-is-are) + O

Graciela is a good student. Graciela es una buena estudiante. S V O

I am a good worker. Yo soy un buen trabajador.

S V O You are a nice person. Tu eres una Buena persona.

S V O

They are in the school. Ellos están en la escuela. S V O

Mike and Joe are good friends. Miguel y Joe (Jose) son buenos amigos. S V O

Marcy is in the kitchen Marcy está en la cocina.

S V O

Joel is a playful kid. Joel es un chico juguetón. S V O

EXERCISE 1: AFFIRMATIVE FORM Directions: Write on the lines the correct form of the verb to be. Also write them in Spanish.

EJERCICIO 1: FORMA AFFIRMATIVA

Direcciones: Escribe en las lineas la forma correcta del verbo to be. Tambien escríbelas en Español.

1. Meredith _____is_________ a pretty girl. Spanish: Meredith es una chica bonita.

2. María ____________________ pregnant. Spanish: _________________________________________________________

3. Mario ________________ the oldest brother.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

4. Stephanie and Michelle ____________ busy right now.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

5. We _______________ the doctors and nurses of County Hospital.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________



6. Jennifer ____________ very hard to understand.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

7. My son and my daughter ____________ good students.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

8. Sabrina ____________ too young to be married.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

9. My family ______________ very close.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

10. You _______________ a kind person.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

11. Patricia _____________ a nice girl.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

12. We ____________ in the English class.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

13. They ____________ the new students.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

14. I ____________ a happy person.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

15. He ____________ a mechanic.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

16. Peter and Paul ____________ teachers.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

17. Joe ____________ the secret weapon of the volleyball team.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________



4.2 THE NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND ANSWERS

To create a sentence in the negative form, you write the subject + the verb to be + the negative word: not + the object. Para crear enunciados negativos, escribes el sujeto, más el verbo to be más la negación not, más el complemento.

Formula: S + be (am-is-are) not + O

Examples: Gracie is not a bad student. Graciela no es una mala estudiante. S be Neg O We are not in the bedroom. Nosotros no estamos en la recamara. S be Neg O

They are not in the school. Ellos no están en la escuela. S be Neg O

Mr. Rodriguez is not a doctor. El Señor Rodriguez no es doctor. S be Neg O

I am not a French teacher. Yo no soy maestro de Francés. S be Neg O

Mike and I are not bad designers. Miguel y yo no somos malos dibujantes. S be Neg O Martha is not in the kitchen Martha no está en la cocina. S be Neg O

EXERCISE 2: NEGATIVE FORM.

Directions: Change the following sentences to the negative form. Write them in Spanish.

EJERCICIO 2: FORMA NEGATIVA. Direcciones: Cambie los siguientes enunciados a la forma negativa. Escribalas en Español.

1. Hilario is not in México City. He is in Playa del Carmen.

Spanish: Hilario no está en la ciudad de México. El está en Playa del Carmen.

2. Jennifer and Jane ______________ stewardesses.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

3. They __________________ at the mall at this moment.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________



4. John ________________ in the algebra class.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

5. Angel _______________ sleeping.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

6. Rhonda _______________ very intelligent.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

7. Mario ______________ a bad boy.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

8. He _________________ my brother.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

9. My uncle ___________ an electrician.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

10. Magdalena and Cesar ______________ close friends.

Spanish: _________________________________________________________

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS

To form questions, you place the verb to be before the main subject.

Para formar preguntas, escribes el verbo to be antes del sujeto principal.

Formula: Be (am-is-are) + S + O? Questions Answers

Am I…? Are you…?

Yes, You are. No, you are not. Yes, I am. No, I am not.

He…? Is she…? It…?

he he Yes, she is. No, she is not it it

We…? Are they…?

we we Yes, they are. No, they are not.



S V O Examples: Statement: Martha is the school nurse.

V S O

Question: Is Martha the school nurse?

S V O Statement: Those girls are the school cheerleaders.

V S O

Question: Are those girls the school cheerleaders?

S V O Statement: I am the baby-sitter

V S O

Question: Am I the baby-sitter?

S V O Statement: You are a good talker.

V S O

Question: Are you a good talker? EXERCISE 3: THE QUESTION FORM.

Directions: Translate the sentences and change them to questions.

EERCICIO 3. FORMA DE PREGUNTA. Direcciones: Traduce las oraciones y cambia las a la forma de pregunta.

1. The teacher is writing on the board.

Spanish: ___________El profesor está escribiendo en el pizarrón.____________

Question form: ______Is the teacher writing on the board?__________________ 2. These oranges are sweet.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

Question form: __________________________________________________________________

3. The water hose is too small.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

Question form: __________________________________________________________________



4. Today is Monday.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

Question form: __________________________________________________________________

5. Sergio and Benito are working right now.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

Question form: __________________________________________________________________

6. The students are writing notes.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

Question form: __________________________________________________________________ 7. Your computer programs are big.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

Question form: __________________________________________________________________

8. The books from the bookstore are expensive.

Question form: __________________________________________________________________

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

9. Lalo and Martín are students.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

Question form: __________________________________________________________________

10. He is in the office.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

Question form: __________________________________________________________________

11. She is my sister

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

Question form: __________________________________________________________________



SHORT ANSWERS RESPUESTAS CORTAS

Giving short answers. Dando respuestas cortas.

To give an affirmative answer, you write the word: Yes, plus the personal pronoun of the subject, plus the verb be in this case. Para dar una respuesta afirmativa, se escribe la palabra: Yes, más el pronombre personal del sujeto, más el verbo be en este caso.

Yes, + Pronoun + (am-is-are). To give a negative answer, you write the word: No, plus the personal pronoun of the subject, plus the verb: be, plus the word not. Para dar una respuesta negativa, se escribe la palabra: No, más el pronombre personal del sujeto, más el verbo: be, más la palabra not.

No, + Pronoun + (am-is-are) + not. Question: Answers: Are you in the round table? Yes, I am. No, I am not. Is your brother a lawyer? Yes, he is. No, he is not. Am I your teammate? Yes, you are. No, you are not. EXERCISE 4: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

Directions: Write on the blanks the correct form of the verb to be in the question form and give the short answers.

EJERCICIO 4: PRESUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS.

Direcciones: Escribe en las lineas la forma correcta del verbo to be en preguntas y de las respuestas cortas. My brother and I are in Permian High School. Spanish: Mi hermano y yo estamos en la Prepa Permian.

Question: Are you and your brother in the Permian High School? Answers: Yes, we are. No, we are not.

1. This chapter is easy.

Spanish: ____________________________________________________________ Question: ____________________________________________________________ Answers: _____________________ ____________________________________

2. Felipe, Lore, and Baltazar are in level 2 in their English class.




3. I am in the backyard.


4. You are in trouble.


5. Johnny is very intelligent.


6. Joas is a good student.


7. My daughter is in her bedroom at this moment.


8. Mercy is watching TV at right now.




4.3 THE USE OF HAVE Have means possession. El verbo have significa tener (posesión). Have and has are used in the simple present tense. Have y has se usan en el tiempo presente simple. Had is used in the simple past tense. Had es usado en el tiempo pasado simple. Have is use with the subjects: I, you, we, and they or the related nouns (names)

Have es usado con los sujetos: I, you, we y they o sujetos relationados (nombres de personas o cosas)

Has is used with the subjects: he, she and it or the related nouns (names) Has es usado con los sujetos: he, she y it o sujetos relationados (nombres de personas o cosas) Had is used for all subjects. Had es usado para todos los sujetos.

Next, there are the formulas that will help you in your writing and speaking. En seguida, hay formulas que te ayudarán en tu escritura y conversación. FORMULAS: AFFIRMATIVE: S + V (have-has-had) + Object

NEGATIVE: S + don’t / doesn’t / didn’t + V –base form (have) + Object

AFFIRMATIVE PRESENT FORM

NEGATIVE PRESENT FORM

AFFIRMATIVE PAST FORM

NEGATIVE PAST FORM

I have . . . You have . . . He has . . . She has . . . It has . . . We have . . . They have . . .

I do not have . . . You do not have . . . He does not have . . . She does not have . . . It does not have . . . We do not have . . . They do not have . . .

I had . . . You had . . . He had . . . She had . . . It had . . . We had . . . They had . . .

I did not have . . . You did not have . . . He did not have . . . She did not have . . . It did not have . . . We did not have . . . They did not have . . .

PRESENT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION: Do / Does / Did + S + V –base form (have) + Object NEGATIVE QUESTION: Don’t / Doesn’t / Didn’t + S + V –base form (have) + Object ANSWERS: Yes, + pronoun + auxiliary No, + pronoun + auxiliary + not

AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION FORM

NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM

AFFIRMATIVE ANSWER

NEGATIVE ANSWER

Do I have . . .? Do you have . . .? Does he have . . .? Does she have . . .? Does it have . . .? Do we have . . .? Do they have . . .?

Don’t I have . . .? Don’t you have . . .? Doesn’t he have . . .? Doesn’t she have . . .? Doesn’t it have . . .? Don’t we have . . .? Don’t they have . . .?

Yes, you do. Yes, I do. Yes, he does. Yes, she does. Yes, it does. Yes, you do. Yes, they do,

No, you do not. No, I do not. No, he does not. No, she does not. No, it does not. No, you do not. No, they do not.



PAST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION: Did + S + V –base form (have) + Object NEGATIVE QUESTION: Didn’t + S + V –base form (have) + Object ANSWERS: Yes, + pronoun + auxiliary No, + pronoun + auxiliary + not

AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION FORM

NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM

AFFIRMATIVE ANSWER

NEGATIVE ANSWER

Did I have . . .? Did you have . . .? Did he have . . .? Did she have . . .? Did it have . . .? Did we have . . .? Did they have . . .?

Didn’t I have . . .? Didn’t you have . . .? Didn’t he have . . .? Didn’t she have . . .? Didn’t it have . . .? Didn’t we have . . .? Didn’t they have . . .?

Yes, you did. Yes, I did. Yes, he did. Yes, she did. Yes, it did. Yes, you did. Yes, they did,

No, you did not. No, I did not. No, he did not. No, she did not. No, it did not. No, you did not. No, they did not.

The present tense: El tiempo presente: I have Tengo una pluma. Yo tengo una pluma.

You have Tú tienes una pluma. Ustedes tienen una pluma. We have a pen. Nosotros tenemos una pluma. They have Ellos tienen una pluma.

He has a pen. El tiene una pluma. She has a pen. Ella tiene una pluma. It has blue ink. Tiene tinta azul. La pluma tiene tinta azul.

The past tense: El tiempo pasado: I had Yo tenia (tuve) un carro.

You had Tú tenías (tuvíste) un carro. Ustedes tenían un carro. He had El tenía (tuvo) un carro. She had a car. Ella tenía (tuvo un carro. It had a blue color Tenia un color azul. We had Nosotros teníamos (Tuvimos) un carro. They had Ellos tenían (tuvieron) un carro.

a) I have a book. Tengo un libro. b) You have a bicycle. Tú tienes una bicicleta. Ustedes tienen una bicicleta. c) We had four bicycles. Teníamos cuatro bicicletas. Nosotros teníamos cuatro bicicletas. d) Charles has a new cell phone. Carlos / Charles tiene un teléfono cellular nuevo. e) Martha and Sergio have some money in the bank. Martha y Sergio tienen algo de dinero en el

banco. f) I had some problems with this product. Tuve (Yo tuve) algunos problemas con este producto.



4.4 THE NEGATIVE AND QUESTION FORMS WITH DON’T-DOESN’T-DIDN’T

The verb have follows the subject in a Sentence Structure Agreement: S (subject) + V (verb) + O (object-complement) El verbo have/has/had sigue al sujeto en una estructura de oraciones en armonía (con logica).

In negative and question forms you use the auxiliary verb do/does. en oraciones negativas y preguntas se usa el vervo auxiliar do/does. Examples in the negative form:

a) I don’t have a book. Yo no tengo libro. b) Stephanie doesn’t have a bicycle. Stephanie no tiene bicicleta. c) Charles didn’t have a cell phone. Carlos / Charlie no tenía teléfono celular. d) The test didn’t have fifty questions. It had 100.

Examples in the question and answer form:

a) Do you have a grammar book? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. b) Does Stephanie have a bicycle? No, she doesn’t. Yes, she does. c) Did the test have fifty questions? No, it didn’t. Yes, it does. d) Did Charles have a cell phone? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.

Examples in the negative question and answer form:

a) Don’t you have a book? Yes, I do. b) Doesn’t Stephanie have a bicycle? No, she doesn’t c) Didn’t the test have fifty questions? No, it didn’t. d) Didn’t Charles have a cell phone? Yes, he did.

EXERCISE 5: THE PRESENT AND PAST OF HAVE

Directions: Complete the sentences. Use have, has, or had. Read all sentences very carefully. Some are negatives and others are questions. Also, write them Spanish

EXERCISE 5: EL PRESENTE Y PASADO DE HAVE

Direcciones: Completa los enunciados. Usa have, has, o had. Lee todos los enunciados con mucho cuidado. Algunos son negativos y otros pregutas. Tambien, escríbelas en Español

1. We have grammar books in this classroom.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

2. Teresa has a good dictionary. Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

3. Kate _______________ a blue pen. And she _______________ a new notebook too.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

4. _______________ you _______________ a pen in your pocket?

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

5. Bob ___________________ a book, a pen, and a pencil on his desk.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________



6. He (not) _________________________ a dictionary. He needs to buy one.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

7. Anna and Ralph __________ a notebook and a pen, but they (not) _______________ a pencil.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

8. Anna and Ralph _______________ some time to do their homework last night.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

9. Aurelia is a student in our class. She _______________ a red grammar book.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

10. I _______________ a red grammar book too. It _______________ white letters on the cover.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

11. You and I are students in this school. We _______________ our own books on our desk.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

12. Mike _______________ a wallet in his pocket.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

13. Sarah _______________ a wallet in her purse.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

14. Nadia isn’t in class today because she __________ to go to a doctor’s appointment. She ________

the flu. Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

15. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson _______________ two daughters.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

16. They _______________ only one boy.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

17. _______________ the Johnson _______________ three kids? Answer: ___________________

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

18. The two girls _______________ ham and eggs for breakfast this morning.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

19. The boy _______________ cereal for breakfast this morning.



4.5 THE USE OF BE vs. HAVE Be sometimes is used to mean have in special occations. Be algunas veces es usado para significar have (tener) en ocaciones especiales. You use be instead of have in the fllowing phrases: Usas be en lugar de have en las siguientes frases: to be cold/hot – tener frío/calor the weather cold/hot – hace frío/calor the age – tener edad hunger – tener hambre Example: INCORRECT: I have 25 years old. ¿?

CORRECT: I am 25 years old. Tengo 25 años de edad. INCORRECT: I have hot. ¿? CORRECT: I am hot. Tengo calor. INCORRECT: I have hungry. ¿? CORRECT: I am hungry. Tengo hambre.

EXERCISE 6: THE USE OF BE vs. HAVE

Directions: Complete the sentences. Use have, has, had, or be. Read all sentences very carefully.

EXERCISE 6: EL USO DE BE vs. HAVE

Direcciones: Completa los enunciados. Usa have, has, had, o be.

1. Elizabeth _______________ two brothers. Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

2. Juan _______________ ten-years old.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________ 3. It _______________ hot in this room.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________ 4. I _______________ hot. Could you turn up the air conditioner please?

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Melanie and I are going to Joe’s restaurant. If you ________ hungry, you’re welcome to come along.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Do you _______________ ten dollars on you?

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________ 7. How old _______________ you? I _______________ 19 years old.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________



8. How old _______________ your brother? He _______________ 17.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________ 9. How _______________ you? I _______________ fine. Thank you. And you?

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________ 10. How _______________ your family? It _______________ fine, thanks.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________ 11. If you _______________ cold, put a jacket on. No, I _______________ not cold. Thanks.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________ 12. After I eat this hot dog, if I _______________ still hungry, I will eat another.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________ 13. How old _______________ your Mom?

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________ 14. Tomorrow I’m going to _______________ a party at my house.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________ 15. Automobiles _______________ wheels.

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

16. What _______________ you _______________ in your purse?

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

17. Do you _______________ enough money to buy those shoes?

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________

18. Yes, I do. I _______________ enough money to buy these shoes?

Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________



4.6 THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERB: TO BE (was-were)

El tiempo pasado de: to be (was-were).

To create the past tense of: be you write: the subject + the verb to be in past + the object. Para crear el tiempo pasado del verbo to be, escribes el sujeto + el verbo to be en pasado + el complemento.

Pronoun Past Spanish

I Was Yo era, fui, eataba o estuve You Were Tu eras, fuiste, estabas o estuviste – ustedes eran, fueron o estuvieron He Was El era, fue, estaba o estuvo She Was Ella era, fue, estaba o estuvo It Was Ese (o) era, fue, estaba o estuvo

We Were Nosotros éramos, fuimos, estábamos o estuvimos They Were Ellos eran, fueron, estaban o estuvieron

Definition: Affirmative: Negative:

1st person singular

I was I was not

3rd person singular

He She was It

He She was not It

1st, 2nd, and 3rd person plural

You We were They

You We were not They

Formula: S + was/were + O

Examples: Gloria was in the same class with me. I was in Canada a year ago. You were a good help for the people. She was in College last year. They were engineers at FCI Electronics. We were chosen for the new project. Mario and I were in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas a month ago.



EXERCISE 7: AFFIRMATIVE (PAST)

Directions: Write on the blanks the form of the verb to be in past. Write them in Spanish.

EJERCICIO 7. AFIRMATIVA Direcciones: Escribe en las lineas la forma del verbo to be en pasado. Escribelas en Español.

1. Caroline _______was__________ at her Mom’s house last night. Spanish: _Caroline estuvo en la casa de su mamá anoche_ 2. Susan _________________ in a prestige college. Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________

3. Mr. White and Joe _______________ in Midland two weeks ago. Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________

4. Mr. Smith ______________ our Geography teacher last semester. Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________

5. Alicia ______________ in her room all morning. Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________

6. Concha _____________ in the store last Sunday. Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________

7. They ________________ talking about money. Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________

8. Tom and you _____________ the most complicated to train. Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________

9. John _____________ in his office five minutes ago. Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________

10. Sam, Fabian, and Servando _____________ in the class yesterday around 5:30 p.m. Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________



4.7 NEGATIVE, QUESTIONS, AND ANSWERS

To create a sentence in the negative form, you write the subject + was/were not + O. Para crear enunciados negativos, escribes el sujeto was/were not + el complemento.

Negative: S + was/were + not + O

Examples in the past negative. I was not in Brazil a year ago. You were not a bad person. She was not dumb. They were not engineers at Scientific Atlanta. John and Pete were not at the airport. You were not a good basketball player. We were not playing baseball. Jesse was not old enough for this game. Sergio and I were not in the team list.

EXERCISE 8: NEGATIVE

Directions: Write on the blanks the correct form of the verb to be in the past negative form. Write them in Spanish.

EJERCICIO 8: NEGATIVA.

Direcciones: Escribe en las lineas la forma correcta del verbo to be en el pasado negativo. Escribelas en Español.

1. Martha _____was not______ in class yesterday. Spanish: ___Martha no estuvo en clase ayer. ___________________________________

2. Susie ___________________ interested in the new job.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

3. They _______________ the winners.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

4. The kitchen ____________________ big.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

5. The documents ____________________ on your desk.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

6. The file cabinet ___________________ in my office.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________



7. My office ________________ properly equipped.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

8. We ________________ running fast enough.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

9. Sandra _______________ in this class.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

10. They ________________ happy.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

11. I ____________________ at the car show this morning.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

12. Tanya, Sonia, and Sandra _____________________ in this company.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS

To form questions, you place the verb to be before the main subject. Para formar preguntas, escribes el verbo to be antes del sujeto principal.

Question: Was/Were + S + O?

Questions Answers

Was I…? Were you…?

Yes, You were. No, you were not. Yes, I was. No, I was not.

He…? Was she…? It…?

he he Yes, she was. No, she was not it it

We…? Were they…?

we we Yes, they were. No, they were not.



EXERCISE 9: QUESTION

Directions: Write the following sentences in Spanish and change them to questions.

EJERCICIO 9: QUESTION Direcciones: Escribe las siguientes oraciones en Español y cambialas a preguntas.

1. Juan was in class last Thursday.

Spanish: ___Juan estuvo en clase el Jueves pasado.________________________________ Question: _Was Juan in class last Thursday? _____________________________________

2. Sofia was in Europe a month ago.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________ Question: ___________________________________________________________________

3. He was a good cop.


4. The boys were running inside the mall.


5. You were in charge of the business.


6. Susie and Cecilia were in this English class long time ago.


7. They were good students.


8. I was their teacher.




9. I was busy when you called.


10. They were preparing their luggage for the trip.


11. You and your brother were playing on the street.


12. Mary was at her job yesterday.


13. Jessica was in this school long time ago.


14. She was cooking the beans in the morning.


15. All of us from the class were together in Julie’s apartment.


16. All the neighbors in the building were sleeping.


17. Every one of us in the party was having fun.




ANSWERS RESPUESTAS

To give an affirmative answer, you write Yes, plus the personal pronoun, plus the verb: be. Para dar una respuesta afirmativa, escribes Yes, más el pronombre personal más el verbo be

Yes, + Pron + was/were. To give a negative answer, you write: No, plus the personal pronoun, plus be not. Para dar una respuesta negativa, escribes No, más el pronombre personal, más be not.

No, + Pron + was/were + not. Questions and answers: Was Pedro in Cancún last year? Yes, he was. No, he was not. Were Helen and Lola good friends? Yes, they were. No they were not. Were you in Delicias last weekend? Yes, I was. No, I was not. Was your friend prepared for the exam? Yes, she was. No, she was not. Was I your partner in this business? Yes, you were. No, you were not. Were all the students in Art last semester? Yes, they were. No, they were not.

EXERCISE 10: SHORT ANSWERS.

Directions: Write the answers after each question

EJERCICIO 10: RESPUESTAS CORTAS. Direcciones: Escribe las respuestas después de cada pregunta.

1. Was the grammar test hard? Yes, _______________________ No, it wasn’t

2. Was your brother in Junior High last year? Yes, _______________________ No, _____________________________

3. Was your car painted blue? Yes, _______________________ No, _____________________________

4. Were your parents in Paris two years ago? Yes, _______________________ No, _____________________________

5. Was your cousin in town yesterday? Yes, _______________________ No, _____________________________

6. Were you and Carlos out of town last week? Yes, _______________________ No, _____________________________



4.8 THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE EL PRESENTE Y PASADO PROGRESIVO

The present and past progressive is form with the verb to be plus an action verb with termination –ing. El presente y pasado progresivo se forma con el verbo to be más un verbo de acción con terminación –ing. La terminación del verbo en acción en Español es: ando, endo, indo, etc. The meaning of the present progressive refers to a situation or event that it is happening at the time that the speaker is talking. Some of the common phrases to identify the present pregressive are: right now, at this moment, at this second, and at this very moment. Formula of the present progressive: S + BE (are-am-is) + V-ing + O Negative formula of the present progressive: S + BE (are-am-is) + not + V-ing + O Question formula of the present progressive: (Are-Am-Is) + S + V-ing + O? El significado del presente progresivo se refiere a una situación o evento que está sucediendo al tiempo en que la persona está hablando. Algunas de las frases communes para identificar el presente progresivo son: ahora mismo, en este momento, en este segundo, en este preciso momento. The meaning of the past progressive refers to an event or situation that occurred in the past. El siginificado del pasado progresivo se refiere a un evento o situación que ocurrió en el pasado. Formula of the past progressive: S + BE (was-were) + V-ing + O Negative formula of the past progressive: S + BE (was-were) + not + V-ing + O Question formula of the past progressive: (Was-Were) + S + V-ing + O?

Examples: a) José is reading his grammar book. b) María is cooking a delicious meal right now. c) Juan and Paul are running in the football field. d) We are preparing the things for the party. e) Mario is changing the oil of his car right now. f) Edith is writing some notes on her notebook. g) They are watching the soccer game at this very moment. h) My uncle and my aunt are planting flowers in their garden. i) María was cooking a delicious meal yesterday. j) Juan and Paul were running in the football field. k) We were preparing the things for the party. l) Mario was changing the oil of his car this morning. m) Edith was writing some notes on her notebook last class. n) They were watching the soccer game last Sunday. o) My uncle and my aunt were planting flowers in their garden yesterday morning.

Non-action verbs are not permitted to form the progressive. The verbs marked with *, can be used both progressive and non-progressive. Next, there is a list of them:

Verbos de no-acción, no son permitidos para formar el progresivo. Los verbos marcador con *, pueden usarse en ambas formas, progresivo y no-progresivo. En seguida hay una lista de ellos.

see know like love own believe exist want forget hear sound hate posses prefer belong need understand remember think* have* be*

*These verbs can be either progressive or non-progressive. Estos verbos pueden ser ambos, progresivos y no-progresivos.



EXERCISE 11: PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

Directions: Write the correct form of the present or past progressive in the blank. Pay attention to the phrases that refer to the related tense and translate the sentences to Spanish.

EJERCICIO 11: PRESENTE Y PASADO PROGRESIVO

Instrucciones: Escribe la forma correcta del presente o pasado progresivo en los espacios. Pon atención a las frases que refieren el tiempo y traduce los enunciados al Espanñol.

1. I _am_ _sitting_ (sit) in class right now.

Spanish: Estoy sentado en clase en este momento(ahora mismo/justo ahora).

2. Carlita __________ ____________________ (wear) a white blouse and a blue skirt. Spanish: ______________________________________ 3. The bunnie _____ ________________ (jump) the

rope. Spanish: _____________________________________ 4. We __________ ____________________ (use) the

computer yesterday. Spanish: _____________________________________ 5. Samuel __________ ____________________ (wear) blue jeans and a sweat shirt. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________ 6. He __________ ____________________ (wear) sneakers, white socks, and a wristwatch. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________ 7. Jay __________ ____________________ (stand) in the middle of the room. Spanish: __________________________________________ 8. The monkey __________ ____________________ (paint) a

picture of a clown. Spanish: __________________________________________ 9. They __________ ____________________ (paint) the house

maroon and cream last weekend. Spanish: __________________________________________ 10. Alex __________ ____________________ (sit) in front of the screen. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________



EXERCISE 12: THE NEGATIVE FORM

Directions: Change the sentences to the negative form and translate the sentences to Spanish.

EJERCICIO 12: LA FORMA NEGATIVA Instrucciones: Cambia las oraciones a la forma negativa y tradácelas a Español.

1. The child is playing with the toys.

Change: The child is not playing with the toys. Translation: El niño no está jugando con los jugetes.

2. Your sister was playing in class last Tuesday. Change: _______________________________________________________ Translation: ____________________________________________________

3. Mercy was sleeping all morning today. Change: _______________________________________________________ Translation: ____________________________________________________

4. Mercy and Stephanie were preparing breakfast for us this morning. Change: _______________________________________________________ Translation: ____________________________________________________

5. Mario was working on his car yesterday afternoon. Change: _______________________________________________________ Translation: ____________________________________________________

6. Yessenia is asking a lot of questions. Change: _______________________________________________________ Translation: ____________________________________________________

7. Elvira is answering all the questions this afternoon today. Change: _______________________________________________________ Translation: ____________________________________________________

8. Letty is smailing today. Change: _______________________________________________________ Translation: ____________________________________________________



EXERCISE 13: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Directions: Write the correct form of the present progressive in the blanks. Answer the questions in your own words. Fill all the blanks and translate the sentences to Spanish.

EJERCICIO 13: PRESENTE Y PASADO PROGRESIVO

Instrucciones: Escribe la forma correcta del presente o pasado progresivo en los espacios. Pon atención a las frases que refieren el tiempo. Llena todos los espacios y traduce los enunciados al Espanñol.

1. What _is_ the elephant (do) _doing?

Answer: The elephant is reading the newspaper.

2. What __________ the _______________ (do) ____________________?

Answer: ___________________________________________________________

3. What __________ the _______________ (do) ____________________?

Answer: ___________________________________________________________



4. What __________ the _______________ (do) ____________________?

Answer: ___________________________________________________________

5. What __________ the _______________ and the _______________ (do) _______________?

Answer: ___________________________________________________________


Answer: ___________________________________________________________


Answer: ___________________________________________________________



4.9 THE FUTURE TENSE WITH BE + GOING TO EL TIEMPO FUTURO CON BE + GOING TO

Pronoun Future Future Spanish I am going to Yo voy a

You are going to Tu vas a He is going to El va a She is going to Ella va a It is going to Ese/aquel va a

We are going to Nosotros vamos a They are going to Ellos/ellas van a

To form the future tense with be + going to, you must write the verb to be in present (am-is-are) after the subject + the phrase going to + the object or another verb and an object. Para formar la negación escribes el sujeto + el verbo to be en presente (am-is-are) + la negación not + la frase going to + el objeto (complemento) o otro verbo y un objeto.

Affirmative: Negative:

I I You You He He

She (am-is-are) going to… She (am-is-are) not going to… It It We We They They

Questions Answers

Am I going to…? Are you going to…?

Yes, You are. No, you are not. Yes, I am. No, I am not.

Is he going to…? Is she going to…? Is It going to…?

he he Yes, she is. No, she is not it it

Are We going to…? Are they going to…?

we we Yes, they are. No, they are not.

FORMULAS:

S + be + going to + Place S + be + going to + V + … O



Examples: I am going to be in Florida next week. Yo voy a estar en Florida la próxima semana.

I am going to Florida next week. Yo voy a (ir a) Florida la próxima semana. Thomas is going to go to the airport at 5:00. Thomas va a ir al aeropuerto a las 5:00. Thomas is going to the airport at 5:00. Thomas va (a ir) al aeropuerto a las 5:00.

Veronica is going to work in this company. Veronica va a trabajar en esta compañia. Veronica is going to the plant. Veronica va (a ir) a la planta. We are going to dance in the wedding. Nosotros vamos a bailar en la boda. We are going to the wedding. Nosotros vamos a (ir) la boda. EXERCISE 14: THE FUTURE AFFIRMATIVE

Directions: Write the verb to be in the future tense and translate the sentences to Spanish. EJERCICIO 14: EL FUTURO AFIRMATIVO.

Direcciones: Escribe el verbo to be en el tiempo futuro y traduce las oraciones en Español.

1. All Students (be) ______are going to be______ in the next level next semester. Spanish: Todos los estudiantes van a estar en el siguiente nivel el semester que viene. 2. They (be) _______________________________ working for a good company. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

3. She (be) _______________________________ in the evening news. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

4. He _______________________________ (be) upset when he hears the news. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

5. It _______________________________ (be) all right if you bring the paper plates and glasses to the

party this Saturday. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

6. We _______________________________ (be) at the park this evening. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

7. They _____________________________ (be) in the cafeteria. Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________



4.10 THE NEGATIVE, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

To form the negative form you write the verb the subject + the verb to be in present (am-is-are) + the negative not + the phrase going to + the object or another verb and an object. Para forma el tiempo futuro con be + going to, tienes que escribir el verbo to be en presente (am-is-are) después del sujecto + la frase going to + y el objeto (complemento) o otro verbo y un objeto.

FORMULAS:

S + be + not + going to + Place S + be + not + going to + V + O

Examples: I am going to be in Florida next week. Yo voy a estar en Florida la próxima semana.

I am not going to be in Florida next week. Yo no voy a estar en Florida la próxima semana. Thomas is going to the airport at 5:00. Thomas va a ir al aeropuerto a las 5:00. Thomas is not going to the airport at 5:00. Thomas no va a ir al aeropuerto a las 5:00.

Veronica is going to work tomorrow. Veronica va a trabajar mañana. Veronica is not going to work tomorrow. Veronica no va a trabajar mañana. We are going to dance at the wedding. Nosotros vamos a bailar en la boda. We are not going to the wedding. Nosotros no vamos a ir a la boda. EXERCISE 15: THE NEGATIVE FORM

Directions: Write the future of be in affirmative, and then in negative. Use be going to, and translate them to Spanish in the two forms.

EJERCICIO 15: LA FORMA NEGATIVA Direcciones: Escribe el futuro de be en afirmativo, luego en negativo. Usa be going to y traducelas al Español en sus dos formas.

1. José Luis ___ is going to be _____ here today. Spanish: ______José Luis va a estar aquí hoy. ____________________________ Negative: _____Jose Luis is not going to be here today _____________________ Spanish: ______José Luis no va a estar aquí hoy. _________________________

2. She _______________________________ in the party tonight. Spanish: _______________________________________________________________ Negative: _____________________________________________________________ Spanish: _______________________________________________________________



3. You _______________________________ the supervisor for the second shift. Spanish: _______________________________________________________________ Negative: _____________________________________________________________ Spanish: _______________________________________________________________

4. All of us, _______________________________ be bilingual if we do our homework. Spanish: _______________________________________________________________

Negative: ____________________________________ be bilingual if we don’t do our homework. Spanish: _______________________________________________________________

5. The meat _______________________________ ready in three hours. Spanish: _______________________________________________________________ Negative: _____________________________________________________________ Spanish: _______________________________________________________________

6. The test _______________________________ easy if you study. Spanish: _______________________________________________________________ Negative: _________________________________________ if you don’t study. Spanish: _______________________________________________________________

7. The house _______________________________ locked when you come back from work. Spanish: _______________________________________________________________ Negative: _____________________________________________________________ Spanish: _______________________________________________________________

8. Aunt Lily _______________________________ here tomorrow afternoon. Spanish: _______________________________________________________________ Negative: _____________________________________________________________ Spanish: _______________________________________________________________



EXERCISE 16: THE QUESTION FORM

Directions: Use be + going to and the verb to be in its question form. Write them in Spanish.

EJERCICIO 16: LA FORMA DE PREGUNTA Direcciones: Usa be + going to y el verbo to be en pregunta. Escribelas en Español.

1. All the students are going to be in college next year. Spanish: __Todos los estudiantes van a estar en el colegio el próximo año__ Question: __Are all the students going to be in college next year?____________ 2. They _______________________________ working as engineers for the next six months. Spanish: _________________________________________________________________ Question: _________________________________________________________________

3. He _______________________________ studying during his vacations. Spanish: _________________________________________________________________ Question: _________________________________________________________________

4. We _______________________________ at your house about 9:00 o’clock tonight. Spanish: _________________________________________________________________ Question: _________________________________________________________________

5. We _______________________________ the owners of this property. Spanish: _________________________________________________________________ Question: _________________________________________________________________ 6. He _______________________________ the supervisor. Spanish: _______________________________________________________________ Question: _________________________________________________________________

7. The lawyer _______________________________ in court for your case. Spanish: _______________________________________________________________ Question: _________________________________________________________________



THE ANSWERS LAS RESPUESTAS

To give the short answers you write: Yes/No, plus the personal pronoun, plus the auxiliary. Para dar respuestas cortas escribes: Yes/No, mas el pronombre personal, mas el auxiliar.

Answers: Yes, + Pron + be. No, + Pron + be not

Examples: Are you going to be in class next week? Yes, I am. No, I am not. No, I’m not.

Is Cecilia going to be a doctor soon? Yes, she is. No, she is not.

Are Mark and Jane going to be in Odessa this weekend? Yes, they are. No, they are not. No, thery’re not… they aren’t.

EXERCISE 17: ANSWERS

Directions: Write the following sentences in Spanish and give answers. EJERCICIO 17: PREGUNTAS

Direcciones: Escribe las siguientes oraciones en Español y da las respuestas.

1. Is Helen going to be in this school next semester? Spanish: ¿Va a estar Helen en esta escuela el próximo semestre? Answers: Yes, she is. / No, she is not. / No, she’s not. / No, she isn’t.

2. Are they going to be in college next semester? Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________ Answers: ___________________________________________________________________

3. Is Karla going to be bilingual soon?

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________ Answers: ___________________________________________________________________

4. Am I going to be your partner in this team?

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________ Answers: ___________________________________________________________________

5. Are we going to be in level 2 next semester?

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________ Answers: ___________________________________________________________________



4.11 THE FUTURE TIME WITH BE GOING TO AND OTHER VERBS

EL TIEMPO FUTURO CON BE GOING TO Y OTROS VERBOS

EXERCISE 18: THE FUTURE: OTHER VERBS

Directions: Write the following sentences in future as indicated. Use the verbs in parentheses. Write them in Spanish.

EJERCICIO 18: EL FUTURO: OTROS VERBOS

Direcciones: Escribe las siguientes oraciones en futuro como se indica. Usa los verbos en paréntesis. Escríbelas en Español.

OPTIONAL

1. Angel and I ___are going to (go)____ (go) to the seconds this morning. Spanish: ___Angel y yo vamos a ir a las segundas ésta mañana.___ Negative: ___Angel and I are not going to go to the seconds this morning.___ Question: ___Are Angel and you going to go to the seconds this morning?_____ Answers: ___Yes, we are___ ___No, we are not__

2. We _______________________________ (buy) some movies for my wife.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________ Negative: ________________________________________________________________ Question: ________________________________________________________________ Answers: _______________________ ____________________________________

3. My daughter _____________________________________ (stay) home all day.


4. I ____________________________________ (take) the Van because it’s running fine.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________ Negative: __________________________________take the Van because it’s broken. Question: ________________________________________________________________ Answers: _______________________ ____________________________________



5. The computer ____________________________________ (check) the spelling of your letter.


6. The food ___________________________________ (be) ready in a few minutes.


7. Everybody ___________________________________ (eat) in 20 minutes.


8. The livingroom _______________________________ (be) painted orange.


9. I ____________________________ (go) to the store and ____________________________ (buy)

some groceries for us.




4.12 CONTRACTED VERB-PHRASES FRASES ABREVIADAS

Contracted phrases are shorter than normal phrases, and they are used very commonly.

Las frases abreviadas son más cortas que las normales y su uso es más común.

To be in present To be negative To be past negative I am I’m You are you’re He is he’s She is she’s It is it’s We are we’re They are they’re

I am not I’m not You are not you’re not or you aren’t He is not he’s not or he isn’t She is not she’s not or she isn’t It is not it’s not or it isn’t We are not we’re not or we aren’t They are not they’re not or they aren’t

I was not I wasn’t You were not you weren’t He was not he wasn’t She was not she wasn’t It was not it wasn’t We were not we weren’t They were not they weren’t

Present affirmative: Present negative: I am a teacher = I’m a teacher. I am not a technician = I’m not a technician. He is your brother = he’s your brother. You are not the leader = you’re not/you aren’t the leader. It is a component = it’s a component. He is not your brother = he’s not (he isn’t) your brother. They are good = they’re good. Mary is not my sister = Mary’s not (Mary isn’t) my sister. You are the leader = you’re the leader. It is not a flashlight = it’s not (it isn’t) a flashlight. Mary is my sister = Mary’s my sister. We are not operators = we’re not (we aren’t) operators. We are operators = we’re operators. They are not good = they’re not (they aren’t) good.

Past negative: I was not a teacher. I wasn’t a teacher.

You were not the leader. You weren’t the leader. He was not your brother. He wasn’t your brother. Mary was not my sister. Mary wasn’t my sister. It is not a component. It wasn’t a component. We were not operators. We weren’t operators. They were not bad people. They weren’t bad people.

EXERCISE 19: CONTRACTED VERB-PHRASES

Directions: Write the following sentences with the contracted form.

EJERCICIO 19: ABREVIATURAS DE LAS FRASES Y VERBOS. Direcciones: Escriba la forma abreviada de las siguientes oraciones.

1. She is the Biology teacher.

Contracted: _______She’s the Biology teacher. _____________________________

Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

2. They are waiting for us.

Contracted: ___________________________________________________________ Spanish: ____________________________________________________________



3. Susie is very busy.

Contracted: ___________________________________________________________

Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

4. It is raining so hard today.

Contracted: __________________________________________________________

Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

5. We are planning to go to Morelia on August.

Contracted: __________________________________________________________

Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

6. They are not going to the Zoo.

Contracted: __________________________________________________________

Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

7. I was not in the classroom two hours ago.

Contracted: __________________________________________________________

Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

8. Patty is not busy right now.

Contracted: __________________________________________________________ Spanish: ____________________________________________________________

9. She is the coordinator.


10. John is my cousin.


END OF LESSON 4



Lesson 5

Demonstrative Pronouns: this/that – these / those

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS

5.1 THE USE OF THIS & THAT

The meaning of this in Spanish is: este, esta esto (singular) El significado de this en Español es: este, esta esto (singular)

The speaker uses this/these when he/she is talking about a thing that is near to him/her.

El que habla (conferenciante) usa this/these cuando está hablando de una cosa que está cerca de él/ella. This chair – ésta silla that chair – esa / aquella silla This table – ésta mesa that table – esa / aquella mesa This desk – éste escritorio that desk – ese / aquel escritorio

This office – ésta oficina that office – esa / aquella oficina This book – éste libro that book – ese / aquel libro This pen – ésta pluma that pen – esa / aquella pluma (bolígrafo) This apple – ésta manzana that apple – esa / aquella manzana

Most of the time, this, that, and their plurals are commonly followed by the verb to be in present (is), and past (was).

La mayoría del tiempo, this, that, y sus formas plurales son comunmente seguidos por el verbo to be en presente (is), y en pasado (was).

This book = the book is near me That book = the book is not near me

This book is mine That book is yours



SINGULAR + SINGULAR + SINGULARE + SINGULAR SINGULAR + SINGULAR + SINGULARE + SINGULAR PRONOUN VERB ARTICLE NOUN PRONOUN VERB ARTICLE NOUN This + is + a + house that + is + a + house This is a chair – ésta es una silla That is a chair – esa / aquella es una silla. This is a table – ésta es una mesa That is a table – esa / aquella es una mesa. This is a desk – éste es un escritorio That is a desk – ese / aquel es un escritorio. This is an office – ésta es una oficina That is an office – esa / aquella es una oficina. This is a book – éste es un libro That is a book – ese / aquel es un libro. This is a blue pen – ésta es una pluma azul That is a blue pen – esa aquella es una pluma azul. This is an apple – ésta es una manzana That is an apple – esa / aquella es una manzana. 5.2 THE NEGATIVE FORM LA FORMA NEGATIVA

To create negative sentences with this/that, remember to write the negation not after the auxiliary verb be (is) or do (does). In this case is be.

Para crear oraciones negativas con this/that, recuerda que se escribe la negación not en seguida del verbo auxiliar be o do. En éste caso es be.

SINGULAR + SINGULAR + SINGULAR + SINGULAR SINGULAR + SINGULAR + SINGULAR + SINGULAR PRONOUN VERB ARTICLE NOUN PRONOUN VERB ARTICLE NOUN This + is not + a + house that + is not + a + house This is not a chair – ésta no es una silla. That is not a chair – esa / aquella no es una silla. This is not a table – ésta no es una mesa. That is not a table – esa / aquella no es una mesa. This is not a desk – éste no es un escritorio. That is not a desk – ese / aquel no es un escritorio. This is not an apple – ésta no es una manzana. That is not an apple – esa / aquella no es una manzana. This is not a radio – éste no es un radio. That is not a radio – ese / aquel no es un radio.

In cases when the noun-subject follows this/that, you also write the negation not after the auxiliary verbs be (is) or do (does).

En cases donde el sustantivo-sujeto sigue this/that, también escribes la negación not en seguida del verbo auxiliar be (is) o do (does).

SINGULAR SINGULAR SINGULAR OBJECT PRONOUN NOUN VERB NOUNS & ADJECTIVES This + house-car-etc + is-has-looks-etc + big-doors-beautiful- etc

This house is not big. Esta casa no es grande. This car does not have five doors. Este carro no tiene 5 puestas. This TV does not look big. Esta televisión no se ve grande. This radio does not need repairs. Este radio no necesita reparaciones. This grass is not green. Este pasto/sacate no está verde.



EXERCISE 1: USING: THIS/THAT

Directions: Write on the lines this is in the first blank, and that is in the negative form. Also write them in Spanish.

EJERCICIO 1: USANDO: THIS/THAT

Direcciones: Escribe en las lineas this is en el primer espacio y that is en la forma negativa. Tambien escríbelas en Español.

Example: What’s this: (tree)? Answer: This is a tree. That is a tree.

1: (Bus) ________________________________ 2: (House) ____________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

3: (movie) ______________________________ 4: (Photo) ______________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

5: (Orange) _____________________________ 6: (Hotel) ______________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

7: (Chair) ______________________________ 8: (Book) ______________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

9: (Car) ________________________________ 10: (Pen) ______________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

11: (Computer) __________________________ 12: (Horse) ____________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________



5.3 THE USE OF THESE & THOSE THE PLURAL FORM LA FORMA PLURAL

The speaker uses these or those plus a noun in plural, when he/she is talking about things that are near him/her. El que habla (conferenciante) usa these o those y un sustantivo en plural cuando está hablando de cosas que están cerca de él/ella.

Singular Plural

Este (a) esto this these estos (as) Ese (a), eso, aquel (lla) that those esos (as), aquellos (as) Es, está is are son, están No es / no está is not are not no son / no están

The verb to be in present. These chairs – éstas sillas those chairs – esas / aquellas sillas These tables – éstas mesas those tables – esas / aquellas mesas These apples – éstas manzanas those apples – esas / aquellas manzanas These oranges – éstas naranjas those oranges – esas / aquellas naranjas

Most of the time, these, those, and their plurals are commonly followed by the verb to be in present (are), and past (were).

La mayoría del tiempo, this, that, y sus formas plurales son comunmente seguidos por el verbo to be en presente (are), y en pasado (were).

PLURAL PLURAL PLURAL PLURAL PRONOUN VERB PARTICLE NOUN These/Those + are + two-five-some + cars – radios – desks – TV’s

many – a lot of – Ø* houses – apples – oranges – etc. These are the chairs for the conference room. Estas son las sillas para la sala de conferencias. Those are a lot of tables. Esas son muchas mesas. Those are many files. Esos son muchos archivos. These are some lessons for the class. Estas son algunas lecciomes para la clase. These are the new articles. Estos son los artículos nuevos. These are 15 questions. Estas son 15 preguntas. Those are the new people for this line. Esas son las personas nuevas para esta línea.

SINGULAR AND PLURAL OF THAT/THOSE

Affirmative: Negative: Question: Answers: That is a table. That isn’t a table. Is that a table? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t. That is a bedroom. That’s not a bedroom. Is that a bedroom? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t. That is a tree. That’s not a tree. Is that a tree? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t. That’s a building. That’s not a building. Is that a building? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t. Those are tables. Those aren’t tables Are those tables? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. Those are bees. Those aren’t bees. Are those bees? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. Those are chairs. Those aren’t chairs. Are those chairs? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.

*Meanings: Ø = nothing (nada) some = algunos – algunas – algo – algo de many = muchos (as) a lot of = mucho – mucha – muchos – muchas



EXERCISE 2: USING: THESE/THOSE

Directions: Write on the lines these are in the first blank, and those are in the negative form. Also write them in Spanish.

EJERCICIO 2: USANDO: THESE/THOSE

Direcciones: Escribe en las lineas these are en el primer espacio y those are en la forma negativa. Tambien escríbelas en Español.

Example: What are these (trees)? Answer: These are trees. Those are trees.

1: (pencils) __________________________ 2: (Hoses) ____________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

3: (movies) __________________________ 4: (Photos) _____________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

5: (Oranges) _________________________ 6: (beds) _______________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

7: (tables) ___________________________ 8: (notes) ______________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

9: (Cartoons) ________________________ 10: (Pins) ______________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

11: (Computers) ______________________ 12: (Houses) ___________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________

Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________



EXERCISE 3: USING: THIS-THESE/THAT-THOSE

Directions: Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses and translate the sentences to Spanish. .

EJERCICIO 3: USANDO: THIS-THESE/THAT-THOSE Direcciones: Completa las oraciones. Usa las palabras del paréntesis y traduce las a Español.

1. (This/These) these books belong to me. (That/Those) that book belongs to Kate. Translation: __________________________________________________________________

2. (This/These) ____________ coat is black. (That/Those) ____________ coats are tan. Translation: __________________________________________________________________

3. (This/These) ____________ earrings are gold. (That/Those) ____________ earrings are silver. Translation: __________________________________________________________________

4. (This/These) ____________ pencil belongs to Angel. (That/Those) ____________ pencil belongs to Alex. Translation: __________________________________________________________________

5. (This/These) ____________ words are easy to understand, but (That/Those) ____________ words on the board are hard. Translation: __________________________________________________________________

6. (This/These) ____________ sunglasses belong to me. (That/Those) ____________ sunglasses belong to you. Translation: __________________________________________________________________

7. (This/These) ____________ exercise is easy. (That/Those) ____________ exercises on the board are very difficult. Translation: __________________________________________________________________

8. Some students are sitting at (This/These) ____________ desks, but (That/Those) ____________ desks are empty. Translation: __________________________________________________________________

9. (This/These) ____________ grammar book on my desk belongs to Elvira, but (That/Those) ____________ book on ____________ table belongs to Tere.

Translation: __________________________________________________________________



5.4 THE QUESTION FORM LA FORMA DE PREGUNTA EXERCISE 4: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Directions: Write this, that, these, or those on the lines. Also write them in Spanish, questions, and answers.

EJERCICIO 4: PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS

Direcciones: Escriba this, that, these, o those sobre las lineas. Tambien escríbelas en Español, en preguntas y respuestas.

1. ___________________ a big house. Spanish: ________________________________________________________ Question: _______________________________________________________ Answers: _____________________ _______________________________

2. ______________ two cars __________ for sale.

PRONOUN VERB TO BE Spanish: ________________________________________________________ Question: _______________________________________________________ Answers: _____________________ _______________________________

3. _______________ pencils __________ for the students.

PRONOUN VERB TO BE Spanish: ________________________________________________________ Question: _______________________________________________________ Answers: _____________________ _______________________________

4. ___________________ the first book for beginners level I. Spanish: ________________________________________________________ Question: _______________________________________________________ Answers: _____________________ _______________________________

5. ___________________ a good lesson. Spanish: ________________________________________________________ Question: _______________________________________________________ Answers: _____________________ _______________________________



EXERCISE 5: THAT AND THOSE

Directions: Write that or those on the lines. Also write them in Spanish and negative. EJERCICIO 5: THAT Y THOSE

Direcciones: Escriba that o those en las lineas. Tambien escribelas en Español y negación.

1. ___________________ an apple. Negative: _______________________________________________________

Spanish: ________________________________________________________

2. ___________________ a dozen of eggs. Negative: _______________________________________________________

Spanish: ________________________________________________________

3. ___________________ the pencils for you. Negative: _______________________________________________________

Spanish: ________________________________________________________

4. ___________________ books are for the students. Negative: _______________________________________________________

Spanish: ________________________________________________________

5. ___________________ papers are for your boss. Negative: _______________________________________________________

Spanish: ________________________________________________________

6. ___________________ car is for you. Negative: _______________________________________________________

Spanish: ________________________________________________________

7. ___________________ desk is for the teacher. Negative: _______________________________________________________

Spanish: ________________________________________________________



EXERCISE 6: THE USE OF THIS AND THESE

Directions: Change the following sentences. If the sentence is in singular (this), change it to plural (these) or vice-versa. Change the verb to be and everything else as necessary.

EJERCICIO 6: EL USO DE THIS Y THESE

Direcciones: Cambia las siguientes oraciones. Si está en singular (this), cambiala a plural (these), o vice versa. Cambia el verbo to be y todo lo demás que sea necesario.

NOTE: When you change sentences or phrases from singular to plural or vice verse, you need to change the verb and all other words that need to be changed in order to have the whole sentence in agreement and common sense.

NOTA: Cuando cambies enunciados o frases de singular a plural o vice versa, necesitas cambiar el verbo y cualquier otra palabra que sea necesario cambiar para que la oración tenga armonia y sentido común.

Example: (singular) This is my book. (plural) These are my books.

1. These apples are expensive.

Change form: _________________________________________________________________ 2. This is a good marker.

Change form: _________________________________________________________________

3. I want this car for my son.

Change form: _________________________________________________________________

4. Miguel placed these boxes in those rooms.

Change form: _________________________________________________________________

5. These are some lessons for all of you.

Change form: _________________________________________________________________

6. Daniel took that package to the post office.

Change form: _________________________________________________________________

7. This is a truck.

Change form: _________________________________________________________________

8. Those are a lot of trucks.

Change form: _________________________________________________________________

9. That is a new TV set.

Change form: _________________________________________________________________



EXERCISE 7: THE USE OF: THAT AND THOSE

Directions: Translate all sentences to Spanish. Change them to their singular or plural form, whatever the case is. Convert them to their negative form. Change them to questions and give the short answers.

EJERCICIO 7: EL USO DE: THAT Y THOSE

Direcciones: Traduce todas las oraciones al Español. Cambialas a la forma singular o plural, cualquiera que sea el caso. Conviértelas a su forma negativa. Cámbialas a preguntas y da las respuestas cortas.

1. Those connections are difficult to do.

Spanish: _____Esas conecciones son dificiles de hacer _________ Change form: _____That connection is difficult to do_______________ Negative: _____That connection is not difficult to do____________ Question: _____Is that connection difficult to do? ___ _________ Answers: _____Yes, it is. No, it isn’t ______________

2. That glass is too thin.

Spanish: ________________________________________________

Change form: ________________________________________________

Negative: ________________________________________________

Question: ________________________________________________

Answers: ________________________________________________

3. That is a new car.

Spanish: ________________________________________________

Change form: ________________________________________________

Negative: ________________________________________________

Question: ________________________________________________

Answers: ________________________________________________ 4. Those children are playing basketball outside.

Spanish: ________________________________________________

Change form: ________________________________________________

Negative: ________________________________________________

Question: ________________________________________________

Answers: ________________________________________________

5. Those are the new workers.

Spanish: ________________________________________________

Change form: ________________________________________________

Negative: ________________________________________________

Question: ________________________________________________

Answers: ________________________________________________



5.5 THE PAST TENSE OF “THIS and THAT” In this case, the verb to be is the one that shows the time of the sentences.

Meanings of this, these, that, and those.

Singular Plural Este (a) esto this these estos (as) Ese (a), eso, aquel (lla) that those esos (as), aquellos (llas) Era, estaba was were eran, estaban

The verb to be in past

In a), b), c), and d), the verb is in the past time singular and negative forms. In e), f), g), and h), the verb is the past time, plural, and negative, forms.

a) This was a good present. b) Was this a good present? Yes, it was. No, it was not / wasn’t. c) This wasn’t a good present.

d) That was a good present. e) Was that a good present? Yes, it was. No, it was not / wasn’t. f) That wasn’t a good present.

g) These were good presents. h) Were these good presents? Yes, they were. No, they were not / weren’t. i) These weren’t good presents.

j) Those were good presents. k) Were those good presents? Yes, they were. No, they were not / weren’t. l) Those weren’t good presents.

EXAMPLES: EJEMPLOS:

Affirmative: Negative: Question: Answers: That was a broom. That was not a broom. Was that a broom? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t. That was a tree. That was not a tree. Was that a tree? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t. That was a desk. That was not a desk. Was that a desk? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.

Those were bees. Those weren’t bees. Were those bees? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t. Those were apples. Those weren’t apples. Were those apples? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t. Those were chairs. Those weren’t chairs. Were those chairs? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.

These formulas may be useful when answering the following exercises: Estas formulas pueden ser útiles cuando contestes los siguientes ejercicios:

PRESENT TENSE PRESENT TENSE SINGULAR + SINGULAR PLURAL + PLURAL SINGULAR + NOUN + SINGULAR PLURAL + NOUN + PLURAL this + is these + are this + table + is this + tables + are

PAST TENSE PAST TENSE SINGULAR + SINGULAR PLURAL + PLURAL SINGULAR + NOUN + SINGULAR PLURAL + NOUN + PLURAL this + was these + were this + table + was this + tables + were



5.6 NEGATIVE AND QUESTION FORMS FORFORMAS NEGATIVAS Y PREGUNTAS EXERCISE 8: THE USE OF: THIS AND THAT IN THE PAST

Directions: Translate the following sentences to Spanish. Change them to the past time. Translate them again. Convert them to their negative form. Change them to questions and give short answers.

EXERCISE 8: EL USO DE: THIS Y THAT EN EL PASADO

Direcciones: Tranduce los siguientes enunciados al Español. Cambialos al tiempo pasado. Traducelos otra vez. Conviértelos a la forma negativa. Cambialos a preguntas y da las respuestas cortas.

1. This is a new project.

Spanish: ____Este es un proyecto nuevo_______ Past: _____This was a new project__________ Spanish: ___Este era (o fue) un proyecto nuevo_ Negative: __This wasn’t a new project________ Question: __Was this a new project? _________ Answers: __Yes, it was___ __No, it wasn’t__

2. That light is broken.

Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________

Past: _____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

Negative: __________________________________________________________________

Question: __________________________________________________________________

Answers: _________________________ ______________________________________

3. This car is old.

Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________

Past: _____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

Negative: __________________________________________________________________

Question: __________________________________________________________________

Answers: _________________________ ______________________________________

4. That woman is tall.

Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________

Past: _____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

Negative: __________________________________________________________________

Question: __________________________________________________________________



5. Those cars are playing races. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________

Past: _____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

Negative: __________________________________________________________________

Question: __________________________________________________________________

Answers: _________________________ ______________________________________

6. These photos are clear. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________

Past: _____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

Negative: __________________________________________________________________

Question: __________________________________________________________________

Answers: _________________________ ______________________________________

7. That’s a nice ring. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________

Past: _____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

Negative: __________________________________________________________________

Question: __________________________________________________________________

Answers: _________________________ ______________________________________

8. This is your book. Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________

Past: _____________________________________________________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________

Negative: __________________________________________________________________

Question: __________________________________________________________________

Answers: _________________________ ______________________________________

END OF LESSON 5



Lesson 6

The Existance of Things: There is/There are

6.1 THE USE OF: THERE IS AND THERE ARE EL USO DE HAY (SINGULAR Y PLURAL) The meaning of “There is” in Spanish is: Hay (de haber en singular) As in this and that, the verb to be is used with there in present and past.

Como en this y that, el verbo to be se usa con there en presente y pasado.

SINGULAR FORM

SINGULAR SINGULARE COMPLEMENT - SINGULAR SINGULAR VERB ARTICLE NOUN AND ADJECTIVES There + is + a / an / one / 1 + nice house for sale at the corner of the street. ADJ N

There is a nice house for sale at the corner. Hay una casa bonita en venta en la esquina. There is a chair you can use to sit down. Hay una silla que puedes usar para sentarte. There is one bread on the table. Hay un pan en la mesa. There is a blue car outside the house. Is it yours? Hay un carro azul en frente de la casa. Es tuyo? There is a computer left for this project. Hay una computadora sobrante para éste proyecto. There is an old woman crossing the street. Hay una ancianita cruzando la calle. There is an orange box with new scissors. Hay una caja anaranjada con tijeras.

PLURAL FORM

PLURAL PLURAL COMPLEMENT - PLURAL PLURAL VERB PARTICLE NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

There + are + two-five-some + cars – radios – desks – TV’s many – a lot of – Ø* houses – apples – oranges – etc.

There are some nice houses for sale at the corner. Hay algunas casas bonitas en venta en la esquina. There are many chairs you can use to sit down. Hay muchas sillas que puedes usar para sentarte. There are candies on the table. Hay dulces en la mesa. There are blue cars in the Lincoln showroom. Hay carros azules en la sala de exibición de Lincoln There are a lot of computers left for this project. Quedan muchas computadoras para éste proyecto. There are many people crossing the street. Hay muchos ancianitos cruzando la calle. There are some bananas and apples in this basket. Hay algunos plátanos y manzanas en esta canasta.

*Ø means = nothing El cero significa que nada va en el espacio



THE NEGATIVE FORM ORACIONES NEGATIVAS

The negative form is created by placing the negation not/no after the auxiliary. Most of the time, the word any is used after the negation not in plural. In this case, the auxiliary verb be will be used.

La forma negative es creada colocando la negación not/no en seguida del auxiliar. La mayoría del tiempo, la palabra any es usada después de la negación not en plural. En éste caso, el verbo auxiliar to be sera usado. The word “no” is commonly used for negative sentences in informal speech. The word no is used after the verb. Negations not and no are not supposed to be used together. La palabra “no” es comunmente usada para oraciones negativas en habla informal. La palabra no se usa despué del verbo. Las negaciones not y no nunca van juntas.

PLURAL PLURAL COMPLEMENT - PLURAL PLURAL VERB NEGATION PARTICLE NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

There + is/are/was/were + not + a/an/one/two/five + cars / radios / desks / TV’s some/many/a lot of + houses / apples / oranges / etc.

There aren’t any nice houses for sale. No hay casas bonitas en venta. There isn’t any more sugar for the coffee. Ya no hay (no hay más) azucar para el café. There is no more bread on the table. Ya no hay pan en la mesa. There aren’t any DVD’s for sale in Best Buy. No hay ni un DVD en venta in BestBuy. There are no more items for this meeting. No hay más artículos para esta junta. There aren’t any chairs or tables for that room. No hay ninguna silla o mesas para esa sala. There aren’t pictures in this album. No hay fotos en este album. There isn’t a chair that match our table. No hay una silla que combine con nuestra mesa.

Singular Plural Es is are son Era was were eran

Hay (singular) there is there are Hay (plural) No hay (singular) there is not there are not No hay (plural)

Había (singular) there was there were Habia (plural) No había (singular) there was not there were not No habia (plural) EXERCISE 1: THERE IS – THERE ARE

Instructions: Write in the blanks there is or there are. Translate the sentences to Spanish and write them in their negative form.

EXERCISE 1: THERE IS – THERE ARE

Instrucciones: Escribe en los espacios there is o there are. Traduce los enunciados al Español y escríbelos en su forma negaativa.

1. There is a spot on that wall. Spanish: Hay una mancha en esa pared. Negative: There isn’t a spot on that wall.



2. ________________________ an orange on the table.

Spanish: _____________________________________________________________

Negative: _____________________________________________________________

3. ________________________ different models of houses in this neighborhood.

Spanish: _____________________________________________________________

Negative: _____________________________________________________________

4. In my back yard ________________________ a cat and a dog.

Spanish: _____________________________________________________________

Negative: _____________________________________________________________

5. In the conference room ________________________ two tables and twenty chairs.

Spanish: _____________________________________________________________

Negative: _____________________________________________________________

6. ___________________________ only one store in this ranch.

Spanish: _____________________________________________________________

Negative: _____________________________________________________________

7. ___________________________ five different kinds of schools that you can go.

Spanish: _____________________________________________________________

Negative: _____________________________________________________________

8. ___________________________ two coins in the little box.

Spanish: _____________________________________________________________

Negative: _____________________________________________________________

9. ___________________________ a good book in the shelf.

Spanish: _____________________________________________________________

Negative: _____________________________________________________________



6.2 THE QUESTION AND ANSWER FORMS PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS

Examples of questions and answers: (singular and plural).

Is there a good movie on TV right now? Yes, there is. No, there isn’t. Are there good shows at the movies? Yes, there are. No, there aren’t Is there a chair in the other room? Yes, there is one. No, there isn’t any. Are there some tools I can use? Yes, there are some. No, there aren’t any. Is there a video camera in that store? Yes, there is one. No, there isn’t any.

EXERCISE 2: THERE IS – THERE ARE

Instructions: Write in the blanks there is or there are as questions and give the short answers. EXERCISE 2. THERE IS – THERE ARE

Instrucciones: Escribe en los espacios there is o there are como preguntas y da las respuestas cortas.

1. _______Is there_________________ a picture on the wall? Answers: ___Yes, there is___________ _______No, there is not________________

2. ________________________ an orange on that table? Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

3. ________________________ different models of houses? Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

4. ________________________ a cat and a dog in my back yard?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

5. ________________________ two tables and twenty chairs in the conference room?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

6. __________________ a nice car in front of your house? Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

7. _______________________ two computers on sale in CompUSA store?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

8. _______________________ a nice movie at the movie theatre?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________



9. _______________________ a coat for me in this house? I’m cold.

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

10. _______________________ enough drinks for party tonight?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

11. _______________________ a problem with these papers?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

12. _______________________ a red chair in this conference-room?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

13. _______________________ two boards in this room?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

14. _______________________ six hundred employees in this company?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

15. _______________________ a train to Portland?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

16. _______________________ a plane to Cancun for this afternoon?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

17. _______________________ five, or six sizes of bowls?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

18. _______________________ good shoes at the shoe store?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

19. _______________________ a change to win the game?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________

20. _______________________ any new bags in the warehouse?

Answers: ________________________ _____________________________________



6.3 THE PAST TENSE: THERE WAS and THERE WERE

You write was / were to make sentence in past. Se escribe was / were para hacer oraciones en pasado.

Verb to be There was había past time (singular) There were había past time (plural)

In a) and b), the verb is in the past time singular, and negative forms. In c) and d), the verb is the past time plural, and negative, forms.

a) There was a present for you in the livingroom. b) There wasn’t a present for you in the livingroom. c) There were some presents for you in the livingroom. d) There weren’t any presents for you in the livingroom.

Singular Plural

Habia (de existencia) singular there was there were Habia (de existencia) plural

The verb to be in past

Examples with affirmative and negative. Ejemplos con afirmativo y negativo.

Affirmative Negative

There was a nice office upstairs. There wasn’t a nice office upstairs. There were some nice offices upstairs. There weren’t any nice offices upstairs. There were 2 opinions about the solution. There weren’t 3 opinions about the solution. There was one solution to the problem. There wasn’t a solution to the problem.

6.4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Examples with questions and answers: (singular and plural). Ejemplos con preguntas y respuestas (singular y plural)

Were there good movies on TV? Yes, there were. No, there weren’t. Was there a good movie on TV? Yes, there was. No, there wasn’t. Was there an apple left in the bowl? Yes, there was. No, there was not. Were there 2 reports on your desk? Yes, there were. No, there were not. Were there any tables in cafeteria? Yes, there were. No, there weren’t. Were there any chairs in that room? Yes, there were. No, there weren’t. Was there any sugar for the coffee? Yes, there was. No, there was not.



EXERCISES 3: THERE WAS AND THERE WERE.

Directions: Translate the sentences to Spanish. Change them to the past tense and translate them again. Write them in their negative form. Also write them in questions and give answers.

EXERCISES 3: THERE WAS AND THERE WERE.

Directions: Traduce las oraciones al Español. Cambialas al tiempo pasado y tradúcelas otra vez. Escribelas a la forma negativa. Escribelas en preguntas y respuestas.

1. There is a car in front of your house.

Spanish: Hay un carro en frente de tu casa. Past tense: There was a car in front of your house. Spanish: Habia un carro en frente de tu casa. Negative: There wasn’t a car in front of your house. Question: Was there a car in front of your house? Answers: Yes, there was. No, there wasn’t.

2. There are new TV shows on weekends.

Past tense: _____________________________________________________________ Spanish: _____________________________________________________________ Negative: _____________________________________________________________ Question: _____________________________________________________________ Answers: ______________________ ____________________________________

3. There is a child playing football in the field.


4. There are two answers for this question.

Past tense: _____________________________________________________________ Spanish: _____________________________________________________________

Negative: _____________________________________________________________ Question: _____________________________________________________________ Answers: ______________________ ____________________________________



5. There is an easy way to answer this book.


6. There are three apple trees for sale.


7. There is a black mark on my notebook.


8. There are three error in your examination.


END OF LESSON 6



Lesson 7

Adjectives & Nouns

7.1 USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS

USANDO ADJETIVOS PARA DERCRIBIR SUSTANTIVOS

(a) Las palabras que describen sustantivos se llaman adjetivos. En (a): "good" es un adjetivo pero algunas veces es usado como adverbio cuando se usa después del verbo to be. Describe (califica) a la parabra (noun) book. Describe que clase de libro es.

(b)(c)(d) Decimos que los adjetivos “modifican” a los nombres (sustantivos). “Modificar” significa “un pequeño cambio.” Un adjetivo cambia el singificado de un sustantivo, dando más información acerca de él. (e) Los adjetivos no son ni singular ni plural. Ellos NO TIENEN la forma plural. Vea el ejemplo e). (f)(g)(h) Los adjetivos usualmente se colocan inmediatamente antes del nombre (sustantivo), como se indica en f). Los adjetivos pueden tambien estar en seguida del verbo principal be, como en g) y h).

Note: Adjectives must be always written before the noun except for the verb to be. In this case the adjective comes after the verb to be as in the second example, but they are AND NEVER in plural. Nota: Los adjetivos siempre deben escribirse antes del sustantivo excepto por el verbo to be. En este caso el adjetivo va en seguida del verbo to be, pero NUNCA en plural.

Adj N Adj N

Examples: That’s a tall tree. That’s a glass door. Adj Adj N Adj Adj N

That’s a tall and wide tree. That’s a nice blue door.



EXERCISE 1: Adjectives.

Instructions: Underline and identify adjectives (ADJ) in the sentences. Translate the sentences to Spanish.

EXERCISE 1: Adjectivos. Instrucciones: Subraya e identifica los adjectivos (ADJ) en las oraciones. Tradúcelas a Español

ADJ 1. The students wrote long compositions.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

2. Deserts are dry.

Spanish: _________________________________

3. Crocodiles have big teeth.

Spanish: _________________________________

4. Knives are sharp.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

5. Dark places frighten small children.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

6. The audience laughed at the funny joke.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

7. Sensible people wear comfortable shoes.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

8. Steve cleaned the refrigerator with soapy water.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

9. The local police searched the car for illegal drugs.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

10. Before the development of agriculture, primitive people gathered wild plants for food.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

11. Old people walk slower than when they were young people.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________



12. Young people can run fast.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

13. Samantha wants to buy a small car for college.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

14. Get the blue suit instead of the green one.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

15. It’s cold outside. Bring your big blue coat.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

16. Let’s go swimming. Bring your red and nice bathing suit.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

17. We have a big problem with the car.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

18. We bought three red sweaters

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

19. Yesterday, Narciso couldn’t stop at the stop sign, so he got a ticket and paid a fine.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

20. In the future, he will be careful with the stop signs and with traffic lights.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

21. My family has a big house.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

22. That house has a big vegetable garden in the backyard.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

23. Juanito, put these sandwiches in your backpack.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

24. Mercie is going to the grocery store to buy milk, bread, eggs, and some ham.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________



EXERCISE 2: Adjectives.

Instructions: Make sentences, using TWO adjectives. Choose two out of the three adjectives from each item and translate the created sentences to Spanish.

EXERCISE 2: Adjectivos. Instrucciones: Construye oraciones, usando DOS adjetivos. Escoge dos de los tres adjetivos de cada artículo y traduce los enunciados creados al Español.

1. Roses are flowers. (Beautiful, safe, red) Red roses are beautiful flowers. Las rosas son flores. Rosas rojas son flores hermosas.

2. Rain fell from the clouds. (Dark, cold, dry)

Created: __________________________________________________________________

Spanish: __________________________________________________________________

3. The waiter poured coffee into my cup. (Empty, wet, hot)

Created: __________________________________________________________________

Spanish: __________________________________________________________________

4. The girl in the dress was looking for a telephone. (Easy, blue, young)

Created: __________________________________________________________________

Spanish: __________________________________________________________________

5. Annie sleeps on a bed in a room. (Quiet, sharp, soft)

Created: __________________________________________________________________

Spanish: __________________________________________________________________

6. Mrs. Fox gave the children some fruit. (Fresh, clean, hungry)

Created: __________________________________________________________________

Spanish: __________________________________________________________________

7. When Tom was getting a haircut, the barber accidentally cut Tom’s ear with the scissors.

(square, unexperienced, right)

Created: __________________________________________________________________

Spanish: __________________________________________________________________

8. Michelle dresses her babies vith shirts and pants. (blue, meat, white)

Created: __________________________________________________________________

Spanish: __________________________________________________________________



EXERCISE 3: Adjectives and nouns.

Instructions: Don’t look at Part II bellow. First, write the words asked for in Part I. don’t use the same word twice. Then turn the page and use the words you used in this page, on the blanks of Part II.

EXERCISE 3: Adjectivos y sustantivos (nombres).

Instrucciones: No vea Part II abajo. Primero escribe las palabras que se piden en Parte I. No uses la misma palabra dos veces. Luego escribe las palabras que escribíste, cada una deacuerdo al numero en la historia de la parte II.

1. An adjective _____________________ 6. An adjective ______________________ 2. A name _________________________ 7. An adjective ______________________

3. A plural noun ____________________ 8. A preposition of place ______________

4. A plural noun ____________________ 9. An adjective _____________________

5. A singular noun __________________ 10. A plural noun ___________________

PART II. Write the words on your list in the blanks. Some of your completions might be a little old and funny. Read your completed passage aloud to the rest of the class. One day, a/an ______________ girl was walking in the city. Her name was _______________. 1 2 She was carrying a package for her grandmother. It contained some _________________________, 3 some ______________________, and a/an ___________________________, among other things. 4 5 As she was walking down the street, a/an ____________________ thief stole her package. The 6 _______________________ girl pulled out her cell phone and called the police, who caught the thief 7 _______________________ a nearby building and returned her package to her. She took it 8 immediately to her ________________________ grandmother, who was glad to get the package.

9 because she really needed some new ________________________________. 10



7.2 USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES

Sometimes words that are frequently used as nouns are also used as adjectives. For example, flower is usually a noun, but in a) it is used as an adjective to modify garden. When a noun is used as an adjective, it is in singular form, NOT PLURAL.

Algunas palabras que son frecuentemente usadas como sustantivos pueden ser usadas como adjetivos tambien. Por ejemplo, flower (flor) es generalmente un sustantivo, pero en a) es usada como adjetivo para describir garden (jardín). Cunado un sustantivo es usado como adjetivo, se usa en la forma singular, NUNCA EN PLURAL.

Some compound nouns are written together as in g). shoelaces Algunos adjetivos son escritos juntos como en g).

a) I have a flower garden. e) I need to go to work right now. Where are my car keys? b) The shoe store also sells socks. f) Leave the house keys in the plant in front of the window. c) INCORRECT: a flowers garden. g) Carlitos, I told you to tie your shoelaces. d) INCORRECT: the shoes store. h) I put all the files you gave me in the file cabinet.

EXERCISE 4: Using nouns as adjectives.

Instructions: Underline and identify the nouns (N). Use the noun in the first sentence as an adjective and write a second sentence. You can star with It/Hhe/She is… They/We/You are…Whatever applies. Also write them in Spanish.

EXERCISE 4: Usando nombres y adjetivos. Instrucciones: Subraya e identifica los sustantivos con N. Usa el sustantivo del primer enunciado y escribe una segunda oracion. Puedes empezar con: It/He/She is… They/We/You are… Lo que aplique. Tambien escribelas en Español.

N N ADJ N 1. This book is about grammar. Second sentence: It is a grammar book.

2. My garden has vegetables. Second: It is a ____________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________________________

3. The program is on television. Second: It is a ____________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________________________

4. The soup has onions. Second: It is an ___________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________________________

5. I read a lot of articles in the newspaper. Second: They are __________________________

Spanish: ___________________________________________________

6. This factory makes a lot of automobiles. Second: It is an ___________________________ Spanish: ___________________________________________________

7. The lesson concerned history. Second: It is a ____________________________ Spanish: ___________________________________________________

8. My professor teaches English. Second: He is an __________________________ Spanish: ___________________________________________________



• IMPORTANT NOTE: Most of the time, when a sentence begins with a common noun (not an

official proper noun), it is supposed to be in plural form and the verb is in its original base form. • NOTA IMPORTANTE: La mayoría del tiempo, cuando un enunciado comienza con un nombre

(sustantivo) común (no un nombre propio-oficial), se supone que debe estar en su forma plural y el verbo está en la forma base (plural-original.)

EXERCISE 5: Review: Fixing plural nouns.

Instructions: These sentences contain many mistakes in noun usage. Find the noun. Make the nouns PLURAL whenever possible and appropriate. Do not change any other words (verbs). Translate them.

EJERCICIO 5: Repaso: Corrigiendo sustantivos plurales.

Instrucciones: Estos enunciados contienen muchos errores en el uso de sustantivos. Encuentra los sustantivos y conviertelos en plural cuando sea posible y apropiado. No cambies los verbos. Traduce los enunciados.

-S -S

1. Bird are interesting animal. Birds are interesting animals.

Spanish: Las aves son animales interesantes. 2. There are around 8,600 kind of bird. Fixed sentence: __________________________________ Spanish: _______________________________________

3. Bird hatch from egg. Baby bird stay in their nest for several

week or month. Their parent feed them until they can fly.

Fixed sentence: __________________________________ Spanish: ________________________________________

4. People eat chicken egg. Some animal eat bird egg.

Fixed sentence: _________________________________________________________________ Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

5. Fox and snake are natural enemy of bird. They eat bird and their egg. Fixed sentence: _________________________________________________________________ Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

6. Some bird eat only seed and plant. Other bird eat mainly insect and earthworm. Fixed sentence: _________________________________________________________________ Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________



7. Weed are unwanted plant. They prevent farm crop or garden flower from growing properly. Bird

help farmer by eating weed seed and harmful insect. Fixed sentence: ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Spanish: _________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

8. Rat, rabbit, and mouse can cause huge loss on farm by eating stored crop. Certain big bird like hawk

help farmer by hunting these animal. Fixed sentence: ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Spanish: _________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

9. The feather of certain kind of bird are used in pillow and mattress. The soft feather from goose are

often used for pillow and quilt. Goose feather are also used in winter jacket. Fixed sentence: ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Spanish: _________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

10. The wing feather from goose were used as pen from the sixth century to the nineteenth century, when steel pen were invented.

Fixed sentence: __________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Spanish: _______________________________________

______________________________________________________________________



EXERCISE 6: Review: Nouns.

Instructions Part I: Find the nouns and underline them. Make them plural when necessary. After fixing the nouns, write the story below with the correct plural nouns in a separate paper and translation it.

EXERCISE 6: Repaso de los sustantivos Instrucciones: Encuentra los sustantivos y subrayalos. Conviértelos en plural cuando sea necesario. Después de arreglar los sustantivos, escribe la historia abajo o en otro papel y traduce la historia.

Whale look like fish, but they aren’t fish. They are mammal. Mouse, tiger, and human being are

other example of mammal. Whale are intelligent animal like dog and chimpanzee. Even though they live in sea, ocean, and river, whale are not fish. Fish lay egg and do not feed their offspring. Mammal give birth to live to their offspring and feed them.

There are many kind of whale. Most whale are huge creature. The largest whale are called Blue Whale. They can grow up to 100 foot (30 meter) in length and can weigh up to 150 ton (135,000 kilogram). Blue whale are much larger than elephant and larger than any of the now extinct dinosaur. The heart of an adult blue whale is about the size of a compact car. Its main blood vessel, the aorta, is large enough for a person to crawl through.

Human being have hunted and killed whale since ancient times. Aside from people, whale have no natural enemy. Today many people are trying to stop the hunting of whale.

Instructions Part II: Write the story in the correct form. Escribe en seguida, la historia en la forma correcta.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Instructions Part III: Write the story in Spanish on another piece of paper. Escribe la historia en Español en otra hoja de papel.



7.3 MORE ADJECTIVES

Adjectives modify nouns.

You can modify a noun by using adjectives related with size, color, type, kind, and form.

Note: Adjectives must be always written before the noun AND NEVER in plural.

EXAMPLES Adj N Adj N

That’s a tall tree. That’s a glass door.

One sentence can have one or more than one adjective.

Adj Adj N Adj Adj N That’s a tall and wide tree. That’s a nice blue door.

COMMON ADJECTIVES AND THEIR OPPOSITES ADJECTIVIOS COMUNES Y SUS OPUESTOS OTHER ADJECTIVES NATIONALITIES Beautiful-ugly good-bad angry important American Mexican Big-little happy-sad bright intelligent Canadian Egyptian Big-small sour-sweet free nice Chinese Korean Large- small cheap-expensive busy interesting Italian French Clean-dirty long-short delicious kind Brazilian English Cold-hot old-new favorite nervous Japanese European Dangerous-safe old-young fresh ripe Indonesian Australian Dry-wet poor-rich honest serious Saudi Arabian Indian Easy-difficult easy-hard hungry wonderful South African British High-low up-down brave soft Puerto Rican Malaysian EXERCISE 7: Adjectives and nouns.

Directions: Write the adjectives and nouns in parenthesis in their correct form. EJERCICIO 7: Adjetivos y sustantivos Instrucciones: Escribe los adjetivos y sustantivos que están en los parenthesis en su forma correcta.

1. I have a ___big and green tree_________ in front of my house. (Big, tree, green)

Spanish: Yo tengo un árbol grande y verde en my casa. 2. This is a ______________________ (dress, beautiful).

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

3. I bought a ______________________ (blue, car).

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________ 4. My sister has two ___________________ (pets, small) in her house.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

5. That ________________ (tree, big) gives us a nice shadow.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________



6. I just bought a ______________________________ (house new).

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

7. I have a ______________________________ (small computer).

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

8. My son has a ______________________________ (computer, big).

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

9. I bought two (nice, toys, very) ___________________________ for my grandson.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

10. Carmen got _____________________ (grades, good) from school.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

11. Mrs. Ramirez is an (teacher efficient) _______________________________________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

12. That’s a (big, truck) _____________________________________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

13. Please give me the (keys, car) ________________________. I’m going to the store.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

14. The TV is (big, nice) ___________________________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

15. Marcy drives an (Van, old) _______________________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

16. My daughter likes (music, country) __________________________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

17. We go to the (city museum) __________________________every month.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________



7.4 MODIFIERS GOOD AND WELL

Good is an adjective and most of the time modifies a noun. Well is usually used as an adverb and modifies a verb. Well is occasionally used as an adjective after sickness. It is used when it means to be in good health.

Good es un adjetivo y la mayor parte del tiempo modifica al sustantivo. Well es usualmente usado como adverbio y modifica al verbo.

Well es ocasionalmente usado como adjetivo hablando de enfermedad. Es usado para significar estar en buena salud.

Examples: She is a good worker. You work well.

He is a good cook. She cooks well. Mike was sick yesterday, but today he is well.

EXERCISE 8: GOOD AND WELL

Directions: Write the adjectives in their correct form. EJERCICIO 8: GOOD AND WELL

Direcciones: Escribe los adjetivos en su forma correcta.

1. She plays the piano _______________________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

2. He is a _________________________ student.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

3. This pen does not work ___________________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

4. These exercises are ___________________ for us.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

5. I was sick for a few days, but now I am ____________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

6. This new pen writes ____________________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

7. It is really a very __________________ pen.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________ 8. We congratulate him for his ____________________ work.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________



9. Ray plays tennis _________________________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

10. Her husband is also a ______________________ tennis player.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

11. She speaks English _____________________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

12. You are a _________________________ nurse.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

13. Dave dances real ___________________________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

14. His sister is also a ____________________ dancer.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

15. They are _______________________ cooks.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

16. He works on computers. He does a __________________ job.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

17. I like the guitar. I play it pretty ____________________.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

18. She is a _________________ person.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

19. When we eat outdoors, we usually go to “La Cabaña.” They cook real _______________.

So they serve _______________ food.

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________

20. The food in La Cabaña restaurant is _______________

Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________



7.5 MODIFIERS WITH: “ly”

Adverbs modify verbs: We can form many adverbs by adding “ly” to an adjective. Los adverbios modifican a los verbos. Podemos formar muchos adverbios agregando “ly” al adjetivo. When a Word ends in “y,” you change the “y” for the “i” before adding –ly. Cuando una palabra termina en “y,” cambias la “y” por la “i” antes de agregar –ly.

soft – softly quick – quickly rapid – rapidly easy – easily slow – slowly prompt – promptly

Notice the difference between an adjective and an adverb. Date cuenta de la diferencia entre un adjetivo y un adverbio.

a) Joe is a slow driver. (adj) c) Pedro and Jimmy work very fast. (adj) b) He drives very slowly. (adv) d) They do their job rapidly. (adv)

There are some verbs that can be used as adjectives and adverbs when they are modified. Hay algunos verbos que pueden ser usados como adjetivos y adverbios cuando son modificados. care – careful – carefully success – successful – successfully

We can use a few words like fast, hard, late, and low as either adjectives or adverbs without any changes in its form. The adverbs come after the verbs. Podemos usar algunas palabras como fast, hard, late, y low como adjetivos o adverbios sin ningún cambio en su escritura. Los adverbios van antes después del verbo.

EXERCISE 9: MODIFIERS: -FUL, -LY, -GOOD, -WELL.

Directions: Work on the following sentences supplying the modifier adjective- adverb in parenthesis. Do the modifications with: full or ly or both when necessary. Also use good/well when necessary and translate them to Spanish.

EJERCICIO 9: MODIFICAADORES: -FUL, -LY, -GOOD, -WELL.

Direcciones: Trabaja en los siguientes enunciados proveyendo el adjetivo-adverbio modificador en parenthesis. As las modificaciones con full o ly. Tambiém usa good/well cuando sea necesario y tradúcelas al Español.

1. She is a (care) _careful_ student. Spanish: Ella es una estudiante cuidadosa. 2. She always does her homework (care) __________________. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________ 3. The baseball player hits the ball ____________________ (hard). Spanish: ___________________________________________________________



4. You should drive ___________________ (slow) along this dangerous road. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________ 5. The Lakers basketball players play ____________________ (good/well). Spanish: ___________________________________________________________ 6. The Lakers are ________________________basketball players (good/well). Spanish: ___________________________________________________________ 7. Teresa thinks that this lesson isn’t __________________________ (easy). Spanish: ___________________________________________________________ 8. Her brother is l`earning his lesson ____________________ (rapid). Spanish: ___________________________________________________________ 9. Mr. Gonzalez has a _______________________ (permanent) visa. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________ 10. He hopes to remain in this country ____________________ (permanent). Spanish: ___________________________________________________________ 11. I can do all of these grammar exercises __________________________ (easy). Spanish: ___________________________________________________________ 12. Tania is a __________________________ (success) woman. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________ 13. I __________________________ (hard) understand these questions. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________ 14. These exercises are __________________________ (difficult) to do. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________ 15. I ___________________ (hard) understand these lesson. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________

END OF LESSON 7



Lesson 8

Possessive Nouns

POSSESSIVE NOUNS

Apostrophes have three functions: to form possessives, to allow contractions, and in a few contexts, to precede s in plurals. By far the most common of the three, however is to indicate possession. Apóstrofes tienen tres funciones: para formar posesivos, permite abreviaturas, y en pocos contextos, para indicar plurals. Sin embargo, el más común de los tres es para indicar posesión.

An apostrophe ( ’ + an s ) are used with nouns to show possession. -’s NOUN + ( ’s ) + PROPERTY Un apóstrofe ( ’ y una s ) son usados con nombres o sustantivos para mostrar posesión. -’s

The general rules for showing possessive with apostrophes follow this: Las reglas generales para mostrar posesión con apóstrofes son las siguientes:

8.1 Possessive form for singular nouns without ‘s NOUN + ( ’s ) + PROPERTY

SINGULAR: I know that student’s name. I know that child’s name.

The grammatical term for possession refers to such relationships as ownership, origin, and measurement – Claudia’s house, the professor’s approval, week’s vacation. Some pronouns have special possessive forms: my/mine, your/yours, his, etc. El término gramatical para posesión refiere a una relación, origen y medida… Claudia’s house, the professor’s approval, week’s vacation. Algunos pronombres tienen una forma especial de posesión… my/mine, your/yours, his, etc.

• Add ’s to most singular nouns and singular indefinite pronouns. • Agrega ’s a la mayoría de los sustantivos y pronombres singulars infinitivos.

Doctor doctor’s diagnosis. Everybody everybody’s responsibility. Someone someone’s parking space. Teacher teacher’s instructions. The mechanic the mechanic’s advice.



Examples:

When we went to the hospital the nurse gave us the diagnosis of the doctor. Possessive: When we went to the hospital the nurse gave us the doctor’s diagnosis.

It is the responsibility of everybody to send the products on time and with the best quality to our customers.

Possessive: It is everybody’s responsibility to send the products on time and with the best quality to

our customers. 8.2 Possessive form for singular nouns ending with -s NOUNS + ( ’ ) + PROPERTY

SINGULAR: Luis I know Luis’ house.

• Add only ’ to singular proper nouns ending with –s, but the ending sound is like -es. This rule also applies to nouns that don’t end with “s,” but the ending sound is like “s” (e.g., else)

• Agrega solo ’ a nombres propios singulars que finalizan en –s, pero el sonido final es como –es. Esta regla aplica también a los sustantivos que no terminan en “s,” pero el sonido final es como “s” (ejemplo, else - éols).

PRONUNCIATION

Jesus Jesus’ teachings. (Jesúses tichings) Moses Moses’ leadership. (Móseses lidership) Aristophanes Aristophanes’ play. (Aristófeneses plei) Luis Luis’ cell phone. (Luíses cel fon) Carlos Carlos’ birthday. (Carloses berdei)

The leadership of Moses was a good example to follow.

Possessive: Moses’ leadership was a good example to follow.

The cell phone of Luis didn’t have any air-time. Possessive: Luis’ cell phone didn’t have any air-time.

To other nouns ending with x and z, you add only the apostrophy and the final sound is –es. A otros sustantivos que terminan en x y z, solo agregas el apostrophe y también el sonido final es –es. EXAMPLES WITH PRONUNCIATION Felix’ boat (Félixes bout) Mr. Vertiz’ house (Mister Vértizes haose) El barco de Luis La casa del Señor Vértiz Luis’ game (Luises geim) Jesus’ store (Jesuses stor)

El juego de Luis La tienda de Jesus

Jesus’ Mount Sermon (Llíseses Máont Sérmon) El Sermón del Monte de Jesucristo



8.3 Possessive form for plural nouns without –s NOUNS + ( ’ ) + PROPERTY

• Add ’s to plural common nouns that do not end with s. • Agrega -’s a los nombres communes plurales que no finalizan en –s.

Oxen oxen’s yoke Children children’s toys Bacteria bacteria’s behavior Alumni alumni’s invention Sheep sheep’s pasture.

The farmer couldn’t put the yoke of the oxen on the animals.

Possessive: The farmer couldn’t put the oxen’s yoke on the animals.

The toys of the children are in their closet. Possessive: The children’s toys are in their closet.

8.4 Possessive form for plural nouns with –s PLURAL NOUN + ( ’s ) + PROPERTY

PLURAL: Drivers. The drivers’ permits are in my office.

• Add ’ to plural common nouns that end with -s. • Agrega ’ a nombres communes plurales que finalizan en –s.

Teachers teachers’ pay Drivers drivers’ training school Six months six months’ pay Trees trees’ roots.

Example: Taylor school is the school for the drivers. Possessive: Taylor school is the drivers’ school.

Example: The roots of the tree are above the groun. Possessive: The trees’ roots are above the groun.

Example: The pay of the teachers is every other week. Possessive: The teachers’ pay is every other week.



8.5 Possessive form for phrases with one owner-one property (NOUN + NOUN)’s + PROPERTY

• Add ’s or ’ to the last name of a phrase only to indicate join possession. • Agrega ’s o ’ al ultimo nombre de una frase solo para indicar la misma posesión.

Editor in chief editor in chief’s opinion. Attorney general attorney general’s decisions. No one else. No one else’s business

The decision of the Attorney General sent Michael to prison.

Possessive: The Attorney General’s decision sent Michael to prison.

This problem is the business of no one else, but ours Possessive: This problem is no one else’s business, but ours.

The art of the children got the first place of all terms.

Possessive: The children’s art got the first place of all terms. 8.6 Possessive form for phrases with two or more owners – same property

NOUN + NOUN’s + SAME PROPERTY OR NOUN + NOUN + NOUN’s + SAME PROPERTY

• Add ’s or ’ to the last name of two different names only to indicate join possession. • Agrega ’s o ’ al ultimo nombre de dos diferentes nombres solo para indicar la misma posesión.

Lebanon and Syria Lebanon and Syria’s disagreement. Crick and Watson Crick and Watson’s discovery. Juniors and misses juniors and misses’ department.

The dorms of the boys and girls are in the fifth floor.

Possessive: The boys and girls’ dorms are the in the fifth floor.

The politics of the city and the state are alike. Possessive: The city and state’s politics are alike

8.7 Possessive form for phrases with different owners and different properties

NOUN’s + NOUN’s + DIFFERENT PROPERTY OR NOUN’s + NOUN’s + NOUN’s + PROPERTY

• Add ’s or ’ to each name to indicate individual possession of more than one noun. • Agrega ’s o ’ al cada nombre de dos o más diferentes nombres para indicar posesión individual

The mayor and governor. The mayor’s and governor’s policies. The Falcons and Lakers. The Falcons’ and Lakers’ schedules. The city and state rules. The city’s and state’s rules.

The policies of the mayor and the policies of the governor are different.

Possessive: The mayor’s and the governor’s policies are different.

The schedules of the Lakers and the Bulls are on the board. Possessive: The Lakers’ and the Bulls’ schedules are on the board



EXERCISE 1: POSSESSIVE NOUNS

Instructions: Change the sentences to their possessive form using the underlined phrases. Write them in Spanish.

Example: The border guard checked the visa of every tourist. The border guard checked every tourist’s visa.

1. I like to drive the car of my wife.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________

Possessive: ________________________________________________________________

2. Last weekend, we went to the house of my sister.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________

Possessive: ________________________________________________________________

3. I always loved the care of my mother.

Possessive: ________________________________________________________________ Spanish: ________________________________________________________________

4. The new shop specializes in games of children.


5. The face of Medusa turned people to stone.


6. The waterfront of San Francisco attracts many visitors.


7. The weather can affect the emotions of anyone.


8. He lost his pay of the whole week.




9. The seismograph measured the intensity of the earthquakes.


10. People have always been fascinated by the love affair of Anthony and Cleopatra.


11. The dressing rooms of the singers and dancers were beneath the stage.


12. The press attacked the policy of the secretary of state.


13. One of the discoveries of Archimedes was the principal of buoyancy.


14. The book by James Fallows is about Japan.


15. The landscape in Kansas is an expanse of the grass.


16. The instructions of the teacher were that we have to study the whole chapter.


17. You are not supposed to park your car on the parking spot of someone else.




18. My brother is driving the car that belongs to my father.


19. Everybody likes to come to the museum of the city.


20. I’m working on the house of my uncle.


21. The restaurant of Joe serves delicious food.


22. The book of Yolanda is easy to carry.


23. The office of Mark is big.


24. You bought the house of your aunt for your Mom.


25. I listen to Beatles nusic in the DVD player of my daughter.




EXERCISE 2: POSSESSIVE NOUNS

Instructions: Use the correct possessive form of the noun to complete the sentences using the words that are at the beginning of each sentence. Also translate them to Spanish.

1. student One student asked several questions. I answered the student’s questions.

Spanish: __Un estudiante hizo varias preguntas. Yo repondí a las preguntas del estudiante. ____

2. students Many students had questions after the lecture. I answered _____________________. Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

3. daughter We have one daughter. Our _________________________ bedroom is near ours. Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

4. daughters We have two children, both girls. They share a bedroom. Our _________________ bedroom is near ours. Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

5. man. Robert is a _______________________ name. Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

6. woman Heidi is a ________________________ name. Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

7. men. Robert and Thomas are _____________________ names. Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

8. women Emily and Colette are ______________________ names. Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

9. people It’s important to be sensitive to other ___________________________ feelings. Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

10. person I always look straight into a _______________________ eyes during a conversation. Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

11. earth The _____________________ surface is about seventy percent water. Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________



12. elephant An ______________________ skin is gray and wrinkled.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

13. teachers we have class in this building, but all of the _____________________ offices are in another building.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

14. teacher My grammar ______________________ husband is an engineer. Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

15. Luis Did you do __________________ homework? Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

16. Chris Did you add __________________ name to the invitation list? Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

17. Mr. Ruiz Where is _______________________ office? Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

18. Children Where did you leave the _______________________ toys? Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

19. enemy Two soldiers, each faceless and nameless to the other, fought to the death on the muddy

river bank. At the end, the victor could not help but admire his______________ outrage. Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

20. enemies Through the years in a public office, he made many political enemies. He made a list of

his ___________________ names so that he could get revenge when he achieved political power.

Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________



EXERCISE 3: POSSESSIVE NOUNS: ERROR ANALYSIS

Instructions: These sentences have mistakes in the spelling of possessive nouns. Add apostrophes in the right place as necessary. Also translate them to Spanish.

1. A kings chair is called a throne.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

2. Kings chairs are called thrones.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

3. Babies toys are often brightly colored. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

4. It’s important to make sure your babys toys are safe for babies to play with. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

5. Someone called, but because of the static on the phone, I couldn’t understand the callers words. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

6. Newspapers aren’t interested in yesterdays news. They want to report todays events. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

7. Each flight has at least two pilots. The pilots seats are in a small area called the cockpit. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

8. Rainforest cover five percent of the earths surface, but have fifty percent of the different species of plants.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

9. Flies head is big compared to their body.

Spanish: _________________________________________

10. Spiders web is a piece of art. Spanish: _________________________________________



11. A receptionists job is to write down callers names and take messages.

Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

12. Mosquitoes wings move incredibly fast. Spanish: ______________________________________________

13. A mosquitos wings move about one thousand times per second. Its wings movement is the sound we hear when a mosquito is humming in our ears.

Spanish: ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

14. Elephants like to roll in mud. The mud protects the animals skin from insects and the sun. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

15. When we were walking in the woods. We saw an animals footprints on the muddy path. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

16. In the desert, I saw the vultures eating another animals food. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

17. The other day, we went to the citys cathedral. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

18. Next Saturday we are going to a states park. Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________________

END OF LESSON 8



Lesson 9

PRONOUNS PREVIEW

9.1 PERSONAL / SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT

noun = sustantivo pronoun = pronombre

Noun is the name of all things (e.g., house, table, car, José, Susie, etc).

Noun es el nombre de todas las cosas (ejemplo: casa, mesa, carro, José, Susie, etc.) Pronoun is the word that replaces a noun. Pronombre es la palabra que reemplaza al nombre.

Un pronoun (pronombre) y un noun (sustantivo) tienen el mismo significado. En (q): he tiene el mismo significado que Tony. En (r): him tiene el mismo significado que Tony. En la gramática, decimos que un prombre se refiere a un nombre (sujeto). El pronombre he y him se refiere a Tony. Algunas veces un pronoun se refiere a “noun phrases” frases se sustantivos. En (s): it se refiere a toda la frase a red book un libro rojo.



PERSONAL PERSONAL PRONOUNS SPANISH PRONOUNS SPANISH

I yo It ese – esa – eso – aquel – aquella – aquello You tu (singular) We nosotros (tu y yo – ustedes y yo) He el You ustedes (plural) She ella They ellos / ellas / esos / esas/ aquellos / aquellas Personal pronouns can replace a noun (name) in a sentence. Personal pronouns can be at the beginning of a sentence as the subjet. They are called subject pronouns. Los pronombres personales pueden reemplazar a un sustantivo (nombre) en un enunciado. Los pronombres personales pueden ir al principio de la oracion como el sujeto. Se llaman pronombres sujeto.

a) I can run very fast. b) You can run very fast. c) You and I (we) can run very fast. We run around the block. d) She lives in Thousand Oaks, California. e) It is easy to claim a tree. The tree is tall. It is tall. f) We swim at the YMCA pool. g) You are responsible for the quality of our products. h) They expect the best quality. i) He (Jose Manuel) goes to the gym every evening. j) She (María) cooks and cleans the house. k) The printer (it) is slow. It is a slow printer. l) Sofia and Moncerrat (they) come to my class every Wednesday. m) They are good people. n) You and Angie (you-plural) are wise and review your lesson before the class.

EXERCISE 1: NOUNS Directions: Find each noun in the following sentences. Is the noun used as:

• The subject of the sentence? • The object of the verb? • The object of a preposition?

EJERCICIO 1: SUSTANTIVOS Instrucciones: Encuentra cada sustantivo en las siguientes oraciones. Es el sustantivo usado como:

• ¿El sujeto de la oración? • ¿El objeto del verbo? • ¿El objecto de una preposisión?

1. Bob and his wife like coffee with their breakfast.

Noun = Bob, is used as the subject of the sentence Noun = wife is used as the subject of the sentence Noun = coffee is used as the object of the verb “like” Noun = breakfast is used as the object of the preposition “with”

2. Jack doesn’t have a radio in his car.

Jack is a noun, and it is used as the subject of the sentence. Noun Jack Nouin radio Noun car



3. Monkeys and apes have thumbs.

Noun Noun Noun

4. Scientists don’t agree on the origin of the earth.

Noun Noun Noun

5. Does Janet work in a large office? Noun Noun

6. Egypt has hot summers and mild winters. Noun Noun Noun

7. Many Vietnamese farmers live in small villages near their fields. Noun Noun Noun Noun

8. Large cities face many serious problems. Noun Noun

9. These problems include poverty, pollution, and crime. Noun Noun Noun Noun

10. An hour consists of sixty minutes. Does a day consist of 1440 minutes?

Noun Noun Noun Noun



9.2 OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS

An object pronoun can follow a preposition and / or a verb. The most common prepositions used with object pronouns are: to – for – at, with To me, with me, for me, near me,at me, etc. Tell him, give him, want her, like her, etc. Un pronombre objetivo puede seguir a una preposision y/o un verbo. Las preposisiones más comunes usadas con pronombres objetivos son: to – for – at, with To me, with me, for me, near me,at me, etc. Tell him, give him, want her, like her, etc.

OBJECT/OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS: me = a mí, de mi for me = para mí with me = conmigo you = a tí, de ti for you = para tí with you = contigo him = a él, de él for him = oara él with him = con él her = a ella, de ella for her = para ella with her = con ella It = a eso, de eso for it = para eso with it = con eso us = a nosotros, de… for us = para nosotros with us = con nosotros them = a ellos, de ellos for them = para ellos with them = con ellos

Guidelines for using pronouns following “and”:

If the pronoun is used as part of the subject, use a subject pronoun. If it is part of the object, use an object pronoun. Pauta (guía instructiva) para usar pronombres seguidos de “and” Si el pronombre es usado como parte del sujeto, usa un pronombre personal. Si es parte del objeto (complemento), usa un pronombre objetivo.

INCORRECT: Erick and me are good friends. CORRECT: Erick and I are good friends.

INCORRECT: Ann met Erick and I at the museum. CORRECT: Ann met Erick and me at the museum. EXERCISE 2: PRONOUNS

Directions: Complete the sentences. Use the pronouns related to the nouns.

EJERCICIO 2: PRONOMBRES Instrucciones: Completa las oraciones. Usa los pronombre relacionados con el sustantivo.

1. Rita has a book. She bought it last week.

2. I know the new students, but Tony doesn’t know _______ yet.

3. I wrote a letter, but I can’t send _______ because I don’t have a stamp. 4. Tom is in Canada. _______ is studying at a university. 5. Bill lives in my house. I eat breakfast with _______ every morning. 6. Ann is my neighbor. I talk to _______ every day. _______ and _______ have interesting

conversations together. 7. I have two pictures on my bedroom wall. I like _______. _______ are beautiful.



8. Ann and _______ have a dinner invitation. Mr. and Mrs. Brown want _______ to come to dinner at

their house. 9. Trudy has a new car. _______ is a Toyota. 10. My husband and _______ have a new car. _______ got _______ last month. 11. A: Do you know Edith and Victor?

B: Yes, _______ do. _______ live near _______. 12. Is the chemical formula for water H3O?

B: No, _______ isn’t. _______ is H2O.

13. Would Judy and you like to come to the movie with us? B: Yes, _______ would. Judy and _______ would enjoy going to the movie with _______.

14. Do Mr. and Mrs. Martinez live in the city? B: No, _______ don’t. _______ live in the country. I visit _______ last month.

15. Do you know how to spell “Mississippi”? B: Sure I can spell _______. _______ is easy to spell.

16. Is Paul Cook in your class? B: Yes, _______ is.I sit nest to _______.

17. Abel and (Juan) _______ are going to go down town this afternoon. B: I don’t think so, but thanks anyway. Chris and _______ are going to go to the library. _______ need to study for our test.

18. Do you and Charlie want to join me for dinner tonight at a Chinese restaurant? B: Charlie and _______ usually eat at home. _______ need to save money. A; _______ is not an expensive restaurant, and the food is really good. B: Okay. Can you meet Charlie and _______ there around six? A: Great! See you there, then.



9.3 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS & POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES SPANISH PRONOUNS SPANISH

my mi mine mío your tu – su yours tuyo – suyo his su his de él her su hers de ella its su its de ese(a)-de aquel(llo-lla) our nuestro ours de nosotros their su theirs de ellos (as)

Possessive adjectives come before the object as in a), b), c), d), and e). Possessive pronouns come after the object as in f), g), h), i), and j).

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS a) Marissa is washing her car. f) That car is hers. b) Do you like my new house? g)This house is mine. c) We take our dinner together. h) This dinner is ours. d) Did you get your report card from school? i) Is this report card yours? e) That’s my computer. j) That computer is mine.

EXERCISE 3: POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

Directions: Complete the following sentences with the possessive pronouns, which refers to the subject of the sentence. Also translate them to Spanish.

1. Michelle knows _____her________ lesson well.

Spanish: Michelle conoce bien su lección.

2. I also know (my, mine) ________________ lesson well.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

3. Socorro and Ray enjoy _________________ English classes very much.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

4. I do ______________ homework when I’m riding the bus home everyday.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

5. Both girls are preparing ________________ luggage for the trip.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________ 6. Marina and I have __________________ own cars.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________



7. Mr. William drives ________________ car to work.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

8. Grace writes a letter to _______________ aunt every day.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

9. The children take _______________ toys to the park every time we go.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

10. I’m writing new words in ______________ notebook.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

11. We enjoy _______________ birthday parties.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

12. My secretary does ____________ job fast and well.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

13. I take __________________ medicine on time.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

14. Is this calculator (your, yours)_______________________?

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

15. That car belongs to Martha. That car is ________________.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

16. The computer is Carlos’. The computer is ______________.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

17. These movies belong to Joe and Marisa. These movies are ______________.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

18. We bought this present for you. So, this present is __________________.

Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________

End of Lesson 9



VOCABULARY: AT THE SCHOOL

WORD SOUND MEANING IN SPANISH Basketball court basketbol-cort cancha de balonsesto Bathroom batdrum baño

Binder bainder carpeta Blackboard blakbord pizarrón (Negro)

Board (whiteboard) bord (juaitbord) pizarrón (blanco) Book buc libro Bookcase bukeis librero Boys bois muchachos – chicos – niños Class class clase

Classmate clasmeit compañero de clase Classroom clasrum salón de clases Desk desk silla de trabajo – escritorio Dorm dorm apartamento para estudiantes Folder folder porta-papeles Girls gerols muchachas – chicas – niñas Halls hols pasillos Homework homwork tarea Lab lab laboratorio Lecture lekchur lección – enseñar – sermon – conferencia Library laibreri biblioteca Marker marker marcador Notebook notbuc cuaderno Notes nots notas Page peich página Papers peipers papeles Pen pen pluma – bolígrafo Pencil pensol lápiz Playground pleigraond jardín de juegos Principal principol director de la escuela Principal’s office principols ofis la dirección Professor professor professor Pupil piupol alumno Read ruid leer Restroom restrum baño – sanitario School scul escuela Sheet / leaf shiitt / lif hoja – hojear

Soccer ball field sakerbol fiold campo de futbol Student stiudent estudiante

Teacher ticher maestro Tutor turor maestro privado (personalizado) Volleyball court volibol cort cancha de volibol Water fountain guarer-faontain bebedero Write ruait escribir Writing ruairing escribiendo – escritura Written ruiten escrito



VOCABULARY: AT WORK

WORD SOUND MEANING IN SPANISH Archive arcaiv archivo – archivar

Bathroom batdrum baño Bench bench banca Boss boss jefe Building bilding edificio CD sidi disco de compacto

Chair cher silla Company compani compañía Computer compiurer computadora

Cubicle ciubicol cubículo Desk desk escritorio Desktop desktap computadora de escritorio Diskette disket diskette DVD dividi disco de video digital Engineer inllenir ingeniero Facility facility instalaciones – compañía Files faiols archivos File cabinet faiol-cabinet archivero Fluorescent lamps florécent lamps lámparas fluorecentes Group leader group lirer jefe de grupo Keyboard kibord teclado Dry marker draimarker marcador para pizarrón blanco Lamps lamps lámparas Laptop laptap computadora portátil Manager manaller gerente Mouse maus ratón Notes nots notas

Office ofis oficina Page peich página Papers peipers papeles Part number part namber número de parte Pen pen pluma – bolígrafo Pencil pensol lápiz

Permanent marker permanent marker marcador de tinta permanente Plant plant planta

Production floor prode/ukshon-flor piso de producción Program program programa Report riport reporte Restroom restrum baño – sanitario Stand stend banco – posición Superintendent superintendent superintendente Supervisor superváisor supervisor Typewriter taiprairer máqina de escribir Water marker guarermarker marcador de agua Whiteboard juaitbord pizarrón blanco



VOCABULARY: AT HOME

WORD SOUND MEANING IN SPANISH Attic aric ático Backyard bakiard patio trasero

Bar soap barsoup barra de jabón (jabón para bañarse) Bathroom batdroom baño

Bathroom sink batdrumsink lavabo del baño Bed bed cama Bedroom bedrum cuarto – recámara Blender blender licuadora Bowl boul tazón Brother brotder hermano Brush brash cepillo Hairbrush jerbrash cepillo para el cabello Cabinet cabinet gabinete Ceiling siling techo de adentro Chair cher silla Closet closet guarda-ropa – ropero Clothes clotds ropa

Coffee cofi café para beber Coffee table cofi teibol mesa de centro para la sala Comb comb peine – peinarse

Cup cap taza Cushion cushon colchoneta – cojín Dad ded papá Daddy dedy papi-papito

Daughter dorer hija Dish dish traste Dish soap dishsoup jabón para trastes Dishwasher dishguasher máquina lavatrastes Dining-table dainingteibol mesa de comedor

Dining-room dainingrum comedor Door dor puerta Electricity electriciri electricidad Electric heater electric jirer calentador de electricidad Evaporative cooler evaporeiriv culer aire de agua (abanico-fuera de la casa) Father fatder padre Fork fork tenedor Front yard frontiard patio de en frente Garage garash cochera Gas gas gas Gas heater gasjirer calentador de gas Glass glass vaso – vidrio Glass-door glasdor puerta de vidrio Heater jirer calentador, calefacción, calentón Hair drier jerdraier secadora de cabello Hair iron jer-airon plancha para cabello



Iron airon plancha Iron table aironteibol mesa de planchar Kitchen kitchen cocina Kitchen cabinets kitchen cabinets gabinetes para cocina – cocineta Kitchen sink kitchen sink lavatrastes Light lait luz Living room livingrum sala Living room set livingrumset juego de sala (muebles) Master bedroom nasterbedrum recámara principal (grande) (para los padres) Microwave oven maicroguave oven horno micro-hondas Mirror mirror espejo Mixer mixer batidora Mother matder madre Mom mam mama Mommy mami mamita-mamasita Oven oven horno Picture pikchur retrato – foto – fotografía – cuadro Pillow pillow almohada – cojín

Plate pleit plato Quilt quilt colcha – edredón Refrigerator refrillireiror refrigerador

Roof ruf techo de arriba – azotea Room rum cuarto – sala

Screen-door scrindor puerta de tela de alambre Shampoo shampú champú – jabón para el cabello Sheets shiits sábanas Shoes shus zapatos Sister sister hermana Sink sink lavamanos

Spoon spun cuchara Son san hijo

Soup sup sopa – caldo Stool stul banco

Stove stov estufa Switch suitch interruptor Table teibol mesa

Teaspoon tispun cuchara para té Television – TV set televishon-Tiviset television Toothbrush tutdbrash cepillo de dientes Toothpaste tutdpeist pasta de dientes TV stand tivistand mesa de television

Wall guol pared Washer machine guashermachin lavadora Water guater agua

Waterbed guarerbed cama de agua Water faucet guarerfocet llave de agua – grifo

Water heater guarerjirer boiler Window uindou ventana



MORE VOCABULARY Word-phrase Sound Spanish

A special kind a speshol caind una clase especial All along ol – along desde el principio Another anot/der otro (a) Blind blaind ciego Born born nacer Branch brench rama de árbol – sucursal But bat pero Busy bici ocupado (a) Contracted form contrácted form forma abreviada Coordinator coodineiror cordinador Do you buy candles? Du iu bai kendols compras velas? Do you drive a car? Du iu draiv a car manejas un carro? Do you eat meat? Du iu it mit comes carne? Do you go to the movie? Du iu gou tu td/a muvi vas al cine? Do you like strawberries? Du iu laik stroberis te gustan las fresas? Do you play video games? Du iu plei vireo gueims juegas con máquinas electrónicas? Do you run in the afternoon? Du iu ran in t/di afternun corres en las tardes? Do you work? Du iu uork trabajas? Dry drai seco – secar Female fimeol hembra From from de – desde Gum gam goma - chicle – encía Hair jer pelo – cabello How to cook eggs jao tu cuk eggs como cocinar huevos Into intu dentro de… Its baby its beibi su bebé

Keep kip mantener – guardar Koala bear koala ber oso koala Like laik como – gustar Male meol macho Pouch paoch bolsa – saco – valija Other otder otro Right now roait nao ahora mismo – en éste momento Size sais tamaño – medida Sleepy slipi con sueño – soñoliento Special kind speciol caind clase especial repeated on 1 So hard so jard muy fuerte – muy duro – muy difícil Supervisor supervaisor supervisor The right tools t/di rait tuls las herramientas correctas This means t/dis mins esto significa Underside andersaid lado de abajo Until antiol hasta Wad uad loma – lío – dineral – bolita

Warm uorm caliente – calientito – tibio Worm uerm gusano



MORE VOCABULARY WORD – PHRASE PRONUNCIATION MEANING IN SPANISH After work after uork después de trabajar (del trabajo) After the class after t/da clas después de la clase Before dinner bifor dinner antes de la cena Before lunch bifor lonch antes del almuerzo – comida

Beside me bisaid mi a un lado de mí Bilingual bailingol bilingue Bring some groceries bring sam groceris trae algunos comestibles Bring your book bring yur buk trae tu libro But bat pero

Check the spelling check t/di speling checa el deletreo Close clos cerrar – cerca – cercano Close the window clos t/da uindou cierra la ventana Close to Zaragoza Boulevard clos tu Zaragoza boulevard cerca del Boulevard Zaragoza

Everybody evribari todos Fast fast rápido – firme – seguro – rápidamente Group leader grup-lider jefe de grupo

In a few minutes in a fiu menets en unos minutos Noon nun medio día Lead led plomo

Lead lid llevar – conducir – dirigir – guiar – delantera Leader líder / lirer guía – director – dirigente – jefe – caporal Load loud carga – peso – agobio – cargar – montar Loud laud fuerte – ruidoso – escandaloso – vulgar Loudly laodli /laori en voz alta – fuertemente – colores chillantes May be useful mei bi iusfol pueden ser de utilidad Most of the time most of t/da taim la mayor parte del tiempo Next semester next semester el semester siguiente Parentheses parent/desis paréntesis

Slow slou lento – despacio – tardío – retardar – aminorar Slowly slouli despacio – lentamente

Soon sun pronto – rápido That t/dat ese – eso – esa – aquel (lla) – que The speaker uses t/di spiker iuses el que habla usa These t/dis estos (as) They can be followed by t/dei ken bi faloud bai pueden ser seguidos por Things t/dings cosas This t/dis este (a) Those t/dous esos (as) – aquellos (as) What are you talking about? Juat ar iu tokng abaot de qué estás hablando When gjuen cuando When answering gjuen ensering cuando se contesta When you change sentences gjuen iu cheinch sentences cuando cambias oraciones Where do you live? gjuer du iu liv Dónde vives? Where are you living? gjuer ar iu living Dónde vives? Dónde estás viviendo? Write the following roait t/da falouing escribe lo (a)(s) siguiente (s)



MORE VCABULARY

WORD – PHRASE PRONUNCIATION MEANING IN SPANISH

Actual akchuol real, actual, de hecho, propiamente dicho Angle engol ángulo At at en (lugar, la hora) Automobile aoromobiol automóvil Bar bar barra Beginners biginers principiantes Behind bijaind atrás - detrás Beside bisaid a un lado – al lado Blood blad sangre Board bord pizarrón - tabla Carpet carpet alformbra Circle ci/ercol círculo Deep dip hondo Down daon abajo Guy gai muchacho, chavo, tipo Ice ais hielo Idea aidia idea In in en Inside insaid dentro Identical aidenticol idéntico Insurance inshurens seguro, aseguradora, aseguranza Large larch grande Mad ma\ed muy enojado (a), loco, demente Meal míol comida Meat mit carne Medium miriam mediano Moon mun luna Nightmare naigtmer pesadilla Noon nun medio día Rack rack anaquel Radio redio radio Ready rery preparado (a), listo (a) Salt solt sal Sheet shiit hoja, sabana Sky skai cielo Small smol chico - pequeño Space speis espacio Star star estrella Store stor tienda Street strit calle Sugar shugar azucar Sun san el sol Tag tag etiqueta Telephone télefon teléfono Up ap arriba Wall uol pared



WORD – PHRASE PRONUNCIATION MEANING IN SPANISH

Affirmative form afirmativ form forma afirmativa Answer enser respuesta – responder – contestar Auxiliary aoxiliari auxiliar Auxiliary verb aoxiliari verb verbo auxiliar Baby-sitter beibisirer niñera Christmas tree Cristmas tri árbol de navidad County Hospital caoni hospital del condado Easy exercise isi excersais ejercicio fácil Engineer ingenir ingeniero English Inglish Inglés Everyday evridei todos los días – cada día Every morning evrimorning cada mañana – todas las mañanas Fine ring fain ring anillo fino Glass of orange juice glass of oranch llus vaso de jugo de naranja. Good novel gud navol Buena novella Happy child japi chaiol niño (a) felíz Meal moil comida Negative form negativ form forma negativa Nurse ners efermero (a) Positive pasitiv positivo (a) Question form cuestion form forma de pregunta Simple present simpol present presente simple Small smol chico – pequeño Spanish Spanish Español Soap opera sopapra telenovela Strong chair strong cher silla fuerte (maciza) Taxi taxi taxi – auto de transporte That t/dat ese – eso – esa – aquel – aquello (a) That’s t/dats ese es – eso es – aquello (a) es This t/dis este – esto (a) (singular) These t/dis estos – estas (plural) To be married tubi merried para ser / estar casado (a) Too old tu old demasiado viejo (a) Too many tu meni demasiados Too much tu mach demasiado (a) Too young tu iong demasiado joven Unusual aniushuol inusual – raro Umbrella ambrela sombrilla – paraguas Waterfall uarerfol cascada Wind uind viento, aire Work uork trabajar Worker uorker trabajador – empleado Working uorking trabajando Wrong rong mal – equivocado Young iong joven



QUICK REFERENCE

FORMULAS OF THE VERB TO BE Present

Affirmative: S + be (am-is-are) + O Negative: S + be (am-is-are) not + O Question: Be (am-is-are) + S + O? Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + be (am-is-are). No. + Pronoun + be (am-is-are) + not.

Present Progressive Affirmative: S + be (am-is-are) + V-ing + O Negative: S + be (am-is-are) not + V-ing + O Question: Be (am-is-are) + S + V-ing + O? Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + be (am-is-are). No. + Pronoun + be (am-is-are) + not.

Past

Affirmative: S + be (was-were) + O Negative: S + be (was-were) not + O Question: Be (was-were) + S + O? Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + be (was-were). No. + Pronoun + be (was-were) + not. Past Progressive Affirmative: S + be (was-were) + V-ing + O Negative: S + be (was-were) not + V-ing + O Question: Be (was-were) + S + V-ing + O? Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + be (was-were). No. + Pronoun + be (was-were) + not.

Future

Affirmative: S + be (am-is-are) + going to + O (place / V-base form) Negative: S + be (am-is-are) not + going to + O (place / V-base form) Question: Be (am-is-are) + S going to + O (place / V-base form) ? Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + be (am-is-are). No. + Pronoun + be (am-is-are) + not.

FORMULAS OF THE VERB TO HAVE Present

Affirmative: S + (have-has) + O Negative: S + (do-does) not + have + O Question: (Do-Does) + (not) + S + have + O? Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + (do-does). No. + Pronoun + (do-does) + not. (don’t-doesn’t)

Past

Affirmative: S + had + O Negative: S + did not + have + O Question: Did + (not) + S + have + O? Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + did. No. + Pronoun + did+ not. (didn’t)



Regular & Irregular Verbs

Regular verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding “ed” at the end The past of irregular verbs is unpredictable. This is the closest sound of most REGULAR verbs in the past tense. (It could be some exceptions.)

Verbs ending with ee, g, ge, l, ll, m, me, mb, n, ve, r, re, w, y, z, ze D

Verbs ending with ce, ch, sh, ck, k, p, s, se, ss, x T Verbs ending with d, de, t, and te ED

PRESENT – PAST – PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERBS Simple With With Simple Past Ending Meaning Present He-She-It -ing Past Participle Sound In Spanish Abandon abandons abandoning abandoned abandoned D abandonar Abase abases abasing abased asbased T humillar Abbreviate abbreviates abbreviating abbreviated abbreviated ED abreviar Abduct abducts abducting abducted abducted ED secuestrar – raptar Abide abides abiding abided abided ED aguantar – soportar – permanecer – atenerse Abolish abolishes abolishing abolished abolished T abolir - cancelar Abort aborts aborting aborted aborted ED abortar - tirar Absorb absorbs absorbing absorbed absorbed D absorber Abuse abuses abusing abused abused T abusar Accede accedes acceding acceded acceded ED acceder Accept accepts accepting accepted accepted ED aceptar Accommodate/accommodates accommodating accommodated ED acomodar Accompany accompanies accompanying accompanied D acompañar Accumulate accumulates accumulating accumulated accumulated ED acumular – amontonar Accustom accustoms accustoming accustomed accustomed D acostumbrarse Ache aches aching ached ached T doler Achieve achieves achieving achieved achieved D alcanzar-realizar-conseguir Add adds adding added added ED aumentar - agregar Address addresses addressing addressed addressed T dirigirse - enviar Admit admits admitting admitted admitted ED admitir – aceptar Advertise advertises advertising advertised advertised D anunciar – advertir Advise advises advising advised advised T aconsejar - avisar Affix affixes affixing affixed affixed T pegar – unir – añadir - fijar Agree agrees N/A (gerund) agreed agreed D acordar Aid aids aiding aided aided ED ayudar – estar de acuerdo Aim aims aiming aimed aimed D apuntar – dirigirse Allow allows allowing allowed allowed D permitir Alter alters altering altered altered D alterar – cambiar – modificar Alternate alternates alternating alternated alternated ED alternar Amaze amazes amazing amazed amazed T asombrar, pasmar Ambush ambushes ambushing ambushed ambushed T emboscar–tomar por sorpresa Amuse amuses amusing amused amused T entretener Announce announces announcing announced announced T anunciar – publicar Annoy annoys annoying annoyed annoyed D molestar, fastidiar



Answer answers answering answered answered D responder-contestar Appeal appeals appealing appealed appealed D apelar, clamar, atraer Appear appears appearing appeared appeared D aparecer – parecer Approach approaches approaching approached approached T acercarse Approve approves approving approved approved D aprovar, autorizar Argue argues arguing argued argued D argumentar-arguir-discutir Arrest arrests arresting arrested arrested ED arrestar–poner bajo arresto Arrange arranges arranging arranged arranged D ordenar – arreglar Aspire aspires aspiring aspired aspired D aspirar de aspiración Assist assists assisting assisted assisted ED asistir Apply applies applying applied applied D aplicar-solicitar Arise arises arising arose arisen levantarse-ergirse-surgir Ask asks asking asked asked T preguntar-questionar Ask for asks for asking for asked for asked for T pedir-solicitar-requerir Ask out asks out asking out asked out asked out T invitar a salir Assume assumes assuming assumed assumed D asumir – pretender Astonish astonish astonishing astonished astonished T asombrar – pasmar sorprender – atonisar Attach attaches attaching attached attached T adherir-vincular-unir Attain attains attaining lograr-conseguir-alcanzar Attempt attempts attempting attempted attempted ED atentar–intentar–procurar cuidar de Attend attends attending attended attended ED atender – asistir Attenuate attenuates attenuating atenuar Attest attests attesting atestar – testificar certificar – atestiguar Attract attracts attracting attracted attracted ED atraer – ser atraído por Attribute attributes attributing attributed attributed ED atribuir Attune attunes attuning attuned attuned ED armonizar-acordar-afinar Auction auctions auctioning auctioned auctioned D subastar Audit. Audits auditing audited audited ED auditar Augur augurs auguring augured augured D presagiar – pronosticar Authenticate authenticates authenticating authenticated ED autentizar probar que es genuino Authorize authorizes authorizing authorized authorized T autorizar – dar permiso Automate automates automating automated automated ED automatizar Avenge avenges avenging avenged avenged T vengar – vengarse Aver aver avering afirmar-asegurar-declarar Average averages averaging averaged averaged T promediar determinar el término de… Avert averts averting averted averted ED apartar – desviar – impeder Avoid avoids avoiding avoided avoided ED evitar-eludir-prevenir-avolir Avow avows avowing avowed avowed D reconocer – confesar Await awaits awaiting awaited awaited ED esperar a alguien Awake awakes awaking awaked-awoke awoken-awaked despertar – estar despierto Award awards awarding awarded awarded D otorgar-conferir-adjudicar Awe awes awing awed awed D intimidar – atemorizar espantarse – horrorizarse Babble babbles babbling babbled babbled D balbucear – murmurar



Backbite backbites backbiting backbit backbitten murmurar – calumniar Back up backs up backing up backed up backed up T retroceder Bag bags bagging bagged bagged D embolsar Badger badgers badgering badgered badgered D molestar – incomodar Bear bears bearing bore born aguantar Beat beats beating beat beat golpear – azotar - latir Buffle baffles baffling baffled baffled D confundir – desconcertar Bail out bails out bailing out bailed out bailed out D sacar bajo fianza Bait baits bating bait bait encebar – atormentar Bake bakes baking baked baked T hornear – cocer – asar Balance balances balancing balanced balanced T balancear – equilibrar Bale bales baling baled baled D empacar – embalar Ball balls balling bailed bailed D empelotar – embolar Ballot ballots balloting balloted balloted ED votar – decider por voto Ban bans banning banned banned D prohibir – excomulgar Band bands banding banded banded ED atar – fajar – precistar Bang bangs banging banged banged D golpear Banish banishes banishing banished banished T desterrar Baptize baptizes baptizing baptized baptized T bautizar Bark barks barking barked barked T ladrar Bar bars barring barred barred D obstruir-impeder-prohibir divider en compases Bare bares baring bared bared D desnudar – desvestir despojar – descubrir Bargain bargains bargaining bargained bargained D negociar Barge barges barging entrometerce Barter barters bartering bartered bartered D cambiar algo por algo Base bases basing based based T basar – basarse – fundar Fundamentar Bash bashes bashing bashed bashed T golpear – aplastar – wuebrar Bask basks basking basked basked T calentarse – tomar el sol Bat bats batting bated bated ED mover – golpear Bathe bathes bathing bathed bathed D bañarse en tina Be is N/A (gerund) was-were been ser ó estar (tener) Be able is able being able was able been able poder-ser hábil-competente ser capáz – tener la habilidad ser competente-ser talentoso future (will be able) podré – podrás – etc be born is born N/A was born been born nacer – nacido Become becomes becoming became become llegar a ser-convertirse Begin begins beginning began begun comenzar-empezar-iniciar Believe believes N/A (gerund) believed believed D creer Bend bends bending bent bent doblarse-agacharse Beset besets besetting beset beset acosar Bid bids biding bid bid ofrecer-oferta-licitar-rogar Bind binds binding bound bound unir-ligar-envolver Bite bites biting bit bitten morder Bleed bleeds bleeding bled bled sangrar Blend blends blending blended blended ED licuar – matizar – moler



Blow blows blowing blew blown soplar – explotar Bomb bombs bombing bombed bombed D bombardear Bond bonds bonding bonded bonded ED unir-ligar-vincular Bore bores boring bored bored D aburrir – aburrirse Borrow borrows borrowing borrowed borrowed D prestar Bother bothers bothering bothered bothered D molestar – fastidiar Breed breeds breeding bred bred engenar-producir-criar Bring brings bringing brought brought traer Broadcast broadcasts broadcasting broadcasted broadcasted ED difundir – emitir – anunciar Build builds building built built construir-formar-hacer Burn burns burning burned/burnt burnt D-T quemar Burst bursts bursting burst burst reventar – explotar Bury buries burying buried buried D enterrar Buy buys buying bought bought comprar Cadge cadges cadging cadged cadged gorrear - entrar sin pagar Call calls calling call call llamar-hablar Can can (model aux.) could N/A Model auxiliary poder hacer algo Caress Carry carries carrying carried carried D accarrear-traer Catch catches catching caught caught atrapar Cause causes causing caused caused D causar Change changes changing changed changed D cambiar Chase chases chasing chased chased T perseguir – corretear Chat chats chatting chatted chatted ED charlar – platicar Chew chews chewing chewed chewed D masticar – mascar Choose chooses choosing chose chosen escoger – elegir Claim claims claiming claimed claimed D exigir-pedir-reclamar reivindicar-afirmar-demandar Clap claps clapping clapped clapped T aplaudir-palmada Clean cleans cleaning cleaned cleaned D limpiar Cling clings clinging clung clung asirse – pegarse – aferrarse Close closes closing closed closed D cerrar Code codes coding coded coded ED codificar Comb combs combing combed combed D peinarse Come comes coming came come venir Commit commits committing committed committed ED comprometer-encargar confiar-perpetrat-cometer Complain complains complaining complained complained D quejarse – reclamar Concentrate concentrates concentrating concentrated concentrated ED concentrarse Confront confronts confronting confronted confronted ED confrontar Connect connects connecting connected connected ED conectar – enchufar – enlazar Consider considers considering considered considered D considerar Continue continues continuing continued continued D continuar Cook cooks cooking cooked cooked T cocinar Count counts counting counted counted ED contra-cuenta Connect connects connecting connected connected ED conectar Cost costs costing cost cost costear Contribute contributes contributing contributed contributed ED contribuir Cover covers covering covered covered D cubrir



Cram crams cramming crammed crammed D atiburnar – atestar Crave craves craving craved craved D ansiar-anhelar-implorar Creep creeps creeping crept crept arrastrarse – desizarse Cross crosses crossing crossed crossed T cruzar Crop crops cropping cropped cropped T cosechar Cut cuts cutting cut cut cortar Deal deals dealing dealt dealt distribuir-hacer trato-batallar Deceive deceives deceiving deceived deceived D engañar – defrauder – hurtat Decline declines declining declined declined D negar-rechazar Decide decides deciding decided decided ED decider Declare declares declaring declared declared D declarer-manifestar Deepen deepens deeping deeped deeped D ahondar intensificar Defend defends defending defended defended ED defender Delete deletes deleting deleted deleted ED borrar – eliminar Demolish demolishes demolishing demolished demolished T demoler – pulveriar Demonstrate demonstrates demonstrating demonstrated ED demostrar – mostrar Deny denies denying denied denied D negar-denegar Destroy destroys destroying destroyed destroyed D destruir Detect detects detecting detected detected ED detector Develop develops developing developed developed T desarrollar Die dies dying died died D morir Dig digs digging dug dug escarvar-perforar Discover discovers discovering discovered discovered D descubrir Discuss discusses discussing discussed discussed T discutir, argumentar Dispatch dispatches dispatching dispatched dispatched T despachar, apresurar Distract distracts distracting distracted distracted ED distraer Dive dives diving dived/dove diven/dived D hacer/aventar clavados Divorce divorces divorcing divorced divorced D divorciarse Do does doing did done hacer (auxiliary verb) Drag drags dragging dragged dragged D arrastrar Draw draws drawing drew drew dibujar – pintar Dream dreams dreaming dreamed dreamt/ed D soñar Dress dresses dressing dressed dressed T vertir-vertirse Drink drinks drinking drank drunk-drunken beber-tomar Drive drives driving drove driven manejar-dirigir-cunducir Drop drops dropping dropped dropped D tirar-caer Drown drowns drowning drowned drowned D ahogarse–inundar–dumergir Dry dries drying dried dried D secar Eat eats eating ate eaten comer Encourage encourages encouraging encouraged encouraged T animar – alentar End ends ending ended ended ED finalizar-terminar Endorse endorses endorsing endorsed endorsed T endosar-avalar-respaldar Enjoy enjoys enjoying enjoyed enjoyed D disfrutar Enroll enrolls enrolling enrolled enrolled D subscriber-enrollar Erase erases erasing erased erased T borrar Escape escapes escaping escaped escaped T escaper Execute executes executing executed executed ED ejecutar Exit exits exiting exited exited ED irse-salirse-terminar Expand expands expanding expanded expanded ED expander



Explain explains explaining explained explained D explicar Express expresses expressing expressed expressed T expresar Exterminate exterminates exterminating exterminated exterminated ED exterminar Fabricate fabricates fabricating fabricated fabricated ED fabricar – inventor Face faces facing faced faced T enfrentar – encarar Fail fails failing failed failed D fallar – errar – reprobar Fall falls falling fell fallen caer-caerse Fasten fastens fasting fasted fasted D atar-amarrar-sujetar Feed feeds feeding fed fed alimentar Feel feels feeling felt felt sentir – sentimiento Fascinate fascinates fascinating fascinated fascinated ED facinar Fetch fetches fetching fetched fetched T sacar – traer Fight fights fighting fought fought pelear-luchar Figure figures figuring figured figured D decifrar – entender File files filing filed filed D archivar Find finds finding found found encontrar-multa Finish finishes finishing finished finished T terminar – finalizar Fit fits fitting fit fit ajustar – calzar – quedar Flee flees fleeing fled fled huir – escaper Fling flings flinging flung flung echar al suelo-tirar-arrojar Fly flies flying flew flown volar-mosca Focus focuses focusing focused focused T enfocar Fold folds folding folded folded D doblar-dobléz Follow follows following followed followed seguir-perseguir Forbid forbids forbidding forbade forbidden prohibir – vedar Forget forgets forgetting forgot forgotten olvidar Forgive forgives forgiven forgave forgiven perdonar Forego foregoes foregoing forewent foregone proceder – ir adelante Form forms forming formed formed D formar – dar forma Forsake forsakes forsaking forsook forsaken desamparar-abandonar Freeze freezes freezing froze frozen congelar Frighten frightens frightening frightened frightened D asustar – espantar Fringe fringes fringing fringed fringed D lenear - poner una linea o franja (bordo-frontera) Fry fries frying fried fried freir Gain gains gaining gained gained D ganar-progresar Gather gathers gathering gathered gathered D juntar – acumular Get gets getting got gotten obtener (comodín) Get even gets even getting even got even gotten even desquitarse – quedar empate Get home gets home getting home got home gotten home llegar a casa Get lost gets lost getting lost got lost gotten lost perderse – confundirse Get punished getting punished got punished ser castigado Get started getting started got started comerzar – empear Get wet gets wet getting wet got wet gotten wet mojarse Give gives giving gave given dar-regalar Give birth gives birth giving birth gave birth given birth dar a luz Go goes going went gone ir Grind grinds grinding ground ground moler – sernir Grow grows growing grew grown crecer



Happen happens happening happened happened D suceder – pasar Hang hangs hanging hung/hanged hung/hanged D colgar-persistir-continuar Have has having* had had tener Hear hears N/A (gerund) heard heard oir-escuchar Help helps helping helped helped T ayudar Hide hides hiding hid hidden esconder – ocultar Hit hits hitting hit hit pegar-golpear Hold hold\s holding held held sostener-cargar-abrasar Hop hops hopping hopped hopped T saltar – brincar – bailar Hope hopes hoping hoped hoped T esperar (esperanza) Hum mums humming hummed hummed D zumbar – hacer ruido Hurt hurts hurting hurt hurt lastimar – doler Hurry hurries hurrying hurried hurried ED apresurarse – darse prisa Identify identifies identifying identified identified D identificar – reconocer Ignore ignores ignoring ignored ignored D ignorar Implore implores imploring implored implored D implorar Imply implies implying implied implied D implicar-incluir-singnificar Impose imposes imposing imposed imposed T imponer – hacer aceptar Impress impresses impressing impressed impressed T impresionar Impel impels impelling impelled impelled D impulsar – obligar Insert inserts inserting inserted inserted ED inserter Interest interests interesting interested interested ED interesarse Invite invites inviting invited invited ED invitar Interpret interprets interpreting interpreted interpreted ED traducer – interpretar Intrigue intrigues intriguing intrigued intrigued D intrigar – conspirer Introduce introduces introducing introduced introduce T introducer-presentar Issue issues issuing issued issued D entregar – enviar – reportar Jail jails jailing jailed jailed D encarcelar Jam jams jamming jammed jammed D atascar-bloquear-apiñar Joke jokes joking joked joked T bromear – vacilar Jump jumps jumping jumped jumped T brincar Keep keeps keeping kept kept mantener-guardar Kid kids kidding kidded kidded ED bromear – vacilar tomar el pelo Kill kills killed killed killed D matar-asesinar Kneel kneels kneeling knelt knelt arrodillarse Know knows N/A (gerund) knew known saber-conocer Lack lacks lacking lacked lacked T carecer – faltar Laugh laughs laughing laughed laughed T reir Laugh at laughs at laughing at laughed at laughed at reirse de-burlarse Lay lays laying laid laid colocar-installar-depositar dejar – poner huevos Lead leads leading led led guiar-conducir Leak leaks leaking leaked leaked T gotear-gotera Learn learns learning learned learnt aprender Leave leaves leaving left left dejar-irse Leap leaps leaping leapt/ed leapt/ed T brincar – saltar Lend lends lending lent lent prestar Let lets letting let let permitir – dejar – arrendar



Lie lies lying lay lain mentir Lift lifts lifting lifted lifted ED levantar – alzar Light lights lighting lit/lighted lit/lighted ED alumbrar-encender-iluminar Like likes N/A (gerund) liked liked T gustar-como Live lives living lived lived D vivir Listen listens listening listened listened D escuchar Lock locks locking locked locked T cerrar con llave (candado) Look looks looking looked looked T mirar Look at looks at looking at looked at looked at T mirar a (hacia) Look for looks for looking for looked for looked for T buscar Loose looses loosing loosed loosed T sueltar – aflojar – liberar Lose loses losing lost lost perder – perderse Love loves N/A (gerund) loved loved D amar-querer-apreciar Low lows lowing lowed lowed D disminuir – bajar Make makes making made made hacer-construir Marry marries marrying married married D casarse Mean means meaning meant meant significar – querer decir Measure measures measuring measured measured D medir Melt melts melting melted melted ED derretir Meet meets meeting met met juntarse–conocer–encontrarse Mean means meaning meant meant significar-significado Mill mills milling milled milled D moler Miss misses missing missed missed T fallar – extrañar Misspell misspells misspelling misspelled misspelled D deletrear mal Misspeak misspeaks misspeaking misspoke misspoken hablar mal Mistake mistakes mistaking mistook mistook equivocarse – tener un error Misunderstand - misunderstands misunderstanding misunderstood entender mal Mop mops mopping mopped mopped T trapear el piso Mow mows mowing mowed mowed D trasquiar – cortar Mull mulls mulling mulled mulled D considerer cuidadosamente meditar – pensar – escudriñar Murder murders murdering murdered murdered D asesinar – matar con intento Name names naming named named D nombrar Need needs N/A (gerund) needed needed ED necesitar Negotiate negotiates negotiating negotiated negotiated ED negociar – salvar – superar Note notes noting noted noted ED notar Notice notices noticing noticed noticed T notar Notify notifies notifying notified notified D notificar Occur occurs occurring occurred occurred D ocurrir – pasar Open opens opening opened opened D abrir Overcome overcomes overcoming overcame overcome trinfar – supercar – vencer Overdo overdoes overdoing overdid overdid eagerar – hacer demasiado Overdose overdoses overdosing overdosed overdosed T sobremedicase / drogas Overdraw overdraws overdrawing overdrew overdrown sobregirar – sobreretirar Overload overloads overloading overloaded overloaded ED sobrecargar Overestimate overestimates overestimating overestimated ED sobre estimar Overtake overtakes overtaking overtook overtaken apoderarse – dar acance Overthrow overthrows overthrowing overthrew overthrew derrocar – destruir Owe owes owing owed owed D deber (dinero)



Own owns N/A (gerund) owned owned D poseer – tener – adueñan Pack packs packing packed packed T empacar Paint paints painting painted painted ED pintar Park parks parking parked parked T estacionarse Pass passes passing passed passed/past T pasar Pause pauses pausing paused paused T pausar Pay pays paying paid paid pagar Permit permits permitting permitted permitted ED permitir Pick picks picking picked picked T recojer – levanter Place places placing placed placed T colocar-lugar Plant plants planting planted planted ED plantar Play plays playing played played D jugar-tocar un instrument Plead pleads pleading pleaded pleaded ED declarar - suplicar - dclararse Please pleases pleasing pleased pleased T complacer Plug plugs plugging plugged plugged D enchufar-connectar Point points pointing pointed pointed ED apuntar – señalar Pose poses posing posed posed T posar Possess possesses possessing possessed possessed T poseer Post posts posting posted posted ED pegar – fijar – anunciar Mandar por correo Pour pours pouring poured poured D poner-derramar-verter Practice practices practicing practiced practiced T practicar Pray prays praying prayed prayed D rezar-suplicar-pedir Prey preys preying preyed preyed D rapiñar-pillar-consimir Program programs programming programmed programmed D programar Promise promises promising promised promised T prometer Pollute pollutes polluting polluted polluted ED contaminar Prove proves proving proved proved D provar – comprovar Provoke provokes provoking provoked provoked T provocar, irritar, encolerizar Pry prys prying pried pried D asechar-espiar-palanquear Pull pulls pulling pulled pulled D jalar Pulse pulses pulsing pulsed pulsed D pulsar Punish punishes punishing punished punished T castigar Push pushes pushing pushed pushed T empujar Put puts putting put put poner Quake quakes quaking quaked quaked T temblar – estremecerse Question questions questioning questioned questioned D interrogar – preguntar Quit quits quitting quit quit abandonar-renunciar-dejar Rain rains raining rained rained D llover Rally rallies rallying rallied rallied D reunir – reanimar Rape rapes raping raped raped T violar - raptar Read reads reading read read leer Recall recalls recalling recalled recalled recordar-reconocer Recommend recommends recommending recommended recommended ED recomendar – sugerir Refuse refuses refusing refused refused T reusar – rechazar Relay relays relaying relayed relayed D transmitir – relevar Relax relaxes relaxing relaxed relaxed T relajarse – tranquilizarse Relief relieves relieving relieved Remember remembers N/A (gerund) remembered remembered D recorder



Return returns returning returned returned D regresar Review reviews reviewing reviewed reviewed D revisar-repasar Rid rids riding rid rid deshacerse de… Ride rides riding rode ridden pasear-montar Ring rings ringing rang rung sonar-timbrar Rinse rinses rinsing rinsed rinsed T enjuagar Rise rises rising rose risen levantarse Run runs running ran run corer-dirigir Run away runs away ran away huir Rob robs robbing robbed robbed D robar Rub rubs rubbing rubbed rubbed D sobar – frotar – masajear Sacrifice sacrifices sacrificing sacrificed sacrificed T sacrificar Sail sails sailing sailed sailed D sarpar en barco Save saves saving saved saved D ahorrar-guardar-salvar Saw saws sawing sawed sawed D serrar – aserrar – cortar Say says saying said said decir Scare scares scaring scared scared D asustar Scoot scoots scooting scooted scooted ED deslizarse rápidamente correrse-salir-moverse See sees N/A (gerund) saw seen ver Seek seeks seeking sought sought buscar Search searches searching searched searched T buscar-investigar Sell sells selling sold sold vender Send sends sending sent sent enviar Serve serves serving served served D servir Set sets setting set set ajustar-acomodar-poner Sew sews sewing sewed sewed/sewn D coser Shake shakes shaking shook shaken agitar-sacudir-mover Shave shaves shaving shaved shaved D rasurarse Share shares sharing shared shared D comartir – convidar Shear shears shearing shore shorn trasquilar Shed sheds sheding shed shed verter-derramar-mudar Shine shines shining shined shined D brillar – alumbrar Shoe shoes shoeing shoed shoed/shod D calzar Shop shops shopping shopped shopped D comprar Shoot shoots shooting shot shot disparar con arma Shrink shrinks shrinking shrank shrunk encojer – encojerse Shut shuts shutting shut shut callar – cerrar Shiver shivers shivering shivered shivered D tiritar-temblar-estremeserse Shout shouts shouting shouted shouted ED gritar Show shows showing showed showed D mostrar-enseñar Sign signs signing signed signed D firmar Sing sings singing sang sung cantar Sink sinks sinking sank sunk hundirse-sumergir-arruinar Sit sits sitting sat sat sentarse Sit down sits down sitting down sat down estar sentado en ese momento Slam slams slamming slammed slammed D golpe-cachetada-portazo Slay slays slaying slew slain matar Sleep sleeps sleeping slept slept dormer



Slide slides sliding slid slid resbalar-deslizar-escurrirse Sling slings slinging slung slung tirar-arrojar-lanzar Slit slits slitting slit slit cortat-dividir-hender Smash smashes smashing smashed smashed T aplastar-golpear Smell smells smelling smelled smelt oler Smile smiles smiling smiled smiled D sonreir Smite smites smiting smote smitten pegar-golear con violencia Snow snows snowing snowed snowed D nevar Soar soars soaring soared soared D volar-lanear-elevarse Sob sobs sobbing sobbed sobbed D sollosar-llorar Sow sows sowing sowed sown sembrar Speak speaks speaking spoke spoken hablar Speed speeds speeding sped sped acelerar-aresurarse Spell spells spelling spelled spelled D deletrear Spend spends spending spent spent gastar Spill spills spilling spilled spilled D derramar Spin spins spinning spun spun hilar-tejer-girar-voltear Spit spits spitting spat/spit spit escupir Split splits splitting split split separar – apartar Spoil spoils spoiling spoiled spoiled D hecar a perder Spot spots spotting spotted spotted ED divisar-señalar-manchar Spread spreads spreading spread spread extender-desparramar Spring springs springing sprang sprung resortear-saltar Sprinkle sprinkles sprinkling sprinkled sprinkled D rociar-salpicar-regar Squander squanders squandering squandered squandered D despilfarrar – derrochar Square squares squared squared squared D cuadrar – cuadricular Squash squashes squashing squashed squashed T estrujar-machacar-aplastar Squeeze squeezes squeezing squeezed squeezed T apretar-abrar Stand stands standing stood stood adoptar una postura Stand up stands up standing up stood up stood up ponerse (estar) de pie Stare stares staring stared stared D mirar con atención a algo Start starts starting started started ED comenzar – empezar Stay stays staying stayed stayed D permanecer – quedarse Steal steals stealing stole stolen robar-hurtar Step steps stepping stepped stepped T andar-caminar-dar pasos Stick sticks sticking stuck stuck pegar-punzar-picar-adherir Sting stings stinging stung stung picar- pinchar-punzar Stink stinks stinking stank stunk apestar – oler mal Stop stops stopping stopped stopped D detener-parar Store stores storing stored stored D almacenar Stride strides striding strode stridden pasar-caminar rapido Strike strikes striking struck struck chocar-herir-encender-huelga String strings stringing strung strung atar – amarrar Strip strips stripping striped striped desvestir-despojar-desnudar desmantelar-quitar-robar Strive strives striving strove striven forcejear – esforzarse Study studies studying studied studied ED estudiar-estudio Suggest suggests suggesting suggested suggested ED sugerir – opinar Support supports supporting supported supported ED apoyar – soportar



Supply supplies supplying supplied supplied D proveer Swear swears swearing swore sworn jurar – maldecir Sweep sweeps sweeping swept swept barrer Swell swells swelling swelled swollen inchar-abultar-aumentar Swim swims swimming swam swum nadar Swing swing swinging swung swung oscilar-mecerse-colgar Switch switches switching switched switched T cambiar – interumpir Tackle tackles tackling tackled tackled D agarrar – tirar – asir – atar Take takes taking took taken tomar-agarrar-llevar Talk talks talking talked talked T hablar Tap taps tapping tapped tapped T palmear-taladrear-intervenir Tape tapes taping taped taped T encintar – grabar Tar tars tarring tarred tarred D poner brea Tarnish tarnishes tarnishing tarnished tarnished T empañar – mancrar Taste tastes tasting tasted tasted ED provar – saborear – gustar Teach teaches teaching taught taught enseñar Tear tears tearing tore torn rasgar – romper – demoler Tease teases teasing teased teased T bromear – burlar – painar Tell tells telling told told decir Terminate terminates terminating terminated terminated ED terminar – acabar – finalizar Test tests testing tested tested ED probar-examinar-ensayar Tie ties tying tied tied T amarrar-apretar Tip tips tipping tipped tipped T dar propina (consejo) Tire tires tiring tired tired D cansarse – agotarse Thank thanks thanking thanked thanked T agradecer – dar gracias Think thinks thinking* thought thought pensar-creer Thrive thrives thriving thrived thrived/throve crecer-prosperar Throw throws throwing threw thrown lanzar arrojar-tirar Thrust thrusts thrusting thrust thrust encajar-arrojarse-embestir Touch touches touching touched touched T tocar Train trains training trained trained D entrenar-capacitar Tread treads treading trod trodden pisar Trip trips tripping tripped tripped T tropezar-disparar-equivocarse Try tries trying tried tried D provar-intentar Understand understands understanding understood understood comprender-entender Underestimate underestimating underestimated ED subestimar Undergo undergoes undergoing underwent underwent sufrir Undertake undertakes undertaking undertook undertook emprender Update updates updating updated updated ED Actualizar Uphold upholds upholding upheld upheld sostener-apoyar-levantar Upset upsets upsetting upset upset molestar-perturbar Use uses using used used T usar Vanish vanishes vanishing vanished vanished T desaparecer sin dejar rastro Violate violates violating violated violated ED violar – torcer Wad wads wadding waded waded D caminar por el agua Wait waits waiting waited waited ED esperar Wake wakes waking woke/waked woken/waked despertar Wake up wakes up waking up woke up waked up despertarse Walk walks walking walked walked T caminar



Want wants N/A wanted wanted ED querer-desear-buscar Wash washes washing washed washed T lavar Watch watches watching watched watched T ver-mirar Wave waves waving waved waved D saludar-ondear-hacer olas Wear wears wearing wore worn usar (clothing-tools) Weave weaves weaving woved/wove woven tejer-abrirse camino Wed weds wedding wedded wedded ED casarse Weep weeps weeping wept wept llorar-lamentar Whine whines whined whined whined D quejarse – gemir – gimotear Whistle whistles whistling whistled whistled D silbar Win wins winning won won ganar Wind winds winding wound wound enredar-enrrollar-dar cuerda Wish wishes wishing wished wished T desear – querer Withhold withholds withholding withheld withheld detener – suspender – negar impeder – rehusar Withstand withstands withstanding withstood withstood resistir – aguantar Work works working worked worked T trabajar-trabajo Worry worries worrying worried worried D preocuparse Wrap wraps wrapping wrapped wrapped T envolver – empacar Wreck wrecks wrecking wrecked wrecked T chocar – dañar Wring wrings wringing wringed wringed D esprimir-retorcer-escurrir Wrinkle wrinkles wrinkling wrinkled wrinkled D arrugar – arrugarse – frincir Write writes writing wrote written escribir Yacth yacths yachting yacht navegar en recreo Yank yanks yanking yanked T dar un tirón – jalón Yawn yawns yawning yawned yawned D bostesar – abrirse Zap zaps zapping desintegrar – aniquilar Zip zips zipping zipped T silbar – pasar silbando

book 1 beginners ene 2012

Documents