ANIMATION ARTThis large format, comprehensive, high quality and visually rich art book covers the history of animation throughout the world, focusing heavily on the North American creative engines of Disney, Warner and now the new, small production CGI houses. The book is divided into world regions to reveal the clear developments in each area, but heavy cross referencing will show the increasing internationalization of animation from the 1930's when the industry and creative imagination of Walt Disney began to infect artists and producers the world over, revealed most recently in The Matrix phenomenon where the bridge between the first and subsequent films, ( Animatrix, nine animated shorts), was provided by a pioneering collaboration between US and Japanese animation studios.

Beginning with the earliest in animation, we follow the few individuals who worked on their own to develop techniques that would soon transform animation into a mass-market phenomenon. In recent years, animation has been hugely impacted by the arrival of the computer, seen in films such as Toy Story and Shrek. Computers have pushed animation to the limit by achieving fine, detailed, real-world rendering techniques that challenge the next generation of animators.

• Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. It is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in a number of ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although several other forms of presenting animation also exist.

The bouncing ball animation consists of these 6 frames.

This animation moves at 10 frames per second

An example of traditional animation, a horse animated by rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge's 19th century

photos.

Early examples • Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing

can be found in Paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion.

An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion.

• Animation art is well over 100 years old. Long before cinema, as far back as 1650, artists created a series of glass lantern slides which were projected sequentially, to create a storyline and a primitive illusion of moving image.

• In the 1800s, hand-drawn animation was created for viewing through mechanical devices and optical toys such as the zoetrope (1834) and the praxinoscope (1877).

A phenakistoscope disc by Eadweard Muybridge (1893)

The word "phenakistoscope" comes from Greek roots meaning "optical deceiver" or "to cheat", as it deceives the eye by making the pictures look like an animation.

A modern replica of a Victorian zoetrope

Flip book (1868)• The first flip book was patented in

1868 by a John Barns Linnet. Flip books were yet another development that brought us closer to modern animation. Like the Zoetrope, the Flip Book creates the illusion of motion. A set of sequential pictures flipped at a high

speed creates this effect.

1886 illustration of the kineograph

• Motion picture film originated in 1895, and before long, creative magicians and cartoonists began making “trick films”, moving inanimate objects in front of stop-frame movie cameras and producing animation for early twentieth-century audiences.

The father of animation

• Emile Cohl (1857-1938)• Fantasmagorie by Emile Cohl, 1908 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1J5q7li

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• J. Stuart Blackton (1875-1941)• The Enchanted Drawing (1900)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pe7HSnZot

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• Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGh6maN

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• Winsor McCay (1867–1934) was an American cartoonist and animator. He was a successful newspaper cartoonist, who created detailed animations that required a team of artists and painstaking attention for detail. Each frame was drawn on paper; which invariably required backgrounds and characters to be redrawn and animated.

• Gertie the Dinosaur • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsXV0Lr2xqg&feature=related

John R. Bray• Although Winsor McCay explored animated cartoons as a personal artistic

venture, his working methods were not practical for demands of commercial series film production.

• The French-Cnadian Raoul Barre has the distintion of starting the first animation

studio, followed by the Michigan native John R. Bray (1879-1978).

• The Bray-Hurd Process Company• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaV-7kWVShs

Max Fleischer• The Bray Studio was the most prolific during 1920s and they hired

additional cartonists who brought their creative and technical talents

including Max Fleischer (1883-1972)• Max Fleischer (July 19, 1883 – September 11, 1972) was an American animator.

He was a pioneer in the development of the animated cartoon and served as the head of Fleischer Studios. He brought such animated characters as Betty Boop, Koko the Clown, Popeye, and Superman to the movie screen and was responsible for a number of technological innovations.

• OUT of the INKWELL • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IpdMnLx0Npg• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfxcMu-J7zU&NR=1

Fleischer Studios

• Fleischer Studios, Inc. was an American corporation which originated as an animation studio located at 1600 Broadway, New York City, New York. It was founded in 1921 as Inkwell Studios (or Out of the Inkwell Films) by brothers Max Fleischer and Dave Fleischer who ran the company from its inception until Paramount Pictures, the studio's parent company and the distributor of its films, forced them to resign in April 1942. In its prime, it was the most significant competitor to Walt Disney Productions, and is notable for bringing to the screen cartoons featuring Koko the Clown, Betty Boop, Bimbo, Popeye the Sailor, and Superman. Unlike other studios, whose most famous characters were anthropomorphic animals, the Fleischers' most popular characters were humans.

Walt Disney• The beginnings of Disney(pre-mouse day)• Walter Elias Disney born in Chicago 1901,

1919 become a commercial artist.• “Alice’s wonderland” 1920s• “Oswald the Lucky Rabbit”, designed by

Walt, Hugh Harman and Ub lwerks was born at 1927 Universal Pictures as owner.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6OS5coxyFMo

• The event leading to Mickey's creation was Disney’s loss of Oswald the Rabbit to Charles Mintz.

• Mickey’s first cartoon:• Mickey Cartoons — Plane Crazy (May 15, 1928)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMoAXM96ZE0

Disney in 1930-40s• “Donald Duck” 1934, • “Snow White “1937 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nN1BegE3QR0

• (more than 750 artists worked on, at least two million sketches were created and more than 250000 drawings were used on-screen.) ( This was a film that launched an entire industry and changed cinema forever.)

• Wartime Disney Propaganda• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfIKQkldXWo

• Walter Lantz(1899-1994)• Took over production of Winkler’s Oswald Rabbit cartoons from 1929• Flip The Frog - Spooks• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yj4W0nLnnE&feature=related • When Walter Lantz replaced Winkler Pictures as universal’s producer

of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, some Winkler animators moved over to work for Lantz. Three who did not were Hugh Harman, Ruby Lsing and Friz Freleng.

• Harman began a story “Bosko” in Jan 1928• Bosko and Honey 1932

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKsSldYL-3I&feature=related • 1930 Harman negotiated successfully with Leon Schlesinger,

entrepreneur manager of Pacific Art and Title. The idea to open a cartoon studio known as

Warner Bros.

• Warner animation: • Daffy Duck & Bugs Bunny• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqYzkdSJr-k&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUYZYJ7XueI

50, 60,70, 80,9o…………..s

TV animation 50-60s

The Pink Panther

Fred and Wilma

Superheroes

DC Comics and Marvel Comics

• Independents grow at 60s-80s • Limited animation involves the use of less detailed and/or more stylized drawings and

methods of movement. Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United Productions of America, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in Gerald McBoing Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (UK, 1968), and much of the anime produced in Japan.

• Yellow Submarine (UK, 1968)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=c9oWl5ydQAA&feature=PlayList&p=F67B5E3EE9B87935&index=0&playnext=1

• Frederic back (born in Germany 1924)• Learning to fly• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E1oXXpdaFk

• The Man Who Planted Trees (1987)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MbosrkVYPU&feature=PlayList&p=88EC45FAEB109F27&index=0&playnext=1

• RENE LALOUX (French artist 1929-2004)• Fantastic Planet (France/Czechoslovakia, 1973)• A surreal tale that takes place on a faraway planet where giants rule and the tiny humans must fight for equality

and their lives. It depict s the eternal human struggle for freedom.

90-2000000…s….Clay animations

3D animations PIXAR & DreamWorks

Next………………….• Japanese cartoon• Toei Doga• Shotaro Ishinomori (1938-98)• SadaoTsukioka(1939)• Osamu Tezuka (1928-89), honored with such titles as “ the God of Comics”

(Manga no Kamisama) and “the Disney of Japan”.

• Astro Boy• Hayao Miyazaki ( 1941) Akira• Hong Kong Illustrators • 麥嘉碧 , 小克 , 楊學德 , Stella So, John Ho………