borkeo household baseline report final · page!3!! health&...

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Baseline Study Borkeo, Cambodia

March 2018

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I.! Executive!Summary!

In!February!2018!Lifewater!International!began!a!new!program!in!Borkeo!District!in!Ratanakiri!Province,!Cambodia.!The!purpose!of!this!baseline!report!is!to!learn!about!WASH!behavior,!knowledge,!and!attitudes/beliefs!of!the!population!in!the!target!areas.!The!results!will!inform!project!activities!and!behavior!change!messaging.!In!addition,!the!baseline!will!be!compared!to!an!endline!survey!to!determine!whether!the!project!achieved!its!objectives.!

Water&Water!scarcity!and!poor!water!quality!are!the!two!greatest!concerns!among!rural!households!in!Borkeo.!Less!than!onePfifth!of!households!are!drinking!from!protected!water!sources,!yet!only!1%!report!treating!their!water!every!time!before!consumption.!

While!household!water!usage!exceeds!minimum!standards!for!daily!water!needs,!the!average!household!spends!more!than!one!hour!walking!to!the!water!source,!waiting!in!line!to!collect!water,!and!walking!home.!In!all!seasons,!an!unprotected!spring!is!the!most!frequently!used!water!source.!Water!sources!are!often!chosen!for!their!appearance/taste!and!convenience!rather!than!for!health!purposes.!More!than!half!of!respondents!stated!that!the!reason!they!do!not!treat!their!drinking!water!was!because!they!thought!it!was!safe!to!drink!and!only!20%!of!respondents!know!that!drinking!safe!water!prevents!diarrhea.!Lack!of!awareness!about!unsafe!water,!including!the!health!consequences!of!drinking!unsafe!water,!is!a!critical!factor!in!the!behavior!and!actions!of!rural!households!in!Borkeo.!

Sanitation&NinetyPfour!percent!of!households!in!Borkeo!do!not!have!a!latrine,!instead!practice!open!defecation.!Among!the!6%!of!households!that!do!have!a!latrine,!most!of!these!latrines!are!high!quality!and!well!maintained!pourPflush!latrines.!The!most!common!reason!for!not!having!a!latrine!is!the!high!cost!associated!with!building!one.!Almost!all!households!practicing!open!defecation!are!dissatisfied!with!the!smell,!flies,!lack!of!privacy,!shame,!and!dangers!associated!with!open!defecation.!When!asked!an!openPended!question!about!the!greatest!challenge!in!the!community,!lack!of!toilets!was!one!of!the!most!common!responses.!&

Hygiene&Reported!handwashing!is!very!high!in!Borkeo,!but!there!are!concerns!about!the!supplies!used!and!the!times!of!the!day!that!people!practice!handwashing.!Nearly!everyone!said!they!had!washed!their!hands!in!the!24Phour!period!before!the!survey,!and!almost!half!said!they!had!used!soap!or!ash.!However,!just!37%!said!they!had!washed!at!the!two!most!critical!times!for!disease!prevention!P!before!eating!and!after!defecation.!&During!observation,!none!of!the!households!had!an!adequate!handwashing!device!with!soap!and!water!present!and!no!households!had!their!handwashing!device!located!near!a!latrine.!SeventyP!four!percent!of!households!use!a!bowl!or!basin!for!handwashing,!which!is!less!hygienic!than!other!options!because!it!likely!reuses!water.!Only!18%!of!households!had!water!and!soap!or!ash!available!at!their!handwashing!station.!When!asked!what!makes!handwashing!difficult,!68%!of!respondents!said!the!cost!of!soap.!!

Only!onePthird!of!respondents!know!that!it!is!important!to!wash!your!hands!after!defecation,!and!less!than!half!know!that!handwashing!helps!prevent!disease.!&

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Health&Diarrhea!prevalence!in!children!is!concerning:!23%!of!children!under!5!years!old!had!diarrhea!during!the!7!days!prior!to!the!survey.!In!addition!to!diarrhea,!households!said!that!the!flu,!high!fever,!stomach!pain,!and!cough!are!common!among!children!under!five.!All!of!these!can!be!reduced!or!prevented!by!drinking!safe!water,!using!a!latrine,!and!washing!hands!at!critical!times.!Worryingly,!21%!of!respondents!said!cholera!is!common!among!their!children.!In!fact,!Ratanakiri!Province!has!experienced!multiple!serious!cholera!outbreaks!in!the!past!twenty!years,!resulting!in!the!deaths!of!hundreds!of!people1.!!

Poverty!and!lack!of!money!are!some!of!the!greatest!challenges!that!people!reportedly!face,!which!are!compounded!by!poor!health!and!high!amounts!of!money!spent!on!medical!treatment.!More!than!half!of!households!visited!a!health!facility!in!the!4!weeks!prior!to!the!survey,!and!households!spent!a!median!amount!of!almost!$6!USD!on!medical!care!during!that!time.!

Beliefs&Water!scarcity!is!the!most!significant!perceived!problem!in!target!villages,!although!it!is!also!the!secondPgreatest!asset,!following!land.!Half!of!respondents!said!that!they!have!influence!on!their!own!health,!while!approximately!onePthird!attributed!this!power!to!ancestors!and!onePthird!to!spirits.!Only!5%!believe!that!God!cares!about!their!future.!Respondents!in!Ting!Chak!were!less!likely!to!mention!God!as!either!having!an!impact!on!their!health!or!as!caring!about!their!future.!Just!over!half!of!respondents!have!a!positive!outlook!on!the!future,!whereas!approximately!one!quarter!believe!that!life!will!be!the!same!for!the!next!generation,!and!one!fifth!believe!that!life!will!be!worse.!&Conclusion&The!findings!demonstrate!a!clear!need!for!WASH!(water,!sanitation,!and!hygiene)!interventions!in!Borkeo.!Access!to!safe!drinking!water,!a!latrine,!and!soap!are!very!low!among!rural!households!in!Borkeo!District.!As!a!result,!diseases!are!prevalent!and!health!is!poor,!requiring!people!to!spend!their!income!on!medical!treatment,!often!instead!of!school!for!their!children.!Lack!of!money!is!then!creating!a!barrier!to!people!buying!a!latrine!and!soap,!which!perpetuates!the!cycle!of!disease!and!poverty.!People!are!aware!of!these!challenges!and!desire!change.!Given!the!findings!of!the!household!baseline!survey,!the!potential!for!improved!health!and!transformation!in!Borkeo!District,!Ratanakiri!Province!through!water,!sanitation,!and!hygiene!interventions!is!great.!

II.! Methods!

For!this!analysis,!the!following!data!were!used:!!

P! Household)survey)conducted!in!February!2018:!Lifewater!field!staff!surveyed!275!households,!a!population!sample!with!a!5%!margin!of!error!and!a!90%!confidence!interval.!The!sample!size!is!statistically!valid!at!the!level!of!the!total!target!population!and!is!not!designed!to!capture!generalizable!differences!between!villages!or!communes.!However,!comparisons!between!communes!are!sometimes!included!in!the!results!and!discussion,!as!they!might!still!be!useful!for!program!planning.!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!ProMedPmail!Archive!Number:!19990530.0910!(www.promedmail.org,!accessed!04/02/2018! !

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Data!was!captured!electronically!through!mobile!phones!and!uploaded!into!the!Akvo!FLOW!system.!Target!households!were!selected!from!the!16!target!villages!in!3!communes,!with!the!number!of!households!determined!using!probability!proportional!to!size,!prior!to!the!start!of!the!survey.!Lifewater!HQ!analyzed!the!survey!data!using!Excel,!drafted!the!baseline!report,!and!received!feedback!and!contextual!information!from!Borkeo!field!staff.!The!following!table!presents!basic!information!about!the!communes!participating!in!Lifewater’s!program:!

!Table)1:)Participant)Overview)

Commune! Number!of!Villages!in!Lifewater!Project!

Number!of!Households!in!Target!Villages!

Number!of!Households!Surveyed!

Kok! 4! 334! 79!Soeng! 5! 450! 99!Ting!Chak! 7! 519! 97!

!P! Religious)institutions)survey!conducted!in!January!2018:!Borkeo!staff!recorded!basic!

information!about!all!religious!institutions!they!could!identify!in!the!target!areas.!In!total,!staff!identified!4!institutions!in!Kok!and!Soeng!communes.!No!religious!institutions!were!identified!in!Ting!Chak!Commune.!Information!from!this!survey!is!included!in!this!report.!

P! Primary)school)survey!conducted!in!January!2018:!Lifewater!staff!also!completed!a!survey!of!all!public!primary!schools!in!the!3!communes,!for!a!total!of!12!schools.!A!report!has!been!written!that!details!the!WASH!situation!at!each!of!these!schools!and!is!included!in!the!appendix!of!this!report.!!

P! Existing)water)point)survey)conducted!in!January!and!February!2018:!Field!staff!identified!and!observed!94!existing!water!points!in!the!program!area.!A!summary!has!been!included!in!the!appendix!of!this!report.!

III.! Results!

A.! Respondent!Characteristics!and!Household!Age!Structure!!! Respondent)age)and)wealth)ranking:!Of!the!total!respondents,!61%!are!female.!The!average!age!

of!respondents!is!36!years.!Overall,!15%!of!households!are!designated!ID!Poor!1!and!25%!of!households!are!ID!Poor!22,!and!a!total!of!40%!of!the!households!surveyed!are!designated!in!the!ID!poor!categories.!Kok!commune!has!the!lowest!percentage!of!ID!poor!households,!with!just!30%!of!surveyed!households!in!either!of!the!ID!Poor!categories.!In!Soeng!Commune,!34%!of!surveyed!households!are!designated!as!ID!poor.!Ting!Chak!has!the!highest!percentage!with!53%!of!the!surveyed!households!saying!they!fall!in!the!ID!Poor!category.!!

!! Respondent)Education)Levels:!Education!levels!are!very!low,!with!71%!of!respondents!saying!they!have!had!no!formal!education.!TwentyPtwo!percent!have!had!some!primary,!5%!have!completed!primary!and!3%!have!had!some!secondary!school!or!more.!Females!are!more!than!twice!as!likely!as!males!to!have!no!formal!education!(48%!vs!23%).!Education!levels!for!females!are!the!lowest!in!Ting!Chak!with!56%!of!female!respondents!having!no!formal!education.!In!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2!The!Government!of!Cambodia!implements!an!ID!Poor!Program!which!identifies!the!most!vulnerable!households!in!communities!and!share!this!information!with!government!agencies!and!nonPgovernmental!organizations!working!to!address!root!causes!of!poverty!and!raise!levels!of!socioeconomic!development.!For!more!information,!visit!http://www.idpoor.gov.kh/en/home!

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Soeng,!29%!of!males!have!had!no!formal!education,!the!lowest!level!of!education!for!males!among!the!communes.!!

!! Family)structure:!The!average!family!size!is!5.4!people!across!all!the!communes.!Households!have!an!average!of!1.4!children!under!5!years!old!and!3.1!adults.!Overall,!21%!of!households!have!an!elderly!person!and!14%!have!children!under!five.!!

B.! Education!and!Economic!Activity!!! Enrollment:!Overall,!75%!of!primary!school!age!children!are!enrolled!in!school.!The!most!

common!reason!children!are!not!enrolled!in!school!is!because!the!child!is!too!young!(75%).!Children!can!enroll!in!primary!school!at!age!3,!but!some!mothers!prefer!to!keep!their!children!at!home!until!they!are!5.!Other!common!reasons!children!are!not!enrolled!in!school!is!because!the!child/children!support!family!with!labor!(18%)!and!not!enough!funds!to!pay!for!school!(8%).!In!Kok!Commune,!14%!said!children!are!not!enrolled!because!of!child!marriage!or!pregnancy.!In!Soeng!Commune,!only!half!(50%)!said!that!children!are!not!enrolled!because!they!are!too!young,!while!38%!said!there!are!not!enough!funds,!38%!said!the!children!support!the!family!with!labor,!and!25%!said!the!school!is!too!far!away.))

!! Female)economic)activity:!NinetyPnine!percent!of!women!are!engaged!in!some!form!of!economic!activity,!primarily!smallholder!crop!cultivation!(64%)!and!day!labor/plantation!(54%).!

!! Household)wealth:!When!asked!how!their!household!wealth!had!changed!since!last!year,!37%!said!it!decreased,!45%!said!it!stayed!the!same!and!18%!said!it!increased.!Almost!threePquarters!(71%)!of!households!said!they!did!not!have!enough!income!for!living!during!the!past!year!and!the!average!number!of!months!of!income!shortage!was!4.7.!

C.! Community!Resources!and!Challenges!!! Greatest)resources:)When!asked!to!name!the!greatest!resources!of!the!community,!the!most!

common!responses!were!land!(84%),!water!(68%),!education/schools!(55%)!and!roads!(52%).!In!Soeng,!92%!of!respondents!said!land!is!the!greatest!resource,!compared!to!77%!in!Ting!Chak.!Respondents!in!Soeng!were!also!more!likely!to!include!roads!(66%)!and!natural!resources!(26%)!as!their!community’s!greatest!assets,!compared!with!respondents!in!Kok!(42%!and!1%,!respectively)!or!Ting!Chak!(45%!and!5%,!respectively).!Respondents!were!allowed!multiple!responses!to!this!question.)

!! Greatest)problems:)When!asked!about!their!community’s!greatest!problems,!the!most!common!responses!were!water!scarcity!(47%),!water!quality!(39%),!money/poverty!(39%),!and!schools/education!(31%).!Water!scarcity!is!more!of!a!concern!in!Soeng!Commune,!with!59%!of!households!saying!it!is!a!problem!compared!to!45%!in!Kok!and!35%!in!Ting!Chak.!Water!quality!is!more!of!a!concern!in!Ting!Chak!(43%)!and!Kok!(41%)!communes!than!in!Soeng!(34%).!Lack!of!toilet!was!most!concerning!in!Kok!(24%)!followed!by!Ting!Chak!(22%)!and!Soeng!(16%).!See!Figure!1!below!for!more!details.!Respondents!were!allowed!multiple!responses!to!this!question.!

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!! Most)significant)change:)When!asked!the!most!significant!change!in!the!community!in!the!past!year,!39%!of!respondents!said!roads,!22%!said!there!has!been!no!change,!14%!said!more/bigger!houses!and!12%!said!electricity.!In!Soeng,!only!8%!said!nothing!has!changed,!compared!with!33%!in!Ting!Chak!and!27%!in!Kok.!)

D.! Health!and!Diarrhea!!! Child)health:)Respondents!reported!that!the!most!common!illnesses!among!children!under!5!in!

their!households!are!flu!(76%),!diarrhea!(59%),!high!fever!(53%),!stomach!pain!(26%),!cholera!(21%),!and!cough!(21%).!Respondents!in!Soeng!were!the!most!likely!to!mention!diarrhea!(61%).!See!Figure!2!for!perceived!most!common!childhood!illnesses!by!commune.!))

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Figure)1:)Greatest)Problems)in)the)Community)

Figure)2:)Most)Common)Perceived)Illnesses)in)Children)under)5)

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When!asked!how!the!health!of!their!children!had!changed!in!the!last!year,!48%!said!it!had!stayed!the!same,!31%!said!it!improved,!and!20%!said!it!declined.!Responses!were!slightly!more!positive!in!Soeng,!where!38%!of!respondents!said!their!child’s!health!had!improved!in!the!past!year.!)

!! Child)diarrhea:)A!total!of!23%!of!children!under!5!had!diarrhea!in!the!7!days!prior!to!the!survey!(a!measure!of!period!prevalence).!Diarrhea!prevalence!is!highest!in!Ting!Chak,!where!37%!of!children!under!5!had!diarrhea!in!the!previous!7!days!(see!Figure!3).!))

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!! CareAseeking)and)treatment:)When!children!had!diarrhea,!61%!of!household!respondents!said!they!gave!the!child!water,!45%!gave!ORS!(oral!rehydration!solution),!and!23%!gave!foodPbased!fluid.!All!three!of!these!responses!are!recommended!for!home!treatment!of!diarrhea.!Overall,!65%!gave!the!child!the!same!or!more!fluids!and!food,!which!is!recommended!for!treating!diarrhea.!However,!in!Ting!Chak!only!45%!of!children!with!diarrhea!received!the!same!or!more!fluids!and!food!during!their!diarrheal!episode.!When!nursing!children!had!diarrhea,!97%!of!them!continued!to!receive!breastmilk!during!their!diarrheal!episode.!!)

!! Missed)school:)Overall,!children!in!the!household!missed!1.4!days!of!school!in!the!2!weeks!prior!to!the!survey!due!to!illness!(all!children!in!the!household!combined).!This!number!is!slightly!higher!in!Kok!at!2.0!compared!with!0.7!days!in!Soeng.!)

!! Respondent)health:)When!asked!how!their!health!has!changed!in!the!past!year,!46%!said!it!stayed!the!same,!28%!said!it!improved!and!25%!said!it!declined.!Responses!were!more!positive!in!Soeng,!where!36%!said!their!health!had!improved!in!the!last!year.)

!! Medical)expenses:)The!average!amount!of!money!spent!on!medical!expenses!in!the!4!weeks!prior!to!the!survey!was!306,553!Riel!($76.64!USD).!However,!the!data!includes!several!outliers!reporting!exceptionally!high!medical!expenses.!The!median!amount!spent!on!medical!expenses!was!22,500!Riel!($5.63!USD).!Notably,!the!median!amount!in!Ting!Chak!(45,000!Riel!or!$11.25!USD)!was!more!than!double!the!median!amount!in!Kok!and!Soeng!(20,000!Riel!or!$5.00!USD).)

Figure)3:)Prevalence)of)Diarrhea)in)Children)

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Diarrhea)prevention:)When!asked!how!to!prevent!diarrhea,!26%!of!respondents!said!they!do!not!know.!Most!respondents!know!that!washing!hands!can!prevent!diarrhea!(61%)!while!41%!said!washing!utensils!and!32%!said!washing!food.!Just!31%!said!using!latrine!and!only!20%!of!respondents!said!drinking!safe!water.!Knowledge!of!ways!to!prevent!diarrhea!is!much!lower!in!Ting!Chak!than!in!Kok!or!Soeng,!with!37%!of!people!saying!they!do!not!know.!See!Figure!4!for!knowledge!of!the!ways!to!prevent!diarrhea!by!commune.)!

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E.! Water!Usage!!! Daily)water)usage:!The!average!household!uses!approximately!277!liters!of!water!per!day!for!all!

personal!and!household!needs!including!drinking,!cooking,!and!bathing.!Considering!the!average!household!size,!this!is!51.6!liters!per!person!per!day,!which!is!more!than!the!recommended!minimum!consumption!and!basic!hygiene!recommendation!by!SPHERE3!(15!L/person/day).!Average!per!person!daily!water!use!is!highest!in!Ting!Chak!at!55!liters!and!lowest!in!Soeng!at!47.5!liters!(see!Figure!5).!Respondents!reported!a!shortage!of!water!for!only!0.5!months!in!the!past!year.!!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3!Humanitarian!Charter!and!Minimum!Standards!in!Humanitarian!Response,!“Minimum!Standards!in!Water!Supply,!Sanitation!and!Hygiene!Promotion”,!http://www.spherehandbook.org/content/pages/en/6.minimumPstandardsPinPwaterPsupplyPsanitationPandPhygienePpromotion.pdf!

Figure)4:)Knowledge)of)Ways)to)Prevent)Diarrhea)

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!! Water)fetching:)Adult!females!are!the!most!likely!to!fetch!water!for!their!families.!NinetyPthree!percent!of!respondents!said!adult!women!fetch!water,!43%!said!adult!men,!12%!said!male!children,!and!11%!said!female!children.!)

!! Water)as)income:)Only!4%!of!respondents!said!they!use!a!water!source!for!income.!The!type!of!water!sources!most!commonly!used!for!income!are!unprotected!springs!(40%).!This!water!is!used!for!raising!animals!(50%)!and!water!delivery/selling!to!others!(50%).)

F.! Drinking!Water!Sources#P! Households!use!multiple!sources!for!their!household!water!needs,!depending!on!season.!

Respondents!answered!questions!based!on!source!by!rainy!and!dry!season!and!primary!or!secondary!source.!The!analysis!and!table!below!reflect!observations!about!various!sources.#

P! Dry)season)primary)source:)During!the!dry!season,!unprotected!springs!are!the!most!common!source!of!drinking!water,!followed!by!protected!wells!(see!Table!2).!Only!18%!of!respondents!have!primary!sources!of!drinking!water!that!meet!the!criteria!for!a!protected!source.!Ting!Chak!has!the!lowest!use!of!protected!sources!for!drinking!water!at!just!11%.!The!average!distance!travelled!to!the!water!source!is!354!meters,!though!distance!travelled!varies!greatly!between!communes.!In!Kok!it!is!just!239!meters!and!in!Soeng!it!is!465!meters.!The!average!time!it!takes!to!get!to!the!water!source!is!25!minutes!and!the!average!queue!time!is!25!minutes.!This!equates!to!a!total!of!more!than!one!hour!to!travel!to!the!water,!collect!water!from!the!source,!and!bring!it!back!home.!Only!7%!pay!for!their!dry!season!water!source,!most!commonly!upon!fetching,!and!just!9%!treat!it!before!drinking.!Of!those!who!treat!their!water,!88%!boil!it!water!and!8%!use!a!ceramic!filter.!)

P! Rainy)season)primary)source:)Similarly,!during!the!rainy!season!most!people!use!unprotected!springs!(see!Table!2).!Of!the!primary!sources!used!during!rainy!season,!only!16%!meet!the!criteria!for!protected!sources.!The!average!distance!to!the!water!source!is!263!meters,!with!an!average!time!to!source!of!25!minutes!and!queue!time!of!22!minutes.!This!equates!to!more!than!onePhour!total!to!travel!to!water!source,!secure!water,!and!travel!back!home.!Just!5%!of!

Figure)5:)Daily)Water)Usage)

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respondents!pay!for!their!water!during!rainy!season,!most!commonly!upon!fetching,!and!8%!treat!their!water!before!drinking.!Of!those!that!treat!their!water,!90%!boil!their!water.!)

P! Common)reasons)for)water)source)preference:)The!most!common!reasons!for!choosing!the!primary!source!are!clear/good!color,!good!taste,!no!smell,!and!convenience.!In!both!dry!and!rainy!season,!primary!sources!of!drinking!water!are!overwhelmingly!chosen!for!appearance,!taste,!and!convenience!reasons!rather!than!for!health!reasons.!!

Table)2:)Drinking)Water)Sources)

!!Dry!Season! Rainy!Season!

Primary! Secondary! Primary! Secondary!

Drinking!Water!Sources!

Unprotected!Spring! 72%! 20%! 68%! 17%!Protected!Well!/!Hand!Pump! 16%! 12%! 14%! 5%!

Dug!Wells!(unspecific)! 3%! 2%! 5%! 3%!Bottled!Water! 3%! P! 2%! P!Stream! 2%! P! 2%! P!Protected!Spring! 1%! P! 1%! P!Cart/Truck!with!Tank!Drum! 1%! 1%! 0%! 1%!Rainwater!Jars!(unprotected)! P! P! 5%! 13%!Rainwater!Tanks!(protected)! P! P! 1%! 2%!

Average!Time!to!Source!(Minutes)! 25! 26! 25! 30!Average!Queue!Time!(Minutes)! 25! 19! 22! 16!Average!Distance!to!Source!(Meters)! 354! 211! 263! 206!

Have!a!Secondary!Source! ! 36%! ! 42%!How!Often!Use!Secondary!Source!

Always/Daily! !! 30%! !! 24%!Often! !! 49%! !! 55%!Sometimes/Every!Week! !! 15%! !! 18%!Rarely! !! 5%! !! 3%!

Pay!for!Use! 7%! ! 5%! !Average!Paid!Upon!Fetching!(Riel)! 3,571! ! 3,786! !

)

G.! Water!Treatment!and!Storage!!! Treatment)frequency:)Overall,!25%!of!respondents!never!treat!their!drinking!water!from!any!of!

their!sources.!Only!1%!always)treat!their!drinking!water,!regardless!of!the!season!or!whether!it!is!the!primary!or!secondary!source.)Water!from!protected!and!dug/unprotected!wells!are!equally!likely!to!be!treated!(19%).!Just!6%!of!those!who!get!their!water!from!an!unprotected!spring!treat!it!before!consumption.!Half!of!those!who!do!not!treat!their!water!from!an!unprotected!spring!say!the!water!is!considered!safe.!See!Table!3!for!a!summary!of!water!treatment!by!source.!The!most!commonly!used!sources!are!at!the!top.!

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Page!11!!

Table)3:)Water)Treatment)by)Source)

!

Treat!Water!Before!Drinking!

Drinking!Water!Sources!

Unprotected!Spring! 6%!Protected!Well!/!Hand!Pump! 19%!Dug!Wells!(unspecific)! 19%!Bottled!Water! 8%!Stream! 0%!Protected!Spring! 0%!Cart/Truck!with!Tank!Drum! 30%!Rainwater!Jars!(unprotected)! 6%!Rainwater!Tanks!(protected)! 38%!

!!! The!two!most!common!water!sources!are!unprotected!springs!and!drilled!wells.!See!Figure!6!for!

a!breakdown!of!treatment!frequency!for!these!sources.!!!

!

Figure)6:)Frequency)of)Water)Treatment)

!! Water)containers:)Enumerators!observed!water!transport!containers!at!98%!of!households!and!water!storage!containers!at!96%!of!households!surveyed.!Of!all!observed!containers!used!for!transporting!water,!78%!are!covered,!narrowPmouthed,!and!clean.!Transportation!containers!are!reported!to!be!cleaned!everyday!by!74%!of!respondents.!Of!the!containers!used!for!water!storage,!60%!of!them!are!covered,!narrowPmouthed,!and!clean.!Water!storage!containers!are!most!commonly!reported!to!be!cleaned!once!per!week!(73%).!)

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Page!12!!

H.! Water!Source!Management,!Functionality!and!Treatment!!! Source)management:)Just!39%!of!respondents!said!their!community!has!a!water!committee.!

This!is!highest!in!Ting!Chak!at!49%.!Eighteen!percent!of!respondents!do!not!know!if!their!community!has!a!water!committee.!Most!water!committees!oversee!all!the!water!points!in!the!community!(58%),!while!26%!of!the!water!committees!are!for!specific!sources.!Of!the!water!committees!that!oversee!specific!sources,!85%!are!for!unprotected!springs!and!67%!are!for!hand!pumps/drilled!wells.!)

!! Committee)performance:)Of!those!respondents!whose!community!has!a!water!committee,!41%!said!its!performance!is!good!and!44%!said!its!performance!is!fair.!Ting!Chak!is!the!only!commune!to!have!respondents!rate!their!water!committees!as!poor!(7%)!or!nonPactive!(23%).!In!Soeng,!82%!said!their!water!committee’s!performance!is!good,!compared!with!43%!of!respondents!in!Kok!and!only!17%!of!respondents!in!Ting!Chak.!The!primary!reasons!for!water!committee!performance!to!be!considered!good!include!a!clean!water!source!(76%),!no!conflict!at!the!source!(76%),!fees!not!collected!(60%),!and!proper!maintenance!and!repairs!(36%).!In!Soeng,!86%!of!respondents!said!their!water!committee!is!good!because!it!does!not!collect!fees.!Proper!maintenance!and!repairs!were!more!commonly!a!reason!for!good!water!committee!performance!in!Ting!Chak!(60%)!and!Kok!(50%).)

!! Functionality:)EightyPthree!percent!of!respondents!said!one!of!their!drinking!water!sources!broke!during!the!past!year!(85%!in!Kok,!77%!in!Soeng,!89%!in!Ting!Chak).!Overall,!70%!of!the!drinking!water!sources!had!never!broken,!20%!of!the!drinking!water!sources!were!broken!for!less!than!a!week,!2%!for!between!a!week!and!a!month,!and!5%!for!more!than!a!month!(see!Figure!7!belowWater!Source)Functionality).!Overall,!drilled!wells!had!the!lowest!functionality!of!all!water!sources!over!the!past!year,!with!9%!broken!for!less!than!a!week,!4%!broken!for!less!than!a!month!and!15%!broken!for!more!than!a!month.!In!addition,!14%!of!protected!springs!were!not!functional!for!more!than!a!month!in!the!last!year.!

)

Figure)7:)Water)Source)Functionality)

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Page!13!!

I.! Compound!Cleanliness!!! Trash)disposal:)The!most!common!methods!of!trash!disposal!are!burning!(59%)!and!

scattering/littering!on!the!ground!(44%).!It!is!more!common!to!scatter/litter!trash!in!Soeng!(52%)!than!in!the!other!communes!(Kok:!41%,!Ting!Chak:!40%).!Just!2%!of!households!use!a!community!garbage!pit!and!1%!of!households!use!a!rubbish!pit!or!garbage!pail!at!home.!)

!! Feces)and)rubbish)around)compound:)Enumerators!observed!feces!present!at!78%!of!household!compounds.!Presence!of!feces!is!highest!in!Soeng!at!84%.!Overall,!those!who!do!not!use!a!latrine!are!more!likely!to!have!feces!and!rubbish!present!than!those!households!that!have!a!latrine!(80%!vs!47%).!Most!of!the!feces!visible!is!only!animal!feces;!only!1%!of!respondents!had!human!feces!visible!at!the!time!of!observation.!The!majority!of!homes!have!rubbish!present!around!the!compound!(87%).)

!! Child)feces:)When!asked!what!happens!with!the!feces!of!children!under!5!years!old,!91%!of!respondents!said!their!children!practice!open!defecation.!Overall,!4%!of!households!said!that!all!the!children!under!5!use!a!latrine!and!4%!of!the!respondents!either!said!they!bury!their!children’s!feces!or!put!it!in!a!latrine.!Most!respondents!think!child!feces!are!more!dirty!than!adult!feces!(37%),!though!it!varied!from!46%!in!Soeng!to!just!30%!in!Ting!Chak.!Almost!one!quarter!(24%)!of!respondents!think!the!feces!of!children!are!less!dirty!than!those!from!adults.!)

!! Animal)ownership)and)feces)management:!Sixty!percent!of!households!say!they!have!animals!living!on!their!compound,!however!enumerators!observed!animals!in!86%!of!household!compounds.!Of!those!compounds!where!animals!were!observed,!only!4%!have!animal!fences.!Of!those!respondents!who!said!they!own!animals,!3%!said!the!animals!sleep!in!their!house.!In!Kok,!7%!of!households!with!animals!reported!that!animals!sleep!in!their!house,!whereas!none!in!Ting!Chak!reported!animals!sleeping!in!the!house.!Most!households!that!own!animals!do!not!clean!the!feces!often!from!their!compounds!–!only!23%!clean!animal!feces!at!least!once!per!day,!an!additional!19%!clean!once!or!more!per!week,!12%!clean!more!infrequently!than!weekly,!and!46%!say!they!never!clean!animal!feces!from!their!compound.)

J.! Latrine!Use,!Types!and!Maintenance!!! Latrine)use:)Overall,!only!6%!of!households!reported!using!a!latrine!and!the!remaining!94%!of!

households!do!not!use!any!facility!for!defecation.!Of!the!households!who!use!a!latrine,!100%!said!it!is!used!by!women!and!men,!82%!said!children,!and!65%!said!the!elderly.!Of!the!households!who!use!a!latrine,!24%!share!the!latrine!with!other!households!P!an!average!of!3!households!share!one!latrine.!In!Soeng,!households!are!less!than!half!as!likely!as!the!other!communes!to!use!a!latrine!(3%!vs!8%).)

!! Latrine)types:)Of!all!surveyed!households,!4%!have!an!improved!latrine!and!4%!have!an!improved!latrine!with!dignity6.!Enumerators!observed!a!total!of!16!latrines!(representing!6%!of!total!households!surveyed).!Of!the!observed!latrines,!88%!are!pourPflush!to!an!enclosed!tank.!The!majority!of!pourPflush!latrines!have!ceramic!bowls!(93%)!and!all!have!tile!and!cement!or!cementPonly!floors.!The!one!dry!pit!latrine!observed!has!a!floor!made!of!natural!material.!All!of!the!pourPflush!latrines!had!water!available.!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6!An!improved!latrine!must!have!a!slab!that!effectively!separates!humans!from!feces!and!the!latrine!cannot!be!shared!with!other!households;!a!latrine!with!dignity!is!an!improved!latrine!that!also!has!complete/solid!walls,!a!roof,!and!a!door.!

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Page!14!!

!! Latrine)location:)!Of!observed!latrines,!94%!are!located!fewer!than!10!meters!from!the!household.!Most!latrines!are!elevated:!50%!less!than!½!meter,!31%!at!½!meter,!and!6%!more!than!1!meter.!Only!Ting!Chak!had!latrines!that!are!not!elevated!(25%).)

!! Latrine)maintenance:)Most!of!the!latrines!people!use!are!well!maintained.!Of!those!observed,!none!have!a!bad!smell,!none!have!flies,!and!73%!are!clean.!All!latrines!have!solid!walls,!a!complete!roof,!and!a!door!that!provides!privacy.!)

K.! Latrine!Attitudes!!! Reasons)for)having)or)not)having)a)latrine:)Of!those!that!do!not!have!their!own!latrine,!almost!

all!(97%)!said!it!is!because!latrines!are!too!expensive.!Some!people!said!that!they!lack!information!on!how!to!purchase!a!latrine!(7%)!or!that!other!priorities!precede!purchasing!a!latrine!(7%).!Of!those!who!have!their!own!latrine,!92%!said!they!constructed!one!because!of!personal!awareness!of!the!importance!of!having!a!toilet.!!

!! Difficulty)to)build:!Almost!all!respondents!said!it!is!very!difficult!(49%)!or!moderately!difficulty!(44%)!to!build!their!own!latrine.!Those!who!use!a!latrine!were!more!likely!to!say!they!are!easy!to!build.!None!of!the!latrinePusers!said!it!is!very!difficult!to!build,!with!41%!saying!it!is!either!very!easy!or!moderately!easy.!!

!! Satisfaction:!When!asked!how!satisfied!respondents!are!with!their!place!of!defecation!(both!latrine!users!and!nonPlatrine!users),!5%!said!they!are!very!satisfied,!4%!said!satisfied,!77%!said!unsatisfied!and!14%!said!very!unsatisfied.!However,!satisfaction!varied!greatly!between!latrine!and!nonPlatrine!users.!Of!those!who!use!a!latrine,!all!are!satisfied!or!very!satisfied,!while!only!2%!of!nonPlatrine!users!expressed!any!satisfaction!(see!Figure!8!below).!!

!!!

!! Latrine)benefits:!The!most!common!perceived!benefits!of!using!a!latrine!are!safety!(71%),!privacy!(51%),!cleanliness!(41%),!comfort!(38%),!and!convenience!(31%).!TwentyPeight!percent!said!that!health!or!disease!prevention!is!a!benefit!of!using!a!latrine.!Those!with!a!latrine!are!more!likely!to!say!that!health/disease!prevention!is!a!benefit!(71%!vs!25%!of!nonPlatrine!users)!and!they!are!also!more!likely!to!mention!cleanliness!(76%!vs!39%),!comfort!(76%!vs!36%),!and!safety!(94%!vs!70%).!

Figure)8:)Defecation)Location)Satisfaction)

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Page!15!!

!! Disadvantages)of)defecation)location:!Among!latrine!users,!65%!said!there!are!no!disadvantages!to!their!defecation!location.!None!of!the!nonPlatrine!users!said!there!are!no!disadvantages!to!their!defecation!location.!Among!nonPlatrine!users,!the!disadvantages!include!bad!smell!(81%),!attracts!flies!(75%),!lack!of!privacy!(59%),!brings!shame!(55%),!and!safety!concerns!(40%).!!

L.! Hygiene!!! Handwashing)station)(observation):)Of!all!households!surveyed,!0%!had!an!appropriate!device!

with!necessary!supplies!(i.e.,!had!soap!or!ash,!water!and!did!not!reuse!water).!Enumerators!observed!a!total!of!115!handwashing!devices,!representing!42%!of!all!households!surveyed.!Of!the!observed!handwashing!stations/devices,!81%!had!water,!18%!had!water!and!soap/ash,!but!84%!reused!water.!None!of!the!households!have!a!tap!for!handwashing.!Most!households!use!a!bowl!or!basin!for!handwashing,!which!are!often!contaminated,!and!most!of!the!devices!are!located!inside!or!near!the!kitchen!or!cooking!area!(60%).!)

!! Handwashing)behavior)(reported):)Overall,!98%!of!respondents!said!they!washed!their!hands!in!the!24!hours!prior!to!the!survey!and!43%!said!they!used!soap!or!ash.!TwentyPpercent!said!they!used!soap!or!ash!and!washed!at!the!2!most!critical!times!for!disease!prevention!(after!defecation!and!before!eating).!This!was!highest!in!Kok!(25%)!and!lowest!in!Ting!Chak!(13%).!However,!just!1%!of!all!respondents!said!they!washed!with!soap/ash!at!these!critical!times!and)actually!had!soap!present!during!observation.!)

!! Times)for)handwashing:)Among!those!who!said!they!washed!their!hands,!87%!said!they!did!so!before!eating,!62%!said!before!cooking,!and!43%!said!after!defecation.!Of!the!respondents!who!identified!as!caregivers!in!their!household,!30%!said!they!washed!their!hands!after!changing!the!baby!and!10%!before!feeding!a!child.!Of!respondents!who!prepare!food!for!their!household,!64%!reported!washing!their!hands!before!cooking.!Respondents!in!Soeng!are!almost!twice!as!likely!to!say!they!washed!their!hands!after!defecation!(59%)!compared!to!respondents!in!Ting!Chak!(32%).!See!Figure!9!for!a!comparison!between!communes.)

! )

) Figure)9:)Times)for)Handwashing)

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Page!16!!

!! Handwashing)benefits:)The!most!commonly!reported!benefits!of!handwashing!are!that!it!removes!dirt/makes!hands!clean!(91%),!removes!germs!(74%),!prevents!diarrhea/disease!(47%),!and!reduces!odor/smells!good!(27%).!Those!who!washed!their!hands!in!the!past!24!hours!are!more!likely!to!say!all!of!these!benefits!than!those!who!did!not!wash.!)

!! Handwashing)difficulties:)!When!asked!what!makes!handwashing!difficult,!68%!said!cost!of!soap,!37%!said!they!lack!a!handwashing!device,!and!31%!said!there!were!no!difficulties.!!In!Ting!Chak,!19%!said!it!is!not!important/they!do!not!need!to!wash!their!hands.!This!was!higher!than!in!Kok!(8%)!and!in!Soeng!(1%).!)

!! Bathing:)!Nearly!everyone!reported!washing!their!body!everyday!(99%).!The!most!common!sources!of!water!for!bathing!are!unprotected!springs!(55%),!drilled!wells!or!hand!pumped!wells!(22%),!and!streams!(14%).!)

!! Dishwashing)and)drying:)!When!asked!how!they!wash!their!utensils,!43%!said!they!use!soap!and!water,!36%!use!only!water,!and!15%!wipe!with!a!cloth.!In!Kok,!50%!of!respondents!said!they!use!water!and!soap!to!wash!their!utensils.!Enumerators!observed!a!dish!drying!rack!at!4%!of!households!surveyed.!SeventyPfive!percent!of!these!were!raised!off!the!ground.!Households!most!commonly!reported!drying!their!utensils!and!dishes!in!a!basin!or!basket!(95%).!Note:!Lifewater!Borkeo!staff!advise!that!these!results!might!not!reflect!the!true!situation.!They!say!the!standard!practice!is!for!dishes!to!be!washed!inside!the!house!and!dried!on!a!table!or!shelves!that!are!away!from!animals.!This!might!also!be!considered!a!safe!place!to!dry!dishes,!and!more!research!is!needed.)

!! WASH)education:)Almost!twoPthirds!of!respondents!(65%)!have!received!hygiene/sanitation!education!and!40%!said!there!is!currently!someone!teaching!hygiene/sanitation!in!their!community!(see!Figure!10).!This!is!higher!in!Soeng,!where!77%!of!respondents!have!received!hygiene/sanitation!education!and!53%!know!of!someone!currently!teaching!hygiene/sanitation.!Of!those!who!said!WASH!is!being!promoted!in!their!community,!88%!said!it!is!being!taught!by!another!NGO,!65%!said!a!village!leader,!and!32%!said!school!teachers.!)

)

)Figure)10:)Received)Education)in)WASH)

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Page!17!!

M.! Religious/Spiritual!Climate!and!Wellbeing!!! Presence)of)religious)institutions:)In!Borkeo!District,!animism!is!the!predominant!religious!belief.!

However,!Soeng!Commune!has!2!Protestant!churches!and!Kok!has!both!a!Protestant!church!and!a!mosque.!The!Protestant!churches!identified!have!an!average!of!20P30!regular!attendees!and!the!mosque!averages!35!attendees.!

!! Hope)for)the)future:!Overall,!52%!percent!of!respondents!said!that!life!will!be!better!for!their!children!and!the!next!generation,!27%!said!it!would!be!the!same!and!21%!said!it!would!be!worse.!When!asked!who!cares!about!their!future,!84%!of!respondents!said!their!family,!followed!by!neighbors!(23%)!and!ancestors!(20%).!Respondents!in!Soeng!were!the!most!likely!to!say!that!God!and!the!church!care!about!their!future!(7%!and!2%,!respectively).!)

!! Who)impacts)health:)When!asked!who!has!an!impact!on!your!health,!the!most!common!response!was!self!(48%).!Respondents!also!said!that!ancestors!(32%),!spirits!(28%)!and!their!spouse/children!(28%)!have!an!impact!on!their!health.!In!Ting!Chak,!the!most!common!response!was!that!spirits!have!an!impact!on!their!health!(52%),!and!those!in!Ting!Chak!were!also!the!most!likely!to!mention!the!impact!of!ancestors!(36%)!and!traditional!healers!(19%).!Overall,!5%!of!people!said!God.!)

!! Traditional)water)committees:)According!to!key!informant!interviews!with!community!members,!in!almost!all!of!the!target!communities!there!are!traditional!water!committees!that!are!connected!to!certain!water!points!such!as!springs!and!hand!dug!wells.!When!something!negative!happens!in!the!community,!they!are!responsible!for!making!sacrifices!at!these!water!points!in!order!to!appease!the!spirits.!)

!

APPENDIX!

A.! School!Baseline!Report!B.! Water!Point!Registration!Survey!Findings!

!!

! 1"

APPENDIX(A(((School(Baseline(Findings((In"January"2018,"Lifewater"staff"surveyed"twelve"primary"schools"in"the"target"communes"of"Kok,"Soeng,"and"Ting"Chak."This"report"provides"a"general"overview"of"the"trends"found"across"schools"in"the"project"area,"as"well"as"a"detailed"description"about"existing"hardware"conditions"at"each"school.""

I.! Summary("WASH(Situation"Half"of"the"schools"in"the"target"villages"have"a"reliable,"protected"drinking"water"source,"while"the"other"half"are"using"unprotected"sources"that"are"potentially"contaminated."Of"the"twelve"schools"surveyed,"only"three"treat"their"drinking"water"before"consumption."Among"the"schools"with"an"unprotected"drinking"water"source,"all"are"dissatisfied"with"the"water"situation"at"their"school.""!All"twelve"schools"lack"a"sufficient"number"of"latrines"for"the"number"of"students"enrolled."Three"schools"have"no"latrines"at"all"for"student"use."Overcrowding"and"a"lack"of"privacy"for"girls"is"a"problem"found"among"many"of"the"latrines"observed."In"addition,"no"schools"have"changing"rooms"for"girls,"which"makes"it"difficult"to"manage"their"menstruation"while"at"school."However,"the"overall"maintenance"and"upkeep"of"the"existing"latrines"is"good"with"only"two"latrines"that"do"not"meet"the"standards"for"“improved"with"dignity”"(i.e.,"an"improved"latrine"that"also"has"whole"walls,"a"whole"roof,"and"complete"privacy).""Seven"of"the"twelve"primary"schools"surveyed"have"handwashing"facilities."Six"schools"are"using"a"tap"or"sink"and"had"water"available"at"the"time"of"observation."Only"one"of"the"observed"handwashing"facilities"had"soap"present."WASH"education"is"only"being"taught"in"two"of"the"twelve"schools"surveyed.""((

II.! General(Results((Water(Sources(

"! Primary!water!sources:!Among"the"twelve"schools"surveyed"in"the"target"communes,"58%"are"using"a"drilled"well"for"their"drinking"water."All"of"these"drilled"wells"are"located"on"the"school"compound,"and"one"of"them"was"broken"at"the"time"of"the"survey."Three"of"these"drilled"wells"have"elevated"tanks,"which"are"used"to"provide"water"for"flushing"the"latrines"and"sometimes"supplying"the"handwashing"stations."Four"schools"use"an"unprotected"hand"dug"well"and"one"school"uses"surface"water"as"its"primary"source"of"drinking"water."In"general,"most"drinking"water"sources"are"located"either"on"or"close"to"the"school"compound."75%"of"drinking"water"

Image&1:&Primary&Source&of&Drinking&Water&for&Kob&Primary&School&

!!

! 2"

sources"are"located"on"the"school"compound,"and"17%"are"located"within"500"meters."Only"one"school"has"a"primary"source"located"more"than"500"meters"away"from"the"school.""

"! Seasonality:"For"most"schools,"seasonal"water"fluctuation"is"not"a"primary"concern"(83%)."Of"the"two"schools"that"reported"seasonal"water"fluctuation,"Panol"Primary"School"has"the"worst"fluctuation"with"their"primary"source"being"dry"for"six"months"out"of"the"year."Klis"Primary"School"also"experiences"seasonal"fluctuations"with"their"primary"source"dry"for"a"total"of"three"months"out"of"the"year."The"majority"of"schools"reported"that"the"taste"of"their"primary"drinking"water"source"is"good"/"acceptable"(75%)."

"

"! Satisfaction:"When"asked"whether"the"water"situation"at"the"school"is"satisfactory,"there"was"a"mixed"response"from"the"schools"surveyed."Seven"of"the"twelve"schools"are"dissatisfied"with"their"water"situation"(58%)."Among"the"issues"that"these"schools"reported,"poor"water"quality"and"the"distance"to"the"source"are"the"most"common"reasons."Five"out"of"the"twelve"schools"found"their"water"situation"to"be"satisfactory"(42%).""The"most"common"reason"for"their"satisfaction"is"that"the"water"source"is"located"on"the"school"compound"and"easy"to"access."!

"! Secondary!water!sources:!In"the"last"two"weeks,"only"one"school"reported"that"their"source"was"not"functional."For"Kok"Thom"Primary"School,"the"primary"source"has"not"been"functional"for"the"last"month."When"the"primary"source"is"not"available,"bottled"water"is"the"most"common"drinking"water"alternative"for"schools"(50%)."Another"33%"of"schools"reported"that"when"their"primary"source"is"not"available,"students"have"to"bring"their"own"water"from"home."Only"one"school"has"a"protected"water"source"as"a"drinking"water"alternative.!

"! Water!treatment:!When"asked"if"the"drinking"water"is"treated"before"consumption,"three"schools"reported"that"they"use"a"biosand"filter"before"drinking."The"majority"of"schools,"however,"reported"that"they"never"treat"the"water"before"consumption"(75%).!

"! Water!source!observation:!All"sources"except"for"one"were"found"to"be"wellXmaintained"(92%).(!Latrines(

"! Latrine!presence:"Of"the"twelve"schools"surveyed,"nine"have"latrines"present"on"the"school"compound."Lifewater"found"and"observed"twelve"latrine"blocks"at"these"nine"schools."The"remaining"three"schools"have"no"latrines"present"on"the"school"compound."All"observed"latrine"

Figure&1:&Primary&Sources&of&Drinking&Water&

!!

! 3"

blocks"were"pour/flush"latrines"that"drain"to"enclosed"or"covered"pits."None"of"the"blocks"had"changing"rooms"for"females.""

"! Latrine!observation:"100%"of"the"latrine"blocks"observed"have"solid"slabs"that"adequately"cover"the"pit"and"prevent"human"contact"with"feces."Additionally,"the"majority"of"the"blocks"are"in"good"condition."83%"of"blocks"are"considered"“improved"with"dignity”"(i.e.,"an"improved"latrine"that"also"has"whole"walls,"a"whole"roof,"and"complete"privacy).""

"! Latrine!maintenance:"Latrine"maintenance"is"also"generally"good."During"observation,"100%"of"school"latrines"had"no"flies"in"or"around"the"latrines."83%"had"water"available"for"flushing"and"83%"did"not"smell."However,"only"67%"of"observed"blocks"were"clean"inside"and"outside."Across"the"schools"surveyed"in"Kok,"Soeng"and"Ting"Chak"communes,"all"latrines"had"a"similar"level"of"maintenance.!"""""

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

"! Stances!for!students!with!physical!disabilities:!50%"of"the"surveyed"schools"have"a"latrine"stance"that"is"accessible"to"males"and"females"with"physical"disabilities"(shared)."When"no"students"with"physical"disabilities"are"enrolled,"these"schools"allow"the"disabilityXaccessible"stance"to"be"used"by"students"or"teachers."(

(Hygiene(

"! Handwashing!stations:!Seven"out"of"the"twelve"schools"surveyed"have"handwashing"facilities."All"facilities"except"for"one"do"not"reXuse"water.!Most"of"the"handwashing"facilities"are"located"in"areas"around"the"school"compound"(71%)"rather"than"close"to"the"latrines."Only"two"handwashing"stations"are"located"near"or"inside"the"latrines."All"handwashing"stations"had"water"available"at"the"time"of"observation,"but"only"one"had"soap"available"for"use."!

"! Compound!cleanliness:"During"the"visit,"half"of"the"schools"had"either"animal"feces"or"rubbish"visible"around"the"compound"(50%)."The"other"half"of"schools"had"compounds"clean"of"both"feces"and"rubbish"(50%)."No"school"compounds"had"human"feces"visible"during"the"time"of"observation.""!

(

Figure&2:&Latrine&Maintenance&

!!

! 4"

((((((((((((((((((Pupil(Health(and(WASH(Education(

"! School!health!club:"Of"the"twelve"schools"surveyed,"only"one"reported"having"an"active"health"club."The"school"reported"that"this"health"club"plays"an"important"role"in"supporting"WASH"at"

this"school"by"providing"hygiene"education.("! WASH!education:"When"asked"if"the"school"has"received"education"on"hygiene"and"sanitation"in"

the"past,"half"of"the"schools"reported"having"received"past"training"(50%)."When"asked"if"

students"are"currently"receiving"some"sort"of"WASH"education,"only"two"of"the"schools"

responded"“Yes.”"In"the"schools"that"are"currently"receiving"WASH"education,"it"is"being"

provided"by"an"NGO.!"! Common!Illnesses:""The"illnesses"perceived"to"be"most"common"among"the"primary"school"

students"are"cold"/"flu"(92%),"high"fevers"(50%),"and"stomach"pain"(43%)."Diarrhea"was"reported"

to"be"among"the"most"common"illnesses"at"33%"of"schools."Note:"The"survey"was"conducted"in"

the"dry"season,"when"some"diseases"are"less"prevalent.!"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

Figure&4:&Most&Common&Illnesses&Among&Students&Enrolled&in&School&

Image&2:&Lut&Primary&School&Compound&(Rubbish&and&animal&feces&visible)&

!!

! 5"

"! Parental!support:"When"asked"if"parents"are"supportive"of"the"development"of"the"school,"ten"of"the"schools"reported"that"the"parents"are"supportive"(83%)."The"parents"of"these"schools"show"their"support"by"providing"labor"(75%)"as"well"as"money"for"school"development"projects"(25%)."In"addition,"all"schools"reported"having"an"active"school"support"committee"(SSC)."Slightly"more"than"half"of"the"schools"reported"that"their"SSC"is"“somewhat"active”"(58%),"while"the"other"five"schools"described"their"SCC"as"being"“very"active”"(42%).!

"! Government!representative!visits:"All"schools"reported"that"they"receive"official"visits"from"their"local"government"officials."""

School(Attendance(X! Pupil!absentees:""As"can"be"seen"in"Figure"5"below,"the"percentage"of"students"absent"(one"or"

more"days)"during"the"last"completed"month"varies"depending"on"the"school."Out"of"the"twelve"schools"surveyed,"Panol"Primary"School"had"the"highest"rate"of"students"missing"school"for"both"females"and"males."At"Panol,"50%"of"enrolled"males"and"39%"of"enrolled"females"were"absent"during"the"previous"month."The"schools"with"the"second"highest"absentee"rates"were"Yasaom"Primary"School"and"Chet"Primary"School,"both"located"in"Soeng"Commune."During"the"previous"completed"month,"23%"of"females"and"17%"of"enrolled"males"were"absent"at"Yasaom"Primary"School."Chet"Primary"had"a"similarly"high"rate"of"absentees"with"24%"of"males"and"14%"of"females"missing"school"during"the"previous"month."Only"one"school"(Soeng"Primary)"reported"zero"absentees"for"both"males"and"females."Across"all"the"schools,"there"was"not"a"noticeable"difference"between"males"and"females."Overall,"13%"of"males"missed"school"compared"to"11%"of"females."""""""""""""""""""""""""

X! Pupil!dropouts:"During"the"last"completed"school"year,"dropouts"varied"among"the"different"schools."Panol"Primary"had"the"highest,"with"16%"of"female"students"having"dropped"out"of"

Figure&5:&Percent&of&Students&Who&Missed&School&in&the&Past&Month&

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Chrung.PS

Kok.Thom.PS

Yern.PS Yasaom.PS

Chet.PS Klis.PS Soeng.PS Panol.PS Lut.PS Tuy.PS Kob.PS Kob.Ting.Chak.PS

Kok.Commune Soeng.Commune Ting.Chak.Commune

Percent.o

f.Students

Schools

Absentees.in.the.Past.Month

Females. Males

!!

! 6"

school"in"the"previous"year."Panol"school"staff"attribute"this"to"female"students"needing"to"support"the"family"with"labor"as"well"as"marriage"and/or"pregnancy."At"Soeng"Primary"School,"11%"of"females"dropped"out"and"at"Kok"Thom"it"was"9%."

"

"! In"the"three"schools"with"the"highest"dropout"rates,"all"three"had"noticeably"more"female"dropouts"than"male"dropouts."When"asked"about"the"reason"for"dropouts,"the"majority"of"schools"reported"that"both"females"and"males"drop"out"of"school"to"support"their"family"with"labor"(83%"for"female"dropouts"and"73%"for"male"dropouts)."Other"common"reasons"for"females"are"pregnancy/marriage"(58%)"and"daily"labor"(42%)."For"males,"common"reasons"for"dropping"out"of"school"include"daily"labor"(58%),"marriage/pregnancy"(25%),"and"not"enough"funds"for"school"materials"(25%)."

Figure&6:&Percent&of&Dropouts&in&the&Past&Year&

!!

! 7"

Figure&7:&GPS&Locations&of&All&Twelve&Schools&Surveyed&in&Kok,&Soeng&and&Ting&Chak&Communes&!

!!!8"

""""""""

School&Name&

Primary&Drinking&

Water&Source&

Currently&Functioning?&

Days&in&Last&2&Weeks&not&

Functional&Distance&From

&School&Compound&

Secondary&Source&Source&M

aintenance&

Chrung"Primary"School"

Drilled"w

ell"Yes"

0"On"school"com

pound"Pupils"bring"w

ater"from"hom

e"Well"m

aintained"

Kok"Thom"Prim

ary"School"Drilled"w

ell"NO"

14"On"school"com

pound"Bottled"w

ater"Well"m

aintained"

Yern"Primary"School"

Drilled"w

ell"Yes"

0"On"school"com

pound"Protected"spring"

Well"m

aintained"

Chet"Primary"School"

Drilled"w

ell"Yes"

0"On"school"com

pound"Surface"w

ater"(river,"etc)"Well"m

aintained"

Klis"Primary"School"

Hand"D

ug"Well"

Yes"0"

On"school"com

pound"Bottled"w

ater"Well"m

aintained"

Soeng"Primary"School"

Drilled"w

ell"Yes"

0"On"school"com

pound"Bottled"w

ater"Well"m

aintained"

Yasaom"Prim

ary"School"Hand"D

ug"Well"

Yes"0"

More"than"500"m

eters"from"school"

Bottled"w

ater"Well"m

aintained"

Kob"Primary"School"

Hand"D

ug"Well"

Yes"0"

Within"500"m

eters"of"school"Bottled"w

ater"Well"m

aintained"

Kob"Ting"Chak"Primary"School"

Hand"D

ug"Well"

Yes"0"

On"school"com


ater"from"hom

e"Well"m

aintained"

Lut"Primary"School"

Drilled"w

ell"Yes"

0"On"school"com


ater"from"hom

e"Well"m

aintained"

Panol"Primary"School"

Surface"water"

Yes"0"

Within"500"m

eters"of"school"Bottled"w

ater"NOT"w

ell"maintained"

Tuy"Primary"School"

Drilled"w

ell"Yes"

0"On"school"com


ater"from"hom

e"Well"m

aintained"

""""""""

Table&1:&Primary&W

ater&Source&Information&by&School&

!!!9"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

Detailed&Latrine&Information&by&School&

Block&&#Type&

Total&Number&of&Stances Stances&for&

Female&ONLY

Stances&for&Males&ONLY

Shared&Stances

Stances&for&Teachers&ONLY

Urinal&Present?

Changing&Room&

Present? Female&to&Stance&Ratio

Male&to&Stance&Ratio

Shared&Stance&Ratio

Females&with&disabilities

Males&with&disabilities

Both&females&and&males&with&disabilities

General&Status

1Pour/flush+Latrine

41

20

1Yes

No88:1

59:10

00

1Block+is+in+use.+Block+is+in+good+conditionA+no+repairs+are+needed.+Walls,+roof,+and+doors+are+strong.

Chrung&Primary&SchoolPupil+to+Stance+Ratios

Total+Stance+InformationStances+accessible+for+pupils+with+disabilities

Block&1:&Pour&/&Flush&Latrine&to&enclosed&tank&or&covered&pit&&

!!!10"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

Block&&#Type&

Total&Number&of&Stances Stances&for&

Female&ONLY

Stances&for&Males&ONLY

Shared&Stances

Stances&for&Teachers&ONLY

Urinal&Present? Changing&

Room&Present? Female&to&

Stance&Ratio

Male&to&Stance&Ratio

Shared&Stance&Ratio

Females&with&disabilities

Males&with&disabilities

Both&females&and&males&with&disabilities

General&Status

1Pour/flush+Latrine

40

03

1No

No0

031:1

00

1Block+is+in+use.+Block+is+in+poor+condition=+repairs+are+needed.+Walls,+roof,+and+doors+are+strong.+

Kok&Thom&Primary&SchoolStances+accessible+for+pupils+with+disabilities

Total+Stance+InformationPupil+to+Stance+Ratios


!!!11"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""


!!!12"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Block&1:&Pour&/&Flush&Latrine&to&enclosed&tank&or&covered&pit&&

!!!13"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Block&1:&Pour&/&Flush&Latrine&to&enclosed&tank&or&covered&pit&&

!!!14"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Block&1:&Pour&/&Flush&Latrine&to&enclosed&tank&or&

covered&pit&&Block&2:&Pour&/&Flush&Latrine&to&enclosed&tank&or&

covered&pit&&

!!!15"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""


!!!16"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"""Block&1:&Pour&/&Flush&Latrine&to&enclosed&tank&or&covered&

pit&&Block&2:&Pour&/&Flush&Latrine&to&enclosed&tank&or&covered&

pit&&

!!!17"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"""



!!!18"

""""

APPENDIX(B((Water(Point(Survey(Findings((In#January#2018,#Lifewater#staff#surveyed#94#water#sources#in#the#target#communes#of#Kok,#Soeng,#and#Ting#Chak.#This#report#provides#a#general#overview#of#the#trends#found#across#water#points#in#the#project#area.###Drilled(Wells(Of#the#water#sources#surveyed,#the#most#common#type#serving#communities#are#drilled#wells.#Ting#Chak#has#the#most#drilled#wells#with#15,#Kok#has#9,#and#Soeng#has#7.#Water#was#found#to#be#flowing#at#only#68%#of#the#drilled#wells.#On#average,#most#community#drilled#wells#serve#154#community#members,#while#school#drilled#wells#serve#185#pupils.###Hand(Dug(Wells(Twenty#public#hand#dug#wells#were#surveyed#in#Kok,#Soeng,#and#Ting#Chak.#Sixteen#are#serving#communities#only,#3#are#serving#schools,#and#1#is#serving#community#and#school#populations.#Soeng#and#Ting#Chak#have#the#most#public#hand#dug#wells#(10#and#8,#respectively),#while#Kok#only#has#2.###Unprotected(Springs#Lifewater#staff#found#8#unprotected#springs#that#are#used#by#communities.#Only#one#of#these#unprotected#springs#is#in#Soeng#Commune,#while#4#are#in#Kok#and#3#are#in#Ting#Chak.#Distances#between#the#village#and#the#spring#ranged#from#150#–#1,000#meters,#with#an#average#of#344#meters.#Although#there#are#fewer#unprotected#springs#than#drilled#wells,#and#they#are#farther#from#the#village,#they#are#the#preferred#drinking#water#source#by#the#communities#with#more#than#2/3#of#people#using#them#as#their#primary#drinking#water#source.###

Figure'1'Drilled'Well'in'Soeng'Sre'Village'

Figure'3'Unprotected'Spring'in'Kok'Thom'VIllage!

Figure'2'Hand'Dug'Well'in'Yasaom'Village'

borkeo household baseline report final · page!3!! health&...

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