Introduction

Introduction

Borobudur name comes from the combination of words “Boro” and “Budur”

“Boro”, which is a Sanskrit word, means monastery whereas “Budur”, in Balinese language, is “Beduhur” which means on top

Therefore, Borobudur means “Complex of Temples on the Hill”

Introduction: (cont’d) Located near Megalang, Central Java,

Indonesia Built on a bedrock hill, 265m above sea

level Decorated with 2,672 relief and 504

Buddha statues

Example of relief Example of Buddha statues

Introduction: (cont’d)

Consists of six square platforms and three circular platforms.

Introduction: (cont’d)Material:

Andesite Type of felsic igneous rock. Once melted (magma), and became frozen into rock, and contains large amounts of Quartz and plagioclase feldspar.

Introduction: (cont’d)Method of construction:

The connection between stone is not using mortar, but depend on the different internal cutting to obtain the strength.

1st system using right angles system, it helps to lock the stone into each other and make good cohesion. Thus, if there is movement, the whole panels will shifted in one piece.

2nd system using tenons which gripped the mortices. Only used on monument from time to time.

Introduction: (cont’d)

1st restoration (1907-1911)

Conducted by the Van Erp, a Dutch army engineer officer

Excavated the grounds around the monument to find missing Buddha heads and panel stones

Cleaning the sculptures

Introduction: (Cont’d)

2nd restoration ( 1975-1982)

Done by Indonesia government and UNESCOFoundation was stabilized1,460 panels were cleaned

Defective and Maintenance Works in

Borobudur

Vertical cracks Missing stone Staining Salt crystallization Surface erosion Moss / algae

Defective Works in Borobudur:

Defective and Maintenance Work in Borobudur

Example of Problems in Borobudur:

Problem Location Causes Solution Picture

Vertical cracks

East/level 1 of square platform/balustrade

Heavy load,trafficvibration

Fill the cracks with mixture of epoxy resin and stone powder (crush the stone and filter it)

Defective and Maintenance Work in Borobudur (cont’d)

Problem Location Causes Solution Picture

Missing Stone

South/base level/balustrade

1. Earthquake 2. Stolen

Replace with new stone if:

• the particular missing stone affect the structural strength of Borobudur

• that particular stone has been found

Example of Problems in Borobudur:

Defective and Maintenance Work in Borobudur (cont’d)

Problem Location Causes Solution Picture

Staining North/level 4 of square platform/wall

Apply ocher to the surface of the stone (lack of knowledge in conservation)

Unidentified

Example of Problems in Borobudur:

Defective and Maintenance Work in Borobudur (cont’d)

Problem Location Causes Solution Picture

Salt crystal-lization

West/level 3 of square platform/wall

Water seepthroughthe stone

New dissolve salt crystallization

• use citric acid with 0.01% - 1%, dissolve it with water, put it for 1 hour, clean the stone surface with water until it becomes neutral

Example of Problems in Borobudur:

Defective and Maintenance Work in Borobudur (cont’d)Example of Problems in Borobudur:

Problem Location Causes Solution Picture

Surface erosion

Whole temple of Borobudur

Volcanic ash

• Use shovel, scoop, brush fiber to sweep away the ash

• Solution of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is spray onto the surface of stone

•The stupa in Candi Borobudur is being covered with plastic to protect them from corrosion due to volcanic ash.

Defective and Maintenance Work in Borobudur (cont’d)Example of Problems in Borobudur:

Problem Location Causes Solution Picture

Moss/Algae

South/level 1 of square platform/balustrade

HighMoisturecontent

• Use brush to clean the surface stone with water, and put the stone dry

• After the stone dry, apply the herbicide to slow down the growth of moss/algae

• Use low pressure water jet to clean the surface of stone in the distance of more than 25cm apart

Bills of Quantities

Item Descriptions Unit Quantity Rate

A Dismantle the panel of stone Carefully dismantle the existing panel of stone, remove it to the cleaning area as directed by the Architect / S.O Instruction. Contractor is required to prepare temporary strutting and bracing to the remaining structure.

Clean the panel of stoneTo clean each existing panel of stone with citric acid, concentration of 0.01%-1.00% (or approved equivalent), clean off all the remaining dirt from surfaces, use water to neutralize the existing panel of stone. Upon the completion of cleaning work, the contractor is to conduct a test to ensure pH7 is achieved.

Reinstall the panel of stoneTo supply labour to reinstall the cleansed panel of stone to its designated area complete with removing all temporary works from site all as per Architect / S.O’s instruction.

M2

M2

M2

Example of Bills of Quantities:Rectification of Salt Crystallization

Procurement Route in Conservation and

Preservation in Malaysia

Traditional Lump Sum ContractBased on Bills of Quantities

Why Traditional Lump Sum ContractBased on Bills of Quantities?

Different scope of work Material Method statement Clear detail specification and

description Reduce confusion Financial Control

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