bosnian traditional public service buildings

8/6/2019 Bosnian Traditional Public Service Buildings

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BOSNIAN TRADITIONAL PUBLIC SERVICE BUILDINGS

BUILT BEFORE THE END OF THE 19TH

CENTURY

Rough categorization of Bosnian architecture (purpose and fu nction):1. Private buildings

2. Religious and sepulclar3. Defence and military

4. Production buildings

5. Public buildings

Definition of public service buildings:-public buildings serve to the community-public buildings are commissioned by the state or they are an endowment of a person-establishment of the public buildings is connected with the establishment of urban centres inBosnia-separation of public and private functions in present in most historical cores of Bosniantowns until the 19th century

Form and function:-public buildings express the power and social, cultural and economical level of the society-they represent the most developed expressions of architecture

1. EDUCATIONAL BULDINGS-Mektebs-Medresasa-Hanikhakhs

-Orthodox, Jewish or Catholic schoolsusually close to the church or temple

Mektebs

-established close to almost every mosque in the centre of the residential quarter-small simple buildings that in 19th century were westernized in the sense that students wereusing chairs and tables instead of sitting on the floor

(now in Male daire)

Madrasah-private, public or parochial school as well as for primary, secondary, education-children between ages of 10&12 enrolled in the medresa and their education was notdesigned to last for a specific term so they studied between 12 and 16 years-the medresa operated on the same principle as a university faculty, with pupils having acertain number of books which they were required to pass

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-a study of the layout of medresas in Bosnia reveals the following architecture: Enclosed, with inner

courtyard L-shaped medresas

U-shaped medresas Longitudinal medresas Medresa - dershanas

-the treatment of medresas has retained the division by ground plan

Gazi Husrev-bey`s (Kurumlija) Medresah, Sarajevo 1536/1538-U shaped plan medresah-consists of 12 study cells for students and one big lecture room (dershana)-each room is domed and has its own fireplace with chimney that makes specific architecturalaxpression-It was built in memory of Gazi hurev-bey`s mother, Seljuk sultana and thus was known tothe locals as the Seldukija but with the addition of the lead roof it acquired the nameKurumlija

Poitelj iman Ibrahim paa`s Medresah 17th century-dates before 1664-it belongs to the standard L type of smaller religious schools, with five classrooms and a

lecture room, with and inner courtyard (15x17metar exterior size)

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-lecture room is more prominent than the classrooms, set symmetrically at the end of the rowof rooms and larger in size

Hanikhakhs-khabaqah-Sufi centre for the sufy of tasawwuf or Sufi lodges in which dervishes both livedand received their theoretical education, began to develop in the 11th century and were thenadopted to the institutions-initially simple institutions and groups of dervishes, specific educational iinstitutions, whosetask was to provide a home for anf to uplift and lend nobility to dedicated dervishes

Gazi Husrev-beg khanaqah 16th century

-The Gazi Husrev-beg khanaqah occupies a unique position among the khanaqas in BiH(Sarajevo and Mostar)-along with the Gazi Husrev-bey`s mosque and medresa, it constitutes an architectural andaesthetic townscape and the centre of Sarajevo-competed until 1531 to the northwhile the opposite side was done by late 938 when gaziHusrev-bey`s second vakufnama was issued-dervishes here acquired the knowledge they required

2. BOSNIAN CLOCK TOWERS-mechanical clocks first appeared in Europe in the middle Ages, above on all clock towers.

-the construction of buildings of this type in the Ottoman Empire began in the mid 16th

century

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-First clock tower in Bosnia was built in Banja Luka in 17 th century-clock towers were usually erected in the centres of the town arijas by the mosques-clock towers are tall buildings, square in cross section, usually stoen built with a pyramidalroof-below the roof of a clock tower there was usually a cornice, and below this four apertures,

one on each faade, where the clock and striking mechanism were located. The clocks wereconnected to a bell-in addition to these foiur openings, there were also loopholes on the clock towers, arrayedfrom the base to the top. These apertures served to let in a modicum of light to illuminate thesteep wooden staircase that led to the clock mechanism-the stairs were set into the walls and had landings at the angles-the legators provided for the maintenance of their clock towers, each clock tower had anofficial responsible for winding up the clock, while a sahaiaja was responsible for repairs

-21 clock towers in Bosnian-2 in Travnik and Sarajevo (others are in Banja Luka, Jajce, Foa, Gornji Vakuf, Donji Vakuf,Graanica, Gradaac, Livno, Maglaj, Mostar, Nevesinje, Poitelj, Prozor, Prusac, Teanj,Trebinje, Stolac)

Clock Tower in Sarajevo, late 16th or early 17th century-at 30 metres it is the tallest clock tower in BiH-clock tower was built in part with limestone, but mainly with cuf tufa blocks laid in limemortar-in addition to this one, there was another one in Vratnik near the White mosque built in woodin 1874 but it was removed during the time

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Clock Towers in Travnik 17th century-Travnik is the only town in Bosnia with two clock towers-One is located in Donja arija and the other in Gornja arija-these two arijas are quite apart-older one is the one built in Musala (Donja)

Mehmed paa Kukavica Clock Tower in Foa 18th century-stands in the immediate vicinity of his mosque and other endowments in Foa

-assumtion it was built after 1758 since it is not refered in the Mehmed Paa Kukavica`svakufnama-The clock tower was thus built after that date, but certainly prior to 1761 when mehmed paawas banished from Bosnia and executed

Clock Tower in Gracanica 17th century-built by Ahmet Paa-the tower gradually narrowing to the top, at a height of 27 metres-it does stand perpendiculary but leans to one side, which earned it the name of the Crooked

Tower in Gracanica (true also for the towers in Gradacac and Banja Luka)

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Clock Tower in Gornji Vakuf (1710-1711)-a legend states that it was built because a girl from Stolac who married a man in GornjiVakuf when asked by her father what she misses the most said the chiming of the clock tower,so her father built it to make her wish come true.

3. BOSNIAN HAMAMS-56 hamams in Bosnia out of which 7 in Sarajevo:

1. Isa bey Ishakovic Hamam, oldest one in Sarajevo, mentioned in 1462, near Carevamosque

2. Ajas bey`s bath 14773. Firuz-bey`s hamam4. Bali-bey Jahjapai`s hamam 1521 Bistrik5. Medmed Paa`s bath in ejh Ferahova mahala 1556

6. Gazi Husrev bey`s hamam 15377. Kemal-bey`s hamam

-2 classifications of the hamams: Tek-hamam- single hamam, women could only enter during the day ifte-hamam-double haham, women had completely separate premises, some

had sections for Jewish-had floors of large stone slabs, and roofs consisting of domes or barrel vaults constructed oftufa, with lead cladding. The vaults and domes rows, sealed with a thick, round, markedly

projecting glass pane-principal materials used to built a hamam were stone and tufa, with lime mixed with goat hair

used as mortar-walls were from 70 to 155 cm thick-each hamam had at least three areas:

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adrvan (apodyterium)-used as waiting area and cloakroom, where tea and coffeeweer usually served

Kapaluk (tepidarium)-for washing with soap and water Halvat (caldarium)-for steamingIn addition each hamam had two additional premises, the Hazna (water cauldron) and the

ulhan or furnace room and a lavatory or privy

Gazi Husrev-bey`s haham Sarajevo 1537

Isa bey`s hamam Sarajevo 1462 (Josip Vanca 1891)-was double type of hamam-closed in 1887 and new built in 1891 (Moorish style by Josip Vanca)-consisted of the old type of the steam bath and of the new type of public bath with showers

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4. BOSNIAN KHANS-most typically a caravansaries was a building with square or rectangular walled exterior, witha single portal wide enough to permit large and heavily laden beasts such as horses to enter-the courtyard was almost always open to the sky, and the inside walls of the enclosure wereoutfitted with a number of identical stalls, bays, niches, or chambers to accommodate

merchants and their servants, animals and merchandise-caravansaries provided water for human and animal consumption, washing and ritualablutions. Sometimes they even had elaborate baths-they also kept fodder for animals and had shops for travellers where they could acquire newsupplies. In addition, there could be shops where merchants could dispose of some of theirgoods

Caravan sary of Mehmed-paa Kukavica, Foa, 18th century-one of the few surviving buildings of this type in Bosnia, built before 1758 by Mehmed-paaKukavica, an Ottoman feudal lord, who financed the nearby mosque and clock tower-typical example of the group of hans with no courtyard, of rectangular ground plan and verysimple layout-the ground floor had ample stabling for horses and to the left and right of the entrance agoods magaza where travellers could buy and sell-by the main entrance to the stables was a staircase leading to the central landing on the firstfloor, around which the bedrooms were arranged.

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-also known as the Old bezistan or the Large bezistan was built in the first half of the 16 th

century (earliest mentioning in 1551)-arastas-covered street- longitudinal, barrel-vaulted buildings with shops in rows along themain walkway. Arastas usually interconnect with a han or caravanserai built close by.

Brusa bezistan, 1551, Sarajevo-built in 1551, founder was Rustem paa-has six large domes with a diameter of 7 metres and two small domes made of Turkish brick.The domes in the central area are supported on two pillars with a cross-section.

6. BOSNIAN BRIDGES-the fundamental stereotomic form common to all bridge-building worldwide is the arch

between two banks, or a number of arches linking the river banks in a certain rhythm-better-quality, longer-lasting bridges were erected on all major trade routes-more than 200 bridges were built in Bosnia until the end of the 19 th century-as a building material, stone was tailor-made in essential characteristics and formal potential

for stereotomic forms-in bridge building, the configuration of the terrain and the width of the river have a majorimpact on the choice of site for the bridge, and play an important part in determining its form

Stari most, Mostar, 1567-the bridge was constructed by Mimar Hajredin-destroyed in 1993-reconstructed and inscribed into the World heritage list

Mehmed P aa Sokolovi Bridge in Viegrad-architect was Mimar Sinan-The uniqueness of the Viegrad Bridge is associated largely with its form-a geniculationstructure composed of a section with eleven arches spanning the Drina, and a four-archedramp by means of which the bridge takes a right angle to join the left bank, following the lineof the land

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Arslanagia Bridge in Trebinje 1574-the bridge was dismantles because of the construction of the water dam of Trebinjica riverin 1965 and stones were transferred downstream in 1970, so the bridge was recomposed onthe other site.

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bosnian traditional public service buildings

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