bosque evapotranspiration studies at the university of new ......cliff dahm, james cleverly, jim...
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Bosque Evapotranspiration Studies at the University of New Mexico: Infrastructure for Exploring the Ecohydrology and Biometeorology of the Middle Rio Grande
Cliff Dahm, James Cleverly, Jim Thibault,
Julie Allred Coonrod, Dianne McDonnell,
and Mary Harner
University of New Mexico
Departments of Biology and Civil Engineering
UNM
Hydrogeoecology
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1930
2002
Middle Rio Grande
Channel & Riparian Zone
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Rio Grande, New Mexico
Middle Rio
Grande
ABQ
Photo: A. Molles
Photo: D. Gilroy
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3-D Eddy Covariance
Sensor
•Direct measurement of ET
•Self-test for accuracy
•Consistent with the application of
atmospheric physics
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Populus deltoides ssp. wislizenii (Rio Grande Cottonwood)
Native Exotic
Tamarix chinensis (Saltcedar)
Elæagnus angustifolia (Russian Olive)
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Flooding
Cottonwood
Nonflooding
Cottonwood
Nonflooding Saltcedar
Flooding Saltcedar
Flooding Russian-olive
Towered Sites
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Short Interflood Interval < 2yrs (flood site)
Long interflood interval > 10yrs (nonflood site)
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Saltcedar flooding site
Bosque del Apache NWR
Flux tower
Photo: Bosque del Apache
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Sevilleta ET, 2001
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
90 120 150 180 210 241 272 302
Day of Year
Evapotr
anspiration
(mm
)
ET varies throughout the growing season with tree response. In
addition, ET varies daily with temperature, humidity, and wind. The
ET measurements are made with equipment that requires regular
maintenance to obtain as near-continuous data as possible. To estimate
ET for days with equipment malfunctions, a curve is fit to the data.
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ET trend lines - All sites 2001
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
day of year
ET
(m
m/d
ay) Albuq
Belen
Sevilleta
Bosque del
Apache
Apr May Jun Jul Au Sep NovOct
ET varies from site to site with the dense salt cedar forest
at Bosque del Apache typically having the greatest ET –
range from 70-122 cm yr-1
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Annual ET
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
ET
Cottonwood/Saltcedar/Russian Olive
Saltcedar/Saltgrass (~150 gal/plant-yr)
Russian Olive/Willow
• Site location
• Drought
• Vapor Pressure Deficit
• Groundwater
Cottonwood/Willow/(Alfalfa)
Dense Saltcedar (~200 gal/plant-yr)
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Cottonwood
site
Salt Cedar
sites
Satellite Scaling
Landsat 7 ETM+ Remote
sensing (NASA)
Calibrated with:
Leaf area index
Day length
Daily min/max temperature
Groundwater salinity
Groundwater nitrate
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Water budget
(106 m3 yr-1) San Juan-Chama
Inflow
Tributary Inflow (gauged)
Municipal Waste Water
Albuquerque Storm Drain
Inflow
Open Water Evaporation
Irrigated Agriculture & Valley-Floor Turf
68
Otowi Gauge 1419
(370-2714)
74
(37-111)
123
(86-160)
117
86
6
Shallow Aquifer
271
364
Discharge from Aquifer to Surface
Recharge to Aquifer
Riparian Evapotranspiration (ET) ~ 150-250
167
(93-241)
123
(99-222)
173
(49-281)
Riparian ET, Irrigated Agriculture,
& Open Water Evaporation
Elephant Butte Reservoir
Evaporation
To Downstream Users (370-1770)
San Acacia Gauge
Middle R
io G
rand
e
Freshwater Biology Dahm et al. 2002
47:831-843
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60
80
100
120
140
ET
(c
m/y
r)
2003 2004 2005
Year
Bosque del Apache: monospecific saltcedar thicket
San Acacia: saltcedar/saltgrass
La Joya: Russian olive/coyote willow
Albuquerque's South Valley: cottonwood
Restoration water salvage
Understory Russian olive and saltcedar
removed from South Valley Albuquerque
cottonwood forest between 2003 and 2004
growing seasons
First year reduction in ET of 9% while
other sites increasing by 12% (total = -
21% or -26 cm/yr)
Second year increase matched increase at
other sites: 0 cm/yr Non-native understory cleared
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Groundwater recession
5
10
15
20
25
30
PPT
(m
m/day
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
ET
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Day of Year
BDAS 2003 ET (mm/day)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
GW
Depth to Groundwater (cm)
4
5
6
7
8
9
ET
(9
-da
y a
vera
ge
, m
m/d
ay)
-7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5
dWT/dt (9-day average, cm/day)
Rising Falling
1
3 2
1 Draining begins, soil too
saturated for taproot
elongation, uptake continues
at original capillary fringe
3 Uptake continues at
deeper water table, uptake
at original water table
curtailed by soil drying
2 Taproot growth exploits
deeper water table, uptake
continues at or near original
capillary fringe
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E-T-R Arrays: An Integrated Observing System for Partitioning
Evaporation-Transpiration-Recharge
Hydrologic Response Units
Conceptual Hydrologic
Landscape
ETR ARRAY CONCEPT
•Discrete sampling of soil moisture,
head, etc. in a Finite Volume…
•Precise Footprint
•Explicit Partitioning of E-T-R…
•Finite Volume Model Formulation
•Optimal Sensor Network Design….
•In-Situ Parameter Estimation…
•In-Situ Evaporation-Transpiration-
Recharge
•Remote sensing reference point…. Experimental Design Collaborators: Cliff Dahm,
Chris Duffy, Peter Beeson, Fred Phillips,…..
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New Mexico EPSCoR: Regional Hydrology
Cliff Dahm, Robert Bowman, Zhorab Samani, James Cleverly, Marcy Litvak, Salim
Bawazir, Julie Coonrod, Jan Hendrickx, Karl Benedict, Rick Watson, Mike Inglis,
Greg Cook, Louis Scuderi, Stan Morain, Enrique Vivoni, and Barbara Kimbell
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EPSCoR: Experimental Program to Stimulate
Competitive Research - Hydrology Goal: Leadership in instrumentation and algorithm development for
regional hydrologic modeling and ET estimation in semiarid environments
Ground-based
measurements: Fluxnet+
NM
Remote sensing: scaling,
ET estimation, and
algorithm
intercomparison
Geospatial integrated
modeling: distributed
hydrological processes,
computation, and data
products
Ground-Based
Measurements
(input and
validation for
Models)
Satellite Imagery
(input for maps of
ET, vegetation change)
Geospatial Integrated Modeling &
Geographic Information System
Databases and Products
NM EPSCoR
Hydrology
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Flux tower network
NM EPSCoR Core Network
Rio Grande/Chama/Rio Salado riparian corridor (cottonwood, salt cedar, Russian olive, moist soil/sediment)
Lower Rio Grande agriculture and open water
Sevilleta NWR (upland grassland, desert, and piñon-juniper)
Extended Network
Valles Caldera and high elevation grasslands and conifer forests—SAHRA and LANL
Jornada experimental range lowland desert—USDA-ARS and LTERnet
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Bosque Evapotranspiration
Areal extent of the bosque has expanded substantially in recent decades
Bosque ET responds to leaf area indices, the annual hydrograph, and dominant plant species
Annual ET depletions from the bosque are not constant
Bosque restoration for water salvage must aggressively target resprouting vegetation
Cottonwood and salt cedar have fundamentally different strategies for dealing with water stress from a declining water table
Development of ETR arrays and an ET network are next steps in a better regional water budget
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The frog does not drink up the pond in which he lives.
Native American Proverb
If our access to our water is taken away, our hope for the
future is taken too.
Former Chairman Peterson Zah (Navaho Nation)
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Acknowledgements Funding Agencies:
ESA Collaborative Program Bosque Improvement Group (ET project)
NSF Award DEB-9903973 (CRB project) NM Interstate Stream Commission
NSF Award DEB-9972810 (IGERT project) NASA Award NA65-6999
NSF EPSCoR Project Award
Cooperating agencies and institutions include:
Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge
Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District
Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge
City of Albuquerque Open Spaces Division
Rio Grande Nature Center
New Mexico State University
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
New Mexico Inter-agency ET Workgroup
New Mexico Inter-agency Bosque Hydrology Group
New Mexico Tech
US Forest Service