botanical adaptations - tamalpais union high school · pdf filebotanical adaptations....
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Botany: the study of plants Botanical: of or relating to plants
Botanical Adaptations
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Introduction1. What is an adaptation?Characteristic that helps organism survive and reproduce
2. Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (# of successful offspring)
3. How adapt?Evolution: �Collective changes in a population as a result of:
• variation in a population (often caused by mutation),• selection for or against of certain individuals in the
population based on their characteristics• reproduction passing on the selected characteristic that
allowed for survival
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Example of Plant Evolution• Variation:Flowers originated as modified/ adapted leaf structures
• Selection: Plants with flowers attracted more pollinators
• Reproduction: Plants with flowers produced more offspringPlants with flowers became more �abundant
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Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth
Monocot vs. DicotAdaptation/Structure Monocot Dicot
Seed • one cotyledon• endosperm
• two cotyledons• hypocotyl present
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A epicotyl
B radicle
C cotyledon
D seed coat
Seeds
A
BC
D
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Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth
Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal
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Fruits
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Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth
Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal
Flower• sexually reproductive structures
• allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/fruits and increase variation.
Monocot vs. DicotAdaptation/Structure Monocot Dicot
Seed • one cotyledon• endosperm
• two cotyledons• hypocotyl present
Flower • parts in multiples of three (usually)
• parts in multiples of four or five (usually)
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Flowers
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Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth
Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal
Flower• sexually reproductive structures
• allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/fruits and increase variation.
Stems• contains vascular system (tissues) for water and food transport• xylem – takes water up through plant (like veins)• phloem – takes food down through plant (like arteries)
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Monocot vs. DicotAdaptation/Structure Monocot Dicot
Seed • one cotyledon• endosperm
• two cotyledons• hypocotyl present
Flower • parts in multiples of three (usually)
• parts in multiples of four or five (usually)
Stems• xylem and phloem in separate
bundles• scattered
• xylem and phloem organized in layers
• rings
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Stems
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Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth
Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal
Flower• sexually reproductive structures
• allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/fruits and increase variation.
Stems• contains vascular system (tissues) for water and food transport• xylem – takes water up through plant (like veins)• phloem – takes food down through plant (like arteries)
Leaves photosynthesis and gas exchange
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Monocot vs. DicotAdaptation/Structure Monocot Dicot
Seed • one cotyledon• endosperm
• two cotyledons• hypocotyl present
Flower • parts in multiples of three (usually)
• parts in multiples of four or five (usually)
Stems• xylem and phloem in separate
bundles• scattered
• xylem and phloem organized in layers
• rings
Leaves
• vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) bundled together
• parallel vein arrangement• narrow
• vascular tissue in layers• networked vein arrangement• broad
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Leaves
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Leaves
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Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth
Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal
Flower• sexually reproductive structures
• allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/fruits and increase variation.
Stems• contains vascular system (tissues) for water and food transport• xylem – takes water up through plant (like veins)• phloem – takes food down through plant (like arteries)
Leaves photosynthesis and gas exchange
Roots absorb water and nutrients
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Roots
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Monocot vs. DicotAdaptation/Structure Monocot Dicot
Seed • one cotyledon• endosperm
• two cotyledons• hypocotyl present
Flower • parts in multiples of three (usually)
• parts in multiples of four or five (usually)
Stems• xylem and phloem in separate
bundles• scattered
• xylem and phloem organized in layers
• rings
Leaves
• vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) bundled together
• parallel vein arrangement• narrow
• vascular tissue in layers• networked vein arrangement• broad
Roots
• xylem and phloem arranged in layers/rings (different from their stems)
• fibrous roots
• xylem and phloem organized in layers/rings (similar to their stems)
• tap root
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Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Modified Structures• food storage reserves• swollen leaves, stems or roots adapted for interrupted life• stores supply of water, sugars/starches and proteins
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Photosynthetic AdaptationsPlant photosynthesis:• source of energy sustaining 99% of all life on earth• conversion of light energy into chemical energy�
(6CO2 + 6H2O + light => C6H12O6 + 6O2)• occurs in two sets of
reactions:�- light-dependent�- light-independent
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Plants vary in how they undergo the light-independentreactions of photosynthesis
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Photosynthetic AdaptationsOutcomes:�• Describe environmental pressures under which different
adaptations for photosynthesis evolved.�
• Compare and contrast adaptations C3, C4 and CAM plants have evolved to photosynthesize in different environmental conditions.�
• Construct an argument for an investigation exploring the effect of various environmental conditions on photosynthesis of C3, C4 and CAM plants.
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Photosynthetic AdaptationsMethod
What Plants have this Adaptation
Location in Leaf Where Reaction Occurs
Enzyme Responsible for Reaction
When is it Best Fit
C3most plants (dicots)
mesophyll cells – �mid-leaf cells
rubisco - requires high amounts of CO2 to be efficient
• in moderate temperatures, with adequate water
• plants can keep stomata open to take in more CO2 without losing too much H2O
C4most monocots
bundle sheath cells - surround vascular tissue
PEP – does not require high amounts of CO2 to be efficient
• in high temperatures and dry conditions
• plants can close stomata to avoid H2O loss and still utilize low concentrations of CO2
CAMsucculents and some tropical
mesophyll cells –�at different times – day and night)
PEP
• in extremely dry conditions• plants keep stomata closed in day
to avoid H2O loss• plants open stomata at night, CO2
stored for use during the day
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Leaf Cross-sections of C3 and C4 Plants: