botany lecture - chapter 5
TRANSCRIPT
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ChapterTissues and the
primary growth ofstems
Rossdvasquez 2013
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The tallest living tree is the Stratosphere Giant in
Humboldt Redwoods State Park, California. At 112.34
meters (308.62 feet) , it is five stories taller than the
Statue of Liberty.
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Plant Body is composed of primary and secondary tissues
PRIMARY PLANT BODY:- herbaceous plant body
SECONDARY PLANT BODY:
- woody plant body
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Plant Body is composed of primary and secondary tissues
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Tissuegroup of of cells that perform specific
function or functions.
Classification:
1. Based on stage of development
a. Embryonic or meristematic
b. Permanent
2. Based on composition
a. Simple
b. complex
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Meristematic tissues where the cells are in the mitotic
state
Classification:
1. Based on initiating cells
a. Primary meristem (primordial meristem)
b. Secondary meristem
2. Based on position in the plant body
a. Apical
b. Intercalary
c. lateral
3. Based on function
a. Protoderm (DERMATOGEN)
b. Procambium (PLEROME)
c. Fundamental or ground (PERIBLEM)
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Overview of primary meristems and tissues
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Permanentcells are stable, no longer dividing
- differentiated into 2 types
Types:
1. Simple permanent tissue
- composed of one type of cells
- differentiated into dermal or protective and
ground or fundamental
2. Complex permanent tissue- composed of different kinds of cells but
perform similar function.
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Epidermis(simple dermal)
Outermost surface ofa herbaceous stem,leaf, root
Uses: protection Regulate exchange of
materials
Encrusted with cutin(cuticle)
Contains guard cells,Guard cells
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Epidermis Accessory cellsserves as
reservoir of water and ions
Bulliform cellslongitudinal rows of
vacuolated cells
- Loses loss turgor pressure Epidermal hairelongation of the
epidermal cell outward
(trichome and root hairs)
Differences:
1. Location 3. structure
2. Function
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-shade leaves from excess light
-protect plants from insects
-aid in nutrient uptake
-help disperses seeds
Cotton trichomes canbe made into threads,
which are then woven
into cloth
TrichomesEpidermal Outgrowths / Hairs
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Epidermal hairs
GLANDULAR STINGING
BRISTLE SCALE STELLATE BRANCHING
1. Glandular or Secretory
2. Non-Glandular / Non-secretory
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Root hairs epidermal outgrowth of roots epidermis
- increase surface area for absorption
Root hairs of
germinated seed
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Cork or Phellem(simple dermal)
Outer covering of woody
stems and roots
Cell wall impregnated with
suberin Produced by the cork
cambium (secondary
meristem)
No intercellular spaces
L ti l l h d t di t t f
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Lenticels lens-shaped spot or pores on dicot stem for gaseous
exchange
HARVESTING OF CORK FROM PHELLODENDRON TREE
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HARVESTING OF CORK FROM PHELLODENDRON TREE
P h ll h if l thi ll ll
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Parenchyma cells have uniformly thin cell walls.
Thin walled primary wall
Alive at maturity
Isodiametric shape
large vacuole
Specialized for photosynthesis(chlorenchyma)
Specialized for gas exchange
capacity - large intercellular
spaces (aerenchyma)
Specialized for short distancetransport of solutes (transfer cells)
Storage (storage parenchyma)
Chl h ll h i l d i
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Chlorenchyma cells are parenchyma involved in
photosynthesis
Cross section of a leaf blade (dicot)
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Storage parenchyma cells
of potato
Other types of parenchyma cells are glandular cells,
transfer cells, storage cells.
Mucilage from
Venus Flytrap
Mucilage from Okra
C ll h ll h i ll th t thi k d
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Elongated cells with
unevenly thickened non
lignified primary wall Plasticity
Found in elongating tips and
vines
Aerial roots of epiphytes
Collenchyma cells have primary walls that thickened
in the corners.
C ll h ll ll f d b l th
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Collenchyma cells are usually found below the
epidermis or bands next to the vascular tissues
S l h h b th i d thi k
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Walls are elastic
Arise from parenchyma due totension
Dead at maturity (in some) Support and strengthening tissues
Two types of cells:
1. conducting
2. mechanical
2.1. sclereids
2.2. fibers
Sclerenchyma has both a primary and thick
secondary wall that is lignified.
S l id h t d i di t i ith t
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Sclereids are short and isodiametric, with strong
walls, brittle and inflexible, protective in function
Fib l fl ibl l h d f t
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Fibers are long, flexible sclerenchyma, wood of most
flowering plants
Flax fiberscommon source for paper and
linen cloth
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The Vascular Tissue System
Two complex tissues:
1. xylembrings water and mineral saltsfrom the roots to the rest of the
plants.
2. phloem- moves sugar and other
organic nutrients
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Complex permanent tissues
1. Xylem
- transport water and minerals from the roots to stemand to the leaves
- thick lignified wall , dead at maturity
- primary xylem - procambium- protoxylemshort lived, replaced by new
protoxylem (outer)
- metaxylem formed after elongation of stem/root(inner)
- secondary xylem (wood) vascular cambium- inner layer of the bark
- conducting cells (xylary elements) :
tracheids and vessel elements
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1.Tracheids
1. long cells with tapered
ends.
2. Only type of waterconducting cells in
ferns, conifers and
most other non
flowering plants.
3. Dead at maturity
4. Secondary wall has
pits
The conducting cells of Xylem
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Pits are the gaps in the
secondary walls.
Bordered pits make theopening narrower, acting
like a valve.
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Secondary Wall thickenings in Tracheids and
vessel elements
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Vessel elements
1. Dead at maturity
2. Cell walls formhollow tubes,
3. Wider, shorter, and
less tapered
4. With perforation
plate
5. Joined together to
form a pipe or
tube
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Phloemfood conducting tissues
1. Sieve tube members
- alive and active
- Presence of sieve
plates
- No nucleus- Forms continuous
connection of
cytoplasm from the
top to bottom
- 2. Companion cells
nucleated, supply
proteins to sieve
tubes
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Complex permanent tissues
1. Phloem- transport dissolved organic
compounds (sucrose)
- thin walled primary wall
- primary phloem - procambium
- protophloemelongating regions(outer); short - lived
- metaphloemnon elongatingregions (inner)
- secondary phloem vascular cambium
- inner layer of the bark
- sieve elements: sieve cells, sieve tubemembers (companion cell)
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Phloem
Companion cells small cells attached
to the sieve cells
-Possess a nucleus
-Regulate the loading and unloading ofcarbohydrates from the sieve
tubes
Sieve tubes vertical rows of
elongated cells
-Possess a protoplasm but
no nucleus
-Walls are perforated with pits
-Perforated end walls serve asstrainer (sieve plate)
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Secretory Cells
Not classified but incorporated
with other tissues Two types External (nectary, hydathodes,
digestive glands, salt glands)
Internal (resin ducts, laticifers)
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Nectary (Floral)
- secrete nectar or sugary
exudates
1. for attractionfloral
2. for protection
extrafloral
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hydathode
parenchyma
Hydathodes (water glands)
secrete water via guttation,
relieve p r e s s u r e b u i l d - u p
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Digestive glands
secrete enzymes
that digest
trapped insects
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Salt glands
Salt glands dump sites for excess salt absorbed from a
salty (saline) environment- leaf of mangroves.
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Secretory cells
(internal)
Internally located cells that exude
protoplasmic products influenced by
pressure or lysis of cell wall
Secretory cells large cells contain
substances ( oil, mucilage)
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Secretory cells
Basil oil and fragrances
Internal
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Internalresin ducts used as storage of
secreted oils and resins.
RESINS- AMBER
-flammable with
turpentine and rosins.
-aromatic
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LATICIFERSsecretory cells with primary
wall secreting latex; seal wounds
and protection
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Internallaticifers
Articulated laticifers Non articulated
laticifers
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End for Tissues!
Thank you FOR LISTENING!
Ross D. Vasquez Ph.D.