botany vocab

7/31/2019 Botany Vocab

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Eukaryote

Prokaryote

Organelles

Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm

Cytosol

Epidermal cells

Cellulose

Hemicelluloses

Pectin

Glycoprotein

Middle Lamella

Lignin

Plasmodesmata

Metabolites

Plasma membrane

Nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Nucleoplasm

Nucleoli

Chromatin

Chromosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Dictuosomes

Plastids Chloroplasts

Grana


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Thylakoids

Chlorophyll

Stroma

Chromoplasts

Leucoplasts

Amyoplasts

Proplastids

Mitochondria

Cellular Resporation

Microbodies

Peroxisomes

Glyoxisomes

Lysosome

Vacular membrane (tonoplasts)

Cell sap

Cytoskeleton

Microtubules

Microfilaments

Cell cycle

Interphase

Mitosis

Cytokinseis

Meristems

Prophase

Preprophase bond

Chromatids

Centromeres


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Kinetochore

Satellites

Spindle fibers

Csntrioles

Aster

Metaphase

Spindle

Anaphase

Daughter Chromosomes

Telophase

Phargmoplast

Cell plate

Roots

Stems

Leaves

Flowers

Woody dicots

Herbaceous dicots

Monocots

Meristems- areas of permanents growth where cells actively divide.

Apical meristems- meristemic tissues found at or near the tips of roots and shoots, which increase

in length as the apical meristems produce more cells, primary growth.

Protoderm-

Ground meristem

Procambium

Primary tissues

Lateral meristems- produce tissues that increase the girth of roots and stems

Vascular cambium- produces secondary tissues that function primarily in support and conduction.


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Cork cambium- lays outside the vascular cambium and inside the bark which it produces. These tissues

along with the vascular tissues produces secondary growth.

Nodes- leaf attachment areas produced by the intercalary meristem.

Intercalary meristems-

Parenchyma- the most abundant cells types and are found in almost all major parts of higher plants and are

used for storage.

Aerchyma- parenchyma tissues with an extensive, network forming air spaces for buoyancy.

Chlorenchyma- parenchyma cells with numerous chloroplasts and functions mainly in photosynthesis.

Transfer cells- payenchyma that have an irregular extension of the inner walls that greatly increase the

surface area of the plasma membrane.

Collenchymas- found just inside the epidermous with thicker walls, longer than they are wide. They are

very pliable and strong, providing support for both growing and mature organs.

Sclerechyma- consist of cells with thick secondary cell walls impregnated with lignin, most sclerenchyma

cells are dead at maturity and function as support.

Sclerids- the tough cells in sclerenchyma tissue that are usually focused in one spot rather than scattered

around. They form the stone cells in the pear and the pits of peaches.

Fibers- are longer cells that have a relatively small cavity on the inside. Used for many commercial

products

Stone cells- sclerid in a pear that are clumped together before it is ripe giving it a grainy fill

Lumen

Xylem- the chief plumbing and storage system unit of the plant and is the chief conducting tissue

throughout all organs for water and minerals absorbed by the root.

Vessels- long one of the usually very numerous cylindrical tube whose cells have lost their cytoplasm;

each vessel is composed of vessel members laid end to end; the open-ended walls of the vessels

allow water to pass through freely.

Vessels elements- a single cell of a vessel

Tracheids- a xylem cell that is tapered at the ends and has thick walls containing pits.

Pit- a more or less round or elliptical thin area in the cell wall; pits occur opposite each other , with orwithout shallow , domelike borders. They are present where no secondary wall has been formed.

Rays- radially oriented tiers of parenchyma that conduct the flow of food, water, and other materials

laterally in the stems and roots of woody plant. They are generally continuous across the vascularcambium between they xylem and the phloem.

Phloem- food conducting tissue of a vascular plant


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Sieve tube a column of seive tube members arragnged end to end and food is conducted cell to cell

through sieve plates.

Companion cells- a specialized cell, derived from the same parent cell as the closely associated sieve tube

cells immediately adjacent to it.

Sieve plates- and area of the wall of a sieve tube member that contains several too many perforations thatallows cytoplasmic connections between similar adjacent cells, the cytoplasmic strands being

larger than the plamodesmata.

Callose- a complex carbohydrate that develops in the sieve tube following an injury

Callus- undifferentiated tissue that develops around injured areas of stem and roots

Abluminous cells- the same thing a companion cells for sieve cells found in ferns and cone-bearing trees.

Epidermous- the outermost layer of all young plant organs.

Velamen roots-an aearial root with a multilayered epidermis believed to function in regarding moistureloss

Cutin-the waxy or fatty substance of which the cuticle is composed

Cuticle- a waxy or fatty layer of varying thickness on the outer layer of the epidermal cells

Root hairs- a delicate protuberance that is part of an epidermal cell of a root; they occur in the regionbehind the growing tip

Stomata- a minute pore or opening in the epidermis of leaves, herbaceous stems, and the soptrophytes ofhornworts; it is flanked by two guard cells that regulate its opening and closing and thus regulate

gas exchange and transpiration.

Guard cells- a pair of specialized cells surrounding the stoma.

Glands- a small body of variable shape and size that may secrete certain substances but that also may be

functionless.

Periderm outer bark; primarily of cork cells.

Cork- tissue composed of cells whose walls are impregnated with suberin maturity; the outer layer of

tissue of an older woody stem; produce by cork cambium

Suberin- a fatty substance found primarily in the cell walls of cork and the Casparian strip of the epidermal

cells.

Lenticle- one of the usually numerous, slightly raised, somewhat spongy groups of cells in the barks of

woody plants; they permit the gas exchange between the interior of the plant and the exterior

atmosphere.

Secretory cells, tissues- the cell or tissue producing a substance or substances that are moved outside the

cells


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Radicle- the part of the embryo in the seed that becomes the root

Embryo- immature sporophyte that develops from a zygote within an ovule or archehoniam afterfertilization.

Fiberous root system- large numbers of fine roots similar in diameter then developes into advantageous

roots.

Monocots- have a single cytoledom

Dicots- a class of angiosperms whose seeds commonly have two cytoledoms

Root cap- a tumble-shaped mass of cells at the tip of a growing root; functions primarily in protection

Gravitropism-growth response to gravity

Amyoplasts- plastids containing starch grains

Region of cell division

Protoderm- the primary meristem that gives rise to the epidermis

Ground meristem- meristem that produces all the primary tissues other than the epidermis and stele

Procambium- a tissue produced by the primary meristem that differentiates into primary xylem and

phloem

Pith- central tissue to a dicot stem and certain roots; it usually consist of parenchyma cell that are

proportionately less of the volume of woody plants than cambial activity increases the organsgrowth.

Region of elongation

Seconday tissue-ma tissue produced by the vascular cambium or cork cambium

Region of differentiation

Root hair zone

Root hairs cortex

Endodermis- a single layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue(stele) in roots and some stems; the cellshave a Casperian strip

Casparian strip- a band of suberin surrounding around the radial and transverse walls of and endodermiscell

Passage cells- a thin-walled cell of the endodermis

Vascular cylinder-

Pericycle-tissue sandwiched in between the endodermis and the phloem of a root; often only one or teocells wide in a transverse section. The site of origin of lateral roots


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Cork cambium- a narrow cylindrical sheath of cells between the exterior of a woody root or stem and the

central vascular tissue. It produces cork for the exterior and phelloderm to its interior; it is also

called phellogen.

Determinate growth-

Indeterminate growth

Adventitious buds- buds developing in interludes or on root, or fo root developing along stems or onleaves.

Suckers-

Pneumatophores- spongy root extending above the surface of the water, produced by a plant growing in

water; the facilitate oxygen absorbtion.

Aerial roots-

Haustoria- a protuberance of a fungal hypha or plant organ such as a root that functions as a penetratingand absorbing structure.

Mycorrhizae- a symbiotic association between fungal hyphae and plant root

Root nodules- a small swelling associated with nitrogen- fixing bacteria that invade the roots of

leguminous plants and alders

Colloid- a substance consisting of a medium in which fine particles are permanently dispersed

Hygroscopic water- water that is chemically bound to soil particle and therefore unavailable to plants

Gravitational water- water that drains out of the pore spaces of soil after it rains.

Capillary water- water held in the soil against gravity and is therefore unavailable to plants.

Field capacity-

Ph- a symbol of hydrogen ion concentration indicating the degree of acidity or alkalinity

Liming-

Node region of the stem where one or more leaves are attahced

Internode-

Blade- the conspicuous, flattening part of the leave or seaweed

Petiole- the stalk of the leaf

Axil- the angle formed between the twig and the petiole of the leaf; normally the site of the auxiliary bud

Stipules- one pf the pair of appendages of varying size, shape and texturepresent at the base of the leaves

of some plants


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Deciduous- shedding leaves annually

Leaf scares- the siberin-covered scar left on the twig when the leaf separates from it through abscission.

Bundle scares- a small scar left by the vascular bundle within a leaf scar when the leaf separates from is

stems by abscission

Primordial protoderm

Procmbium- a tissue produced by the primary meristem that differentiates into primary xylem and phloem

Ground meristem- meristem that produces all primary tissues other than the epidermis and the stele

Pith- the central tissue of a dicot stem and certain root; it usually consist of parenchyma cells that become

proportionately less if the volume of woody plants as cambial activity increases the organs girth

Cortex- primary tissue composed mainly of parenchyma cells; the tissue usually extends between the

epidermis and the vascular tissue

Primary tissues- tissue produced by the apical meristem

bud primadoria- an organ or structure at its earliest stage of development

trace-

Leaf gaps- a parenchyma filled interruption in the stems cylinder of vascular tissue immediately above thepoint at which the branch of vascular tissue leading to a leaf occurs.

Bud gaps-

Vacular cambium- a narrow cylindrical sheath of cells that produces secondary xylem and phloem in

roots.

Cork cambium a narrow cylindrical sheath of cells between the exterior of a woody root or stem and the

central vascular tissue

Phellogen

Cork cells

Suberin

Phellodern

Lenticles

Stele

Siphonosteles

Eustels

Vascular bundles


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Cotyledons

Dictos

Monocots

Annuals

Soring wood

Summer wood

Annual ring

Increment border

Vascular ray

Tyloses

Heart wood

Sapwood

Bark

Laticifers

Rhizomes

Runner

Stolons

Tubers

Bulbs

Corms

Cladophylls

Thorns

Prickles

Bulblets

Tendrils

Ramblers

Druablility- a woods ability to withstand decay cause by organisms and insects


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