boundary layer
DESCRIPTION
Boundary layer. ..perhaps the hardest place to use Bernoulli’s equation (so don’t). Drag on a surface – 2 types. Pressure stress / form drag Shear stress / skin friction drag A boundary layer forms due to skin friction. Boundary layer – velocity profile. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Boundary layer
..perhaps the hardest place to use Bernoulli’s equation
(so don’t)
Drag on a surface – 2 types• Pressure stress / form drag
• Shear stress / skin friction drag
• A boundary layer forms due to skin friction
Boundary layer – velocity profile
• Far from the surface, the fluid velocity is unaffected.
• In a thin region near the surface, the velocity is reduced
• Which is the “most correct” velocity profile?
…this is a good approximation near the “front” of the plate
Boundary layer growth
• The free stream velocity is u0, but next to the plate, the flow is reduced by drag
• Farther along the plate, the affect of the drag is felt by more of the stream, and because of this
• The boundary layer grows
Boundary layer transition• At a certain point, viscous forces become to small
relative to inertial forces to damp fluctuations
• The flow transitions to turbulence• Important parameters:
– Viscosity μ, density ρ– Distance, x– Velocity UO
• Reynolds number combines these into one number
xUxU
Re OOx
First focus on “laminar” boundary layer• A practical “outer edge” of the boundary
layer is where u = uo x 99%
• Across the boundary layer there is a velocity gradient du/dy that we will use to determine τ
• Let’s look at the growth of the boundary layer quantitatively.
• The velocity profiles grow along the surface
• What determines the growth rate and flow profile?
Blasius
• Resistance of fluid to change in velocity due to viscous forces depends on…?– Velocity, UO
– Viscosity, μ– Density, ρ– Position, x
• The Reynolds number• Blasius (1908) derived:
y
fU
u
O
xRe
xg
δ(x)
OU
u
y
xUxU
Re OOx
OOx U
x5
U
xg
Re
xg
B L thickness & fluid properties
xUxU
Re OOx
Blasius, cont’d: Surface shear stress a
• Shear stress
δ(x)
OU
u
y
y
u
y
u
y
fRex
Uu
y x
O
332.0
Rex
Uu
y0yx
O
2/12/1
2/3O
0y x
U332.0
y
u
XO
2/12/1
2/3O
0yRe
x
U332.0
x
U332.0
Boundary layer transition• At a certain point, viscous forces become to small
relative to inertial forces to damp fluctuations
• The flow transitions to turbulence• Important parameters:
– Viscosity μ, density ρ– Distance, x– Velocity UO
• Reynolds number combines these into one number
xUxU
Re OOx
How does BL transition?
Next focus on “turbulent” boundary layer
• A practical “outer edge” of the boundary layer is (still) where u = uo x 99%
• Across the boundary layer there is a velocity gradient as well as variations in the velocity that determine τ
Turbulence: average & fluctuating velocity
The velocity profile concerns the mean velocity. The fluctuating part contributes to the internal stress for high Re flow.
Three zones in the turbulent BL
Viscous sub-layer
• The velocity in the viscous sub-layer is linear
Log law of the wall
Majority of the boundary layer
• 105 < Re < 107
Shear stress, thickness of turbulent boundary layer
(somewhat empirical)
X
2
2O
0y Reln
455.0
2
U
7/1X
2O
Of
Re
027.0
2Uc
7/1XRe
x16.0
7/1X
2O
0y Re
027.0
2
U
X22
O
Of
Re06.0ln
455.0
2Uc
Laminar Turbulent Induced
δ
cf
FS
Cf
Laminar, Turbulence, Induced Turbulence
0
L
0x
dxB
2UBL
F2
O
S
2U 2
O
O
5/1
L
2
O
Re
058.0
2
U
5/1
XRe
x37.0
X
2
2
O
Re06.0ln
455.0
2
U
XRe
x5
X
2
O
Re
664.0
2
U
7/1
XRe
x16.0
5/1
XRe
058.0
X
2 Re06.0ln
455.0
XRe
664.0
5/1
L
2
ORe
074.0UBL
2
1
LL
2
2
O
Re
1520
Re06.0ln
523.0
* UBL2
1
L
2
ORe
33.1UBL
2
1
5/1
LRe
074.0 LL
2 Re
1520
Re06.0ln
523.0
LRe
33.1
Example 9.8 from textAssume that a boundary layer over a smooth, flat plate is laminar at first and then becomes turbulent at a critical Reynolds number of 5 x 105. If we have a plate 3 m long x 1 m wide, and if air at 20°C and atmospheric pressure flows past this plate with a velocity of 30 m/s what will be the average resistance coefficient Cf for the plate? Also, what will be the total shearing resistance of one side of the plate and what will be the resistance due to the turbulent part and the laminar part of the boundary layer?What is the answer to the same questions if the boundary layer is “tripped” by some sufficiently large roughness element that the boundary layer is turbulent from the beginning?
Example