boylestad terms and definitions.docx

7/27/2019 Boylestad Terms and Definitions.docx

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Jack St. Clair Kilby inventor of the integrated circuit and co-inventor of the electronic

handheld calculator

Phase-shift Oscillator the first integrated circuit invented by Jack S. Kilby in 1958

Valence electrons electrons on the outermost shell of an atom

Tetravalent atoms with three valence electrons (Boron, Indium, Gallium, Aluminum)

Pentavalent atoms with five valence electrons (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony)

Valence indicates the ionization potential of an atom

Ionization potential potential to remove an a valence electron from its orbit

Covalent bonding bonding of atoms or valence electrons

Intrinsic carriers free electrons in a material due to external causes

(Si=1.5x1010, Ge=2.5x1013, GaAs=1.7x106 intrinsic carriers per cm3)

Relative mobility ability of the free carriers to move throughout the material

(Si=1500n, Ge=3900n, GaAs=8500n)

Doping changing the characteristics of a material (conductivity)

Positive temperature coefficient as the temperature increases the resistance of thematerial increases

Negative temperature coefficient the resistance of the material decreases as the

temperature increases (semiconductors)

Energy gap (Eg) gap between energy levels, conduction band and the valence band; also

known as forbidden band (Si=1.1eV, Ge=0.67eV, GaAs=1.43eV)

n-type material formed by doping Pentavalent elements to Silicon or Germanium

p-type material formed by doping Tetravalent elements to silicon or germanium

knee voltage voltage in which the depletion region is depleted (Si=0.7V, Ge=0.3V,

GaAs=1.2V)Germanium temperature-sensitive; high reverse saturation current; used in high-speed

applications, photodetectors and security systems

Silicon low cost; low reverse saturation current; good temperature characteristics and

excellent breakdown voltage levels

Gallium-Arsenide very large scale integrated circuits; high-speed characteristics; low

reverse saturation current; excellent temperature sensitivity and high breakdown

voltages. More than 80% of its applications are in optoelectronics: LEDs, Solar

cells, and other photodetector devices.

Russell Ohl discovered solar cell

Quiescent still; unvarying

DDM (digital diplay meter) with diode checking function, ohmmeter section of a multimeter,

and a curve tracer devices that can be used in testing condition of a semiconductor

diode

Typical Forward Voltage of LEDs:

Amber (AlInGaP) 2.1V

Blue (GaN) 5.0V


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Green (GaP) 2.2

Orange (GaAsP) 2.0

Red (GaAsP) 1.8

White (GaN) 4.1

Yellow (AiInGaP) 2.1

Candela measure of light intensity; equals to light flux of 4 lumens = 1 footcandle on

a ft2 area.

Efficacy a measure of the ability of a device to produce the desired effect

White LEDs constructed of blue gallium nitride (GaN) below a film of yttrium-aluminum

garnet (YAG) phosphor

*

Load line a straight line determining the diode characteristics

Load-line analysis analysis of the load line of a diode

Quiescent-point still, unmoving point of operation

PIV or PRV the voltage rating that must not be exceeded in the reverse-bias region or thediode will enter the Zener avalanche region

Snubber a capacitor placed across the terminals of a coil to protect the switching system

1904 the year the vacuum-tube diode was introduced by J.A. Fleming.

1906 Lee DeForest added third element on the vacuum-tube diode named control grid, thus

introducing the triode

Triode introduced by Lee DeForest in 1906, the first amplifier

December 23, 1947 afternoon, Walter H. Brattain and John Bardeen demoed the amplifying

action of the first transistor at the Bell Telephone Laboratories.

Leakage current minority-current component of a collectorActive region employed for linear (undistorted) amplifiers

Cutoff region region where the collector current is 0

Alpha () ratio of collector current to emitter current in dc mode

AC alpha formally called common-base, short-circuit, amplification factor

Transistor short for transfer + resistor; transferring the source current from low to

high resistance circuit

Beta () ratio of collector current to base current in dc mode; called h FE with h derived

from hybrid, the subscript FE is derived from forward-current amplification and

common-emitter configuration

AC beta formally called common-emitter, forward-current, amplification factor; hfe

re model reduced version of the hybrid model, used for high-frequency analysis

VMOSFET vertical MOSFET

MESFET metal-semiconductor FET

Operational Amplifier very high gain differential amplifier with high input impedance and

low output impedance.


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Floating signal difference output signal in a double-ended mode since neither one

terminal is the ground

Common-mode Rejection attenuates unwanted noise inputs while providing amplified output

of the difference signal in common-mode operation.

CMRR ratio of the output difference to the common gain

Inverting amplifier most widely used constant-gain amplifier since it has better

frequency stability

Unity-follower provides a gain of unity (1) with no polarity or phase reversal.

Summing amplifier adding multiple voltage (inputs) and multiplied by a constant-gain

factor

Integrator a feedback that uses a capacitor as feedback component.

Differentiator uses capacitor as coupling device on the input and resistor as feedback

Roll-off the reduction of the high open-loop gain with increasing frequency

Closed-loop gain specs of an op-amp that the user typically connects the op-amp using

feedback resistors to reduce circuit voltage gainSlew rate parameter of an op-amp to handle varying signals; defines the maximum rate of

change of the output voltage

Absolute Maximum ratings information on what largest voltage supplies may be used

First-order low-pass filter uses a single resistor and a capacitor with slope -20dB per

decade

Second-order low-pass filter uses two sections of resistor and capacitorwith -40dB

per decade

High-pass active filter just like low-pass but the capacitor components comes first

before the resistorBandpass filter uses two stages, first a high-pass filter and second a low-pass filter

Class A Amplifier output signal varies for a full 360 cycle

Class B output signal varies for half of the input cycle

Push-pull operation combined class B half-cycles to produce 360 output cycle

Class AB occurs between 180 and 360 of the input cycle

Class C outputs less than 180 and will operate only with a tuned (resonant) circuit

Class D uses pulse (digital) signals

Fourier analysis a method that describes any periodic waveform in terms of its

fundamental frequency component and frequency components at integer multiples

Harmonic components or harmonics integer multiples of a fundamental frequency component

Harmonic distortion a signal with harmonic frequency components

Phase-locked loop (PLL) a circuit consisting of a phase detector, a low-pass filter and a

voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)

Gain margin (GM) the negative value of |A| in decibels at the frequency at which the

phase angle is 180


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Phase margin (PM) the angle of 180 minus the magnitude of the angle at which value

|A| is unity (0 dB).

Barkhausen criterion for oscillation ability of an oscillator (loop) to operate

continuously after input voltage is removed via feedback voltage with sufficiency to

drive the amplifier and feedback circuits if A = 1

Wien bridge oscillator oscillator that uses an op-amp and RC bridge circuit

Relaxation oscillator uses a unijunction transistor for a single-stage oscillator to

provide a pulse signal suitable for digital-circuit applications

Schottky-barrier diode also called as surface-barrier or hot-carrier diode

Varactor also called as varicap, VVC (voltage-variable capacitance), or tuning diodes

Tunnel diodes first introduced by Leo Esaki in 1958

Dark current the current that exist with no applied illumination

Infrared-emitting diodes are solid-state gallium arsenide devices that emit a beam of

radiant flux when forward-biased

Transflective operation operations of an LCD display that uses transmissive (internallight source) during night and reflective modes during day (reflect from behind

sunlight)

Thermistor temperature sensitive resistor

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