b^p l½$ fl¡i¡. ap `yõsl$ p¡ l$p¡c`z cpn k„qpgl$, dlpfpô²$ fpÄe...

râe rhÛp\} rdÓp¡,

^p¡fZ 8dp„ Ap`_y„ õhpNs R>¡.

^p¡fZ 8dp„_y„ "Nfhu NyS>fpsu'_y„ _hy„ `yõsL$ sdpfp lp\dp„ d|L$sp„ M|b S> Ap_„v$ \pe R>¡.

rdÓp¡, NyS>fpsu_p Ap `yõsL$_p¡ Aæepk sdpf¡ qÜsue/s©sue cpjp (k„`|Z®) A„sN®s L$fhp_p¡ R>¡. Ap `pW$é`yõsL$dp„ kpdprS>L$, bp¡^pÐdL$, fd|Æ, cph_pâ^p_-S>_ÅN©rs â¡fL$ A_¡ v¡$iâ¡d k„h^®L$ L©$rsAp¡ s¡dS> L©$rsAp¡ A„sN®s Aphsp„ Æh_d|ëep¡ sdpf¡ ApÐdkps L$fhp_p R>¡. s¡ kp\¡ S> _hy„ L$fhp_u rS>opkp ÅN©s L$f_pfp A_¡ Æh_dp„ kL$pfpÐdL$ hgZ sfa hmhp_u ×rô$L$p¡Z sfa AN°¡kf \pAp¡ s¡hp L$pìep¡ `Z Ap`¡gp R>¡.

cprjL$ kdS> A„sN®s M|b S> kfm A_¡ kpv$u `Ùrs\u ìepL$fZ Apàey„ R>¡. AgN-AgN âL$pf_p õhpÝepe_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u sdpfu kS>®_ i[¼s_p¡ rhL$pk \i¡, L$ë`_pi[¼s hî¡ A_¡ ApL$g_ i[¼s ×Y$ \i¡ s¡hp¡ rhïhpk R>¡. Ap`¡gp D`¾$dp¡ rhQpfi[¼s h^pfi¡.

Ap `yõsL$_¡ L$pfZ¡ _hu V¸$¼_p¡gp¸Æ A_¡ BÞV$f_¡V$_p¡ sdpfp rhL$pk dpV¡$ L¡$hp¡ Dèp¡N L$fhp¡, s¡_u `Z ÅZ \i¡.

hjp¯s¡ Ap` kp¥ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ AÝee_ r_ó`rÑ r_ròs âpàs \i¡, A¡hp¡ rhðpk R>¡.

Ap `yõsL$ Üpfp AÝee_-AÝep`_ âq¾$ep kfm A_¡ fp¡QL$ b_i¡ A¡hu Mpsfu R>¡.

"A¸`'_p dpÝed\u ¼e|. Apf. L$p¡X$ Üpfp âÐe¡L$ `pW$ k„b„r^s h^y dprlsu dpV¡$ Ap`_¡ ×íe-îpìe kprlÐe D`gå^ \i¡. s¡ Aæepk dpV¡$ Qp¡½$k Dèp¡Nu kprbs \i¡.

Ap `pW$é`yõsL$ nrsfrls b_phhp_p¡ k„r_óW$ âeÐ_ L$ep£ R>¡. R>sp„ `Z L$p¡C bpbs¡ nrs S>Zpe sp¡ s¡ dpV¡$_p kQp¡V$ k|Q_p¡ AphL$pe® R>¡.

Ap` kh£_¡ iyc¡ÃR>p !

`yZ¡

qv$_p„L$ : 18 A¡râg 2018, AMpÓuS> (X$p¸. kyr_g dNf)

cpfsue kp¥f qv$_p„L$ : k„QpgL$28 Q¥Ó, 1940 dlpfpô²$ fpÄe `pW$é`yõsL$ r_rd®rs

A_¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^_ d„X$m, `yZ¡.

dy¿e kdÞheL$ : âpQu fhuÞÖ kpW¡$

NyS>fpsu cpjp kyîu L$ë`_p dl¡sp, AÝenkrdrs kv$õe : X$p¸. d^y k„`V$

îudsu cNhsu `„X$épîudsu ârsdp `„X$ép

NyS>fpsu kyîu Bgp iy¼gAæepk S|>\ : îudsu [õdsp v$h¡

îudsu Äep¡rs M¿Mf

r_d„rÓs : îu âazg Apf. iplîudsu S>_L$ v$phX$pîudsu lu_p rggpZuîudsu h„v$_p `„Qpgîudsu rS>op L$p`qX$Apîudsu d„S>fu Nydpõs¡îudsu Erd®gp iplîudsu ^rd®L$p ûf¡_ v$p¡iuîu. ûf¡_ d_kyMgpg v$p¡iu

kv$õe-k„ep¡S>L$ : îudsu L¡$sL$u r_s¡i Å_u

k„ep¡S>_ âdyM : îudsu L¡$sL$u r_s¡i Å_u rhi¡jpr^L$pfu, NyS>fpsu rhcpN, `pW$é`yõsL$ d„X$m, `yZ¡ -04.

dyM`©›$ A_¡ rQÓ$ : îu. k„S>e `V¡$g

r_rd®rs : îu. k[ÃQv$p_„v$ Apam¡dy¿e r_rd®rs Ar^L$pfu

îu. k„v$u` ApS>Np„hL$f r_rd®rs Ar^L$pfu

Anfp„L$_

L$pNm

dyÖZpv¡$i

dyÖL$

âL$piL$

: kd\® N°pqa¼k,

522, _pfpeZ `¡W$, `yZ¡-30. : 70 GSM Creamwove

: N/PB/2020-21/Qty.

: M/s

: îu. rhh¡L$ Np¡kphu, r_e„ÓL$ `pW$é`yõsL$ r_rd®rs d„X$m,

âcpv¡$hu, dy„bC - 25.

â’dph©rÑ : 2018 © dlpfpô²$ fpÄe pW$é yõsL$ r_rd®rs A_¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡ _ d„X$m, yZ¡ 411 004.

dlpfpô²$ fpÄe `pW$é yõsL$ r_rd®rs A_¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡ _ d„X$m `pk¡ Ap yõsL$_p b^p l½$ fl¡i¡. Ap yõsL$_p¡ L$p¡C`Z cpN k„QpgL$, dlpfpô²$ fpÄe `pW$é yõsL$ r_rd®rs A_¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡ _ d„X$m_u g¡rMs `fhp_Nu hNf R>pù iL$pi¡ _rl.

âõsph“p

`y_dy®ÖZ : 2020

Nfhu NyS>fpsu^p¡fZ-ApW$dy„

dlpfpô²$ fpÄe `pW$é`yõsL$ r_rd®rs A_¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^_ d„X$m, `yZ¡ - 411 004.

NyS>fpsuqÜsue/s©sue (k„`|Z®)

ipk_ r_Z®e ¾$dp„L$ : Aæepk - 2116/(â.¾$.43/16) A¡kX$u-4 qv$_p„L$ 25-4-2016 AÞhe¡ õ\pr`s \e¡g kdÞhe krdrs_u qv$_p„L$ 29-12-2017 fp¡S>_u b¡W$L$dp„ Ap `pW$é`yõsL$ r_^p®qfs L$fhp_u dpÞesp Ap`hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

sdpfp„ õdpV®$ap¡_dp„ DIKSHA App Üpfp `pW$é`yõsL$_p„ `l¡gp `p_p„ `f_p Q.R. Code\u qX$rS>V$g `pW$é`yõsL$ A_¡ v$f¡L$ `pW$dp„ Ap`¡gp Q.R. Code\u s¡ k„b„r^s `pW$_p„ AÝee_-AÝep`_ dpV¡$ D`ep¡Nu ×íe-îpìe kprlÐe D`gå^ \i¡.

fpô²$Nus

S>_NZd_ - Ar^_peL$ S>e l¡ cpfs-cpÁerh^psp : „Åb, rk„^y, NyS>fps, dfpW$p, ÖprhX$, DÐL$g, b„N, thÝe, rldpQg, edy_p, N„Np, DÃR>g S>gr^sf„N, sh iyc _pd¡ ÅN¡, sh iyc Aprij dpN¡,

Npe¡ sh S>e Np\p, S>_NZd„Ngv$peL$ S>e l¡, cpfs cpÁe rh^psp —&S>e l¡, S>e l¡, S>e l¡, S>e S>e S>e S>e l¡ —&&

ârsop

cpfs dpfp¡ v¡$i R>¡. b^p cpfsuep¡ dpfp„ cpCbl¡_ R>¡.

lz„ dpfp v¡$i_¡ Qplz„ Ry>„ A_¡ s¡_p kd©Ù A_¡ h¥rhÝe`|Z® hpfkp_p¡ d_¡ Nh® R>¡. lz„ kv$pe s¡_¡ gpeL$ b_hp âeÐ_ L$fui.

lz„ dpfp„ dpspr`sp, rinL$p¡ A_¡ hX$ugp¡ âÐe¡ Apv$f fpMui A_¡ v$f¡L$ S>Z kp\¡ kæesp\u hs}i.

lz„ dpfp„ v¡$i A_¡ v¡$ibp„^hp¡ âÐe¡ hapv$pfu fpMhp_u ârsop gJ Ry>„. s¡d_p„ L$ëepZ A_¡ kd©qÙdp„ S> dpf„y kyM kdpe¡gy„ R>¡.

A_y¾$drZL$p

¾$d L$rhsp/`pW_y„ _pd L$rh/g¡ML$_y„ _pd `©›$ ¾$. A`¡rns r`qfeX$

1. _pNv$d_ _ftkl dl¡sp 1 6

v d¡lzgp¡ NpS>¡ _¡ _ftkl dl¡sp 3 2

2. î¡óW$ v$p_ _V$hfgpg `„X$ép 4 8

v kpQu k„`rÑ rh`ygLy$dpf Apf. W$pL$f 9 2

* k„r^ - 1 ìepL$fZ 10 4

3. bp¡ghy„ kdÆ rhQpfu A„qL$s rÓh¡v$u 11 6

v dpfu dp_¡ Ndi¡ ? Nyfyv$epg d[ëgL 13 2

4. S>¡gdp„ rMkL$p¡gu L$pL$pkpl¡b L$pg¡gL$f 14 8

v rMkL$p¡gu Ddpi„L$f Å¡iu 19 6

* k„r^ - 2 ìepL$fZ 20 4

5. ep lp¡d L$fu_¡ `X$p¡... _d®v$ 21 6

v kpQ_¡ `X$M¡... dL$f„v$ v$h¡ 24 2

6. rhðpk_y„ hph¡sf `Þ_pgpg `V¡$g 25 8

v rhðpk f„cpb¡_ Np„^u 31 2

* rQÓhZ®_ 32 2

* kdpk ìepL$fZ 33 4

7. lz„ A¡hp¡ NyS>fpsu rh_p¡v$ Å¡iu 35 6

v A¡hu Ap NyS>fpsu R>¡ syjpf iy¼g 37 2

8. kp¡_p_p¡ \pm lfcpC rÓh¡v$u 38 8

v S>¡hy„ L$fuA¡ A¡hy„ cfuA¡ i¥g¡j kN`qfep 44 2

9. L$p¸çàeyV$f hk„s X$p¸.lj®v¡$h dp^h 45 6

v `„Qdu Aphu hk„s_u Ddpi„L$f Å¡iu 48 2

10. X$pe_¡dp¡ _N¡ÞÖ rhS>e 49 8

v L$W$`|smu A„S>_p cNhsu 55 2

* rQÓhZ®_ 56 2

Ly$g 160

_p¢^ : v$f AW$hpqX$e¡ Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p 2 r`qfeX$ d|mc|s cprjL$ L$p¥iëep¡ ApÐdkps L$fphhp apmhhp. v$f¡L$ L©$rs_¡ A_ygnu_¡ s¡ k„b„r^L$ g¡M_ L$p¥iëe_p¡ dlphfp¡ Ap`hp¡ `Z `ep®às r`qfeX$ apmhhp.

1

"S>m L$dm R>p„X$u Å f¡ bpmp ! õhpdu Adpfp¡ ÅNi¡; ÅNi¡ s_¡ dpfi¡, d_¡ bpmlÐep gpNi¡. - S>m. (V$¡L$)L$l¡ f¡ bpmL$ ! sy„ dpfN c|ëep¡ ? L¡$ spfp h¡fuA¡ hmprhep¡ ? r_ïQ¡ spfp¡ L$pm S> M|V$ép¡, Al]ep„ s¡ iuv$ Aprhep¡ ?' - S>m"_\u _pNZ lz„ dpfN c|ëep¡, _\u dpfp h¡fuA¡ hmprhep¡; d\yfp _Nfudp„ Sy>NVy„$ fdsp„, _pN_y„ iui lpqfep¡.' - S>m"f„N¡ ê$X$p¡ ê$`¡ `|fp¡, v$uk„sp¡ L$p¡X$ugp¡ L$p¡X$pdZp¡; spfu dpspA¡ L¡$V$gp S>_çep, s¡dp„ sy„ AmMpdZp¡ ?' - S>m. "dpfu dpspA¡ b¡D S>_çep, s¡dp„ lz„ _V$hf _p_X$p¡; S>NpX$ spfp _pN_¡, dpfy„ _pd L©$óZ L$lp_X$p¡.' - S>m "gpM khp_p¡ dpfp¡ lpf Ap`y„, Ap`y„ f¡ syS>_¡ v$p¡qfep¡;A¡V$gy„ dpfp _pN\u R>p_y„, Ap`y„ f¡ syS>_¡ Qp¡qfep¡.' - S>m

1. _pNv$d_

_ftkl dl¡sp

15du kv$udp„ cph_Nf rS>ëgp_p smpÅ Npd¡ s¡d_p¡ S>Þd \ep¡ lsp¡. s¡Ap¡ â¡dgnZp c[¼s

A_¡ op_dpN®_u `f„`fp_p DÑd L$rh lsp„. âcprsep„, T|gZp„ R>„v$, L©$óZc[¼s_p `v$ A_¡ L¡$v$pfp¡ fpN

s¡d_p râe li¡, A¡¡hy„ s¡d_u fQ_pAp¡ `f\u S>Zpe R>¡.

kpv$u kfm bp¡gQpg_u cpjpdp„ fQpe¡gu s¡d_u N¡e fQ_pAp¡ ApS>¡ `Z gp¡L$p¡_p l¥e¡ A_¡

lp¡W¡ fd¡ R>¡. s¡dZ¡ "ipdmip_p¡ rhhpl', "Ly„$hfbpC_y„ dpd¡fy„', "lz„X$u', "Tpfu_p„ `v$', "kyv$pdp QqfÓ',

"v$pZgugp' hN¡f¡ S>¡hp 1500\u h^pf¡ `v$p¡ fÃep R>¡.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

âõsys âcprsepdp„ L©$óZÆh_ - gugp_p _pNv$d__p âk„N_y„ hZ®_ R>¡. L©$óZ Np¡`rdÓp¡

kp\¡ edy_p qL$_pf¡ N¡X$uv$X$p¡ fdsp lsp Ðepf¡ v$X$p¡ _v$udp„ `X$u Åe R>¡. s¡ v$X$p¡ g¡hp L©$óZ _v$u_p KX$p

`pZudp„ L|$v$u `X¡$ R>¡. s¡ _v$udp„ A¡L$ T¡fu L$prge_pN fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. _pN sp¡ Ðepf¡ k|sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. `Z

_pNZp¡ L©$óZ_¡ Qpgu S>hp M|b rh_„su L$f¡ R>¡. khpgpM_p¡ lpf Ap`hp_u gpgQ `Z Ap`¡ R>¡. `Z

L©$óZ_¡ ¼ep„ L$p¡C gpgQ lsu ? s¡Z¡ sp¡ _pNZp¡_¡ s¡d_p S> Ofdp„ Qp¡fu L$fhp_u õ`ô$ _p `pX$u v$u^u -

Ðepf¡ _p R|>V$L¡$ _pNZp¡A¡ _pN_¡ S>NpX$ép¡. _pN brmep¡ lsp¡ sp¡ L©$óZ s¡_p\u khpep lsp„. Ap T¡fu

L$prge_pN kp\¡ gX$pC L$fu_¡ s¡_¡ lfphu v$u^p¡. Ðepf¡ _pNZp¡A¡ rh_„su L$fsp„ L$üy„ L¡$ "l¡ âcy, sd_¡

_ Ap¡mMhp_p¡ Adpfp\u A`fp^ \ep¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ dpa L$fu v$p¡ A_¡ Adpfp `rs_¡ R>p¡X$u v$p¡.' Apd L$lu

L©$óZ_¡ dp¡su\u h^ph¡ R>¡. v$epmy âcy L©$óZ _pNZp¡_u rh_„su dp_u_¡ (`p¡sp_u gugp L$fu_¡) _pN_¡

R>p¡X$u v¡$ R>¡.

2

AÝep`_ k„L¡$s

âõsys âcprsep_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphsp `l¡gp„ "ÅN_¡ Åv$hp L©$óZ Np¡hprmep'

âcprsey„ NhX$phhy„. âcprsep_u k„L$ë`_p v$Y$ L$fhu, L©$óZ_u gugpAp¡_p b¡Qpf âk„Np¡_p¡

Dëg¡M L$fu _pNv$d__p âk„N_y„ hpsp®ê$`¡ hZ®_ L$fhy„, rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ kq¾$e fpMhp kss

gOyâñp¡ `|R>hp, rhÛp\}Ap¡ ÅZsp lp¡e s¡hp âk„Np¡ L$l¡hp_u s¡d_¡ sL$ Ap`hu.

õhpÝepe

k. 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) fõsp¡ (2) dp\y„ (3) `pe (4) Apc

(5) `rs (6) riiy (7) kde (8) `„L$S>

k. 2. âpkey¼s iåv$p¡ gMp¡ : v$p.s. : gpNi¡ - ÅNi¡.

k. 3. Ap`¡gp iåv$_p Anfp¡ hX$¡$ b_sp iåv$p¡ b_php¡ : (1) _pNvd_ (2) d\yfp_Nfu

k. 4. A\® gMu hp¼edp„ âep¡N L$fp¡ :

(1) QfZ Qp„`hp (2) rhgp` L$fhp¡ (3) bp\¡ hmNhy„ (4) L$pm M|V$hp¡

k. 5. L©$óZ_p AphX¡$ s¡V$gp _pd gMp¡.

k. 6. Mpgu S>Áepdp„ ep¡Áe iåv$ gMp¡ :

(1) dpfu dpspA¡ b¡D ----, s¡dp„ lz„ _V$hf _p_X$p¡. (2) EW$p¡_¡----L$p¡C, bpfZ¡ bpmL$ Aprhep¡.

(3) ÅNi¡, s_¡ dpfi¡, d_¡ ---- gpNi¡. (4) gpM ---- dpfp¡ lpf Ap`y„.

k. 7. _uQ¡_p A\® v$ip®hsu `„[¼s gMp¡ :

(1) s_¡ spfp vy$íd_p¡A¡ dp¡L$gpìep¡ R>¡ L¡$ `R>u sy„ fõsp¡ c|gu Nep¡ R>¡ s¡ S>Zph.

(2) L©$óZ _pN_¡ blz L$ô$ Apì¡ A¡d rhQpfu _pNZp¡ fX¡$ R>¡. (3) _pNZ, spfp lpf A_¡ v$p¡qfep_y„ lz„ iy„ L$fy„ ?

(4) lz„ d\yfp _Nfudp„ Sy>NVy$ fdsp _pN_y„ dp\y„ lpfu Nep¡ s¡\u Apìep¡ Ry>„.

"iy„ L$fy„ _pNZ lpf spfp¡ ? iy„ L$fy„ spfp¡ v$p¡qfep¡ ? ip_¡ L$pS>¡, _pNZ ! spf¡ L$fhu Ofdp„ Qp¡qfep¡ ?' - S>mQfZ Qp„ù, d|R> dfX$u, _pNZ¡ _pN S>NpqX$ep¡;"EW$p¡_¡ bmh„s L$p¡C, bpfZ¡ bpmL$ Aprhep¡.' - S>mb¡D brmep, bp\¡ hmÁep, L©$óZ¡ L$prm_pN _pr\ep¡; klö a¡Zp„ aw„ah¡ S>¡d, NN_ NpS>¡ lpr\ep¡. - S>m_pNZ kp¥ rhgp` L$f¡ R>¡, _pN_¡ blz vy$:M Apì¡; d\yfp _Nfudp„ gC S>i¡, `R>u _pN_y„ iui L$pì¡. - S>mb¡D L$f Å¡X$u rh_h¡: "õhpdu ! d|L$p¡ Adpfp L„$\_¡; Ad¡ A`fpû L$p„C _ kdÄep„, _ Ap¡m¿ep cNh„s_¡.' - S>m\pm cfu_¡ iN dp¡suX¡$ îuL©$óZ_¡ h^prhep; _fk¦ep_p _p\ `pk¡\u, _pNZ¡ _pN R>p¡X$prhep.' - S>m

3

d¡lzgp¡ NpS>¡ _¡ dp^h _pQ¡ ê$dT|d hpN¡ `pe¡ O|OfX$u f¡,spg`MpS> hÅX¡$ f¡ Np¡ù, hlpgp¡ hÅX¡$ h¡Ï hp„kgX$u f¡.`l¡fZ Quf, QfZp _¡ Qp¡mu, Ap¡Y$Z ApR>u gp¡bfX$u f¡;

v$pvy$f dp¡f, b`¥ep bp¡g¡, d^yfu iu bp¡g¡ L$p¡egX$u f¡,^_ b„kuhV$, ^_ S>d_psV$, ^_ ^_ Ap Ahspf f¡ ;^_ _fk¥ep„_u ÆcgX$u_¡, S>¡Z¡ Npep¡ fpN dëlpf f¡. - _ftkl dl¡sp

dpÎey„ s¡_y„ õdfZ L$fhy„ A¡e R>¡ A¡L$ ëlphp¡.

k. 8. Ap¡mMp¡ :

(1) L©$óZ_¡ _v$udp„\u Qpëep S>hp_y„ L$l¡_pf - (2) _pN_y„ iui lpfhp_y„ _pNZ_¡ L$l¡_pf -

(3) L©$óZ_u kp\¡ bp\¡ hmN_pf - (4) îuL©$óZ_¡ dp¡suAp¡\u h^ph_pf -

k. 9. ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fp¡ :

(1) _pNZp¡A¡ L©$óZ_¡ _v$udp„\u Qpgu S>hp L$üy„. L$pfZ L¡$ s¡d_¡------------------.

(A) L©$óZ_p¡ X$f gpNsp¡ lsp¡ (Ap) bpmlÐep_y„ `p` gpN¡ (B) _pN_p¡ X$f gpNsp¡ lsp¡

(2) L©$óZA¡ lpf g¡hp_u _pNZp¡_¡ _p `pX$u. L$pfZ L¡$ ---------------.

(A) _pNZ Qp¡fu L$f¡ s¡ ep¡Áe _lp¡sy„ (Ap) L©$óZ_¡ dpÓ v$X$p¡ Å¡Csp¡ lsp¡

(B) L©$óZ_¡ _pN kp\¡ gX$pC L$fhu lsu

(3) _pNZp¡A¡ ApMf¡ _pN_¡ S>NpX$ép¡. L$pfZ L¡$------------------.

(A) s¡d_u gpgQ L©$óZ_¡ ggQphu iL$u _rl (Ap) L©$óZA¡ _pN_¡ S>NpX$hp_u rh_„su L$fu

(B) L©$óZA¡ s¡d_¡ Qp¡fu _ L$fhp L$üy„

k. 10. Ap L$pìe_p¡ cphp\® sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

k„cpjZ * L©$óZ_u bpmgugpAp¡_p Sy>v$pSy>v$p âk„Np¡_u hN®dp„ kd|lQQp® L$fp¡.

âL$ë` * "dpMZQp¡f' L$_¥ep_y„ rQÓ v$p¡fu A\hp Qp¢V$pX$u _uQ¡ 8\u 10 hp¼ep¡ gMu_¡ QpV®$ s¥epf L$fp¡.

cprjL$ kdS>* Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ _pd b_php¡ : v$p.s.: dp„Nhy„ - dp„NZu

(1) hphhy„ (2) L$dphy„ (3) `S>hhy„ (4) gZhy„

* L$pìedp„\u rhi¡jZp¡ ip¡û_¡ gMp¡ : v$p.s. : L$p¡X$ugp¡

* L$pm Ap¡mMp¡ :

(1) bû _pNZp¡ rhgp` L$f¡ R>¡. (2) L©$óZ _pN_¡ blz vy$:M Apì¡. (3) L©$óZ _pN_y„ iui lpfu Nep¡ lsp¡.

lz„ hp„Qy„ ......... sd¡ `Z hp„Qp¡.

d¡lzgp¡ NpS>¡ _¡

4

2. î¡óW$ v$p_

_V$hfgpg `„X$ép (Di_k¹)

28 qX$k¡çbf, 1920_p fp¡S> hX$p¡v$fp _ÆL$_p kphgu Npd¡ s¡_p¡ S>Þd \ep¡ lsp¡. Ly$Vy„$b, hs_,

âL©$rs, âZe A_¡ âhpk_p A_ych L¡$ÞÖdp„\u Dv¹$ch¡gu s¡d_u fQ_pAp¡ R>¡. rhh¡Q_n¡Ó¡ `Z

s¡dZ¡ _p¢^_ue M¡X$pZ M¡X$éy„ R>¡. "âk|_', "_¡`Õe¡', "ApÖp', "qL„$qL$Zu', "cpfsv$i®_' hN¡f¡ s¡d_p

L$pìek„N°lp¡ R>¡. hpsp® A_¡ L$rhsp_p k„`pv$_p¡ `Z s¡dZ¡ L$ep® R>¡.

Ly$dpf Q„ÖL$, _d®v$ kyhZ®Q„ÖL$, fZrS>sfpd kyhZ®Q„ÖL$, NyS>fps Np¥fh `yfõL$pf s\p kprlÐe

AL$pv$du_p AÞe `yfõL$pf Üpfp s¡d_¡ kÞdpr_s L$fhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. s¡d_p kÞdp_dp„ NyS>fpsu

kprlÐe `qfjv$ Üpfp "Di_k¹' `yfõL$pf v$f b¡ hj£ L$rhAp¡_¡ A`pe R>¡. 6 _h¡çbf, 2011_p fp¡S>

hgkpX$dp„ s¡d_y„ Ahkp_ \ey„ lsy„.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

A¡L$ _p_p Npd_p A¡L$ d„qv$fdp„ kp^yAp¡_p hX$pA¡ Np¥sd byÙ_u d|rs® b_phhp_p¡ âõsph

d|¼ep¡ A_¡ s¡ dpÞe \C Nep¡. `R>u s¡ d|rs® b_phhp dpV¡$ ^psyAp¡_y„ v$p_ dp„Nhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡, s¡

Npd_p Aduf, Nfub v$f¡L¡$ `p¡s`p¡sp_u i[¼s âdpZ¡ kp¡_p, Qp„„v$u S>¡hu qL„$dsu ^psy_y„ v$p_ L$e¯y. s¡

Npd_p A¡L$ i¡W$_p Of¡ L$pd L$fsu `rhÓ ùv$e_u kyiu `Z s¡dp„ v$p_ v¡$hp_u BÃR>p ^fphsu lsu. s¡_¡

L$Qfpdp„\u dm¡gp¡ A¡L$ sp„bp_p¡ L$V$pC Ne¡gp¡ rk½$p¡ v$p_dp„ Ap`hp¡ lsp¡. `Z v$p_ dp„Nhp Aph¡gp

eyhp_ kp^yA¡ A¡ rk½$p_¡ syÃR> NZu õhuL$pep£ _rl. `Z `R>u A¡hp¡ âk„N b_¡ R>¡ L¡$ A¡ S> rk½$p¡

î¡óW$ v$p_ kprbs \pe R>¡. gp¡L$p¡ `Z A¡ S> c¡V$_¡ Ad|ëe dp_¡ R>¡. Ap b^y„ L¡$hu fus¡ \pe R>¡ s¡_p¡

`qfQe g¡ML¡$ Al]ep âk„Np¡ Üpfp sØ¹_ kfm A_¡ kpv$u cpjpdp„ s¡dS> cphhplu i¥gudp„ v$ip®ìey„

R>¡. S>¡ Ap`Zp ùv$e_¡ õ`i} Åe R>¡.

OZp„ hjp£ `l¡gp„_u hps R>¡. A¡L$ _p_L$X$p Npddp„ A¡L$ Nfub dpZk fl¡sp¡ lsp¡. s¡_¡ A¡L$ v$uL$fu lsu. A¡_y„ ApMy„ _pd kyiugp `Z b^p A¡_¡ kyiu L$l¡. kyiu ApW¡$L$ hfk_u \C A¡V$g¡ A¡_u dp A¡_¡ L$p¡C `¥kpv$pf i¡W$_¡ O¡f L$pdhpmu sfuL¡$ d|L$u Aphu.

i¡W$_u i¡fudp„ A_¡ Ofdp„ bpmL$p¡ fd¡ s¡ kyiu Å¡ep L$f¡. OZy„e d_ \pe L¡$ gph, fdhp v$p¡X$u ÅJ. `Z A¡_¡ L$p¡Z fdpX¡$ ? A¡ sp¡ W$fu L$pdhpmu _p¡L$fX$u ! A¡_u kp\¡ fd¡ `Z L$p¡Z ? Ap\u kyiu fdhp_u hps R>p¡X$u OfL$pd¡ hmNu S>su. ApMp¡ qv$hk NÅ D`fp„s_y„ L$pd L$f¡. fpÓ¡ \pL$u_¡ gp¡\`p¡\ \C kpv$X$u D`f `X$su s¡hu S> KOu S>su. `p¡sp_¡ O¡f lsu, Ðepf¡ sp¡ bp L¡$hu L¡$hu hpsp¡ L$lu_¡ A¡_¡ KOpX$u v¡$su !

A¡L$ qv$hk i¡W$pZuA¡ A¡_¡ bÅfdp„ L$iy„L$ Mfuv$hp dp¡L$gu. fõspdp„ gp¡L$p¡_¡ A¡Z¡ hpsp¡ L$fsp kp„cýep L¡$ _Nf_p d„qv$fdp„ cNhp_ byÙ_u ^psy_u ârsdp s¥epf L$fphu d|L$phhp_u R>¡ A_¡ Ap dpV¡$ O¡fO¡f\u DOfpÏ„

5

\hp_y„ R>¡. kyiu sp¡ Ap kp„cmu_¡ lfM\u Np„X$p S>¡hu \C NC. s¡ d_dp„ rhQpfhp gpNu, "lz„ iy„ Apùi ? A¡L$pv$ Of¡Ï„e lp¡s _¡, sp¡ Apù v¡$s. `Z Af¡f¡, dpfu `pk¡ sp¡ L$iy„e _\u.' fpÓ¡ \pL$u_¡ k|C NC, Ðepf¡ `Z s¡_p d_dp„ Ap S> rhQpf Op¡mpep L$fsp¡ lsp¡.

khpf¡ EW$u_¡ kyiu i¡W$_y„ Of hpmhp gpNu, Ðep„ s¡_¡ L$Qfpdp„ L$iy„L$ QmL$sy„ v¡$Mpey„. kyiuA¡ lp\dp„ gC_¡ Å¡ey„ sp¡ sp„bp_p¡ _p_L$X$p¡ rk½$p¡ ! kyiu_¡ \ey„, "lpi, lz„ Ap rk½$p¡ S> Apù v$Ci c¡V$dp„.'

il¡fdp„ ^psyAp¡_p v$p_ DOfphhp_y„ iê$ \ey„. L$p¡CA¡ kp¡_y„ Apàey„, sp¡ L$p¡CA¡ ê$`y„. L$p¡CA¡ L„y$X$m sp¡ L$p¡CA¡ L„$L$Z L$pY$u Apàep„. Aphy„ V$pÏ„ hpf„hpf L„$C Ap¡Ry>„ Aph¡ R>¡ !

kyiu_p dlp¡ëgpdp„ `Z A¡L$ bp¥Ù kp^y ^psy DOfphhp _uL$ýep R>¡. s¡_p¡ kpv$ k„cmpe R>¡, "Ap`p¡ f¡ kp¥ Ap`p¡. _Nf_p d„qv$fdp„ cNhp_ byÙ_u ^psy_u d|rs® d|L$phhp_u R>¡. Of¡Zp„ Ap`p¡, kp¡_y„ Ap`p¡, ê$`y„ Ap`p¡.' i¡W$_p Ofdp„\u kp¡_pê$`p_y„ v$p_ Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„. kyiu sp¡ gpS>_u dpfu k„L$p¡QpC M|Z¡ S> cfpC NC. d_dp„ s¡ bp¡gu, "dpfu `pk¡ sp¡ Ap sp„bp_p¡ _p_p¡ rk½$p¡ S> R>¡. cNhp_ dpfu Ap c¡V$ õhuL$pfi¡ ?' `R>u S>fp tlds L$fu blpf Aphu A_¡ s¡Z¡ kp^y_¡ L$üy„, "âcy, dpf¡ `Z Ap c¡V$ Ap`hu R>¡. Ap rk½$p¡ g¡ip¡ ?'

kp^yA¡ `|R>éy„, "rk½$p¡ ? sy„ ¼ep„\u gphu A¡ ?'

kyiuA¡ L$üy„, "cNh_¹, d_¡ L$Qfpdp„\u S>X$ép¡ R>¡, g¡ip¡ ?'

kp^yA¡ sp¡ A¡_¡ sfR>p¡X$u S> _pMu, "Å, Å. afu Aphu hps _ L$fsu. Aphp¡ rk½$p¡ sp¡ hmu A`psp¡ li¡ Aphp Ddv$p v$p_dp„ !' kp^yA¡ A¡_u c¡V$ g¡hp_u _p `pX$u v$uû.

rbQpfu kyiu_y„ dp¡Yy„$$ S> `X$u Ney„. s¡ d|„Nud|„Nu Of_p L$pd¡ hmNu NC. hQdp„ s¡_¡ rhQpf Apìep¡, "Ap rk½$p¡ L$pV$hpmp¡ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ kp^yA¡ _p `pX$u li¡. lz„ A¡_¡ OkuOku_¡ ES>mp¡ L$fui.' Ap `R>u kyiu OfL$pd\u `fhpf¡ A¡V$g¡ rk½$p¡ gC_¡ b¡k¡ A_¡ dp„Ædp„Æ_¡ ES>mp¡ L$f¡.

buÆ bpSy> _Nfgp¡L$p¡A¡ kp¡_pê$`p_p¡ Y$N d„qv$fdp„ W$pgìep¡. d„qv$f_p hX$p kp^yA¡ L$üy„, ""Ap ^psyAp¡_¡ cÌ$udp„ Ap¡Npmu _pMp¡.' gp¡L$p¡A¡ sfs Apop DW$phu. hX$p kp^yA¡ afu Apop L$fu, "cNhp__p bubpdp„ Ap

^psy_p fk_¡ Y$pmp¡.' gp¡L$p¡A¡ sfs s¡d L$e¯y.

gp¡L$p¡_p L$p¥syL$ A_¡ lfM_p¡ `pf _ lsp¡. L$pg khpf¡ sp¡ buby„ Mp¡ghpdp„ Aphi¡ _¡ DÑd ^psyAp¡_u cNhp__u d|rs® _uL$mi¡ A¡ L¡$hu Av¹$cys li¡ ! `Z buÆ khpf¡ Äepf¡ buby„ Mp¡ghpdp„ Apìey„, Ðepf¡ sp¡ V$p¡mpdp„ A_¡ kp^yAp¡dp„ lplpL$pf a¡gpC Nep¡. cNhp__u d|rs® Mp„X$u A_¡ L$v$ê$ù _uL$mu ! hX$p kp^y vy$:M\u bp¡ëep, "Af¡f¡ âcy, Ap iy„ ? Adpfp¡ ip¡ A`fp^ \ep¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap L$p¡` ?'

ApMu d¡v$_u ApOpsdp„ õså^ A_¡ d|„Nu Ecu lsu. hX$p kp^y_¡ \ey„, "_½$u ¼ep„e c¡V$ g¡hpdp„ ASy>Nsy„ \e„y R>¡.' s¡dZ¡ N„cuf õhf¡ `|R>éy„, "sdpfpdp„\u L$p¡CA¡ L$p¡C_u c¡V$ bmS>bfu\u sp¡ _\u guû _¡ ?'

b^p kp^yA¡ S>hpb Apàep¡, "_p bp`Æ, A¡hy„ sp¡ ¼ep„e \ey„ _\u.'

h©Ù kp^yA¡ afu `|R>éy„, "sp¡ L$p¡C_u õh¡ÃR>pc¡V$ g¡hp_u ¼ep„e _p sp¡ `pX$u _\u _¡ ?'

Ap kp„cmu A¡L$ Sy>hp_ kp^yA¡ ApNm Aphu_¡ L$üy„, "cNh_¹, lz„ Äepf¡ A¡L$ dlp¡ëgpdp„ Nep¡, Ðepf¡ A¡L$ _p_u R>p¡X$uA¡ d_¡ sp„bp_p¡ L$V$pe¡gp¡ _p_p¡ rk½$p¡ Ap`hp dp„X$ép¡. d¢ s¡ g¡hp_u _p `pX$u v$uû lsu.'

6

h©Ù kp^y iy„ L$l¡i¡ s¡ kp„cmhp d¡v$_u sg`p`X$ \C lsu. h©Ù kp^y bp¡ëep, "b¡V$p, Ap s¢ W$uL$ L$e®y _\u. Å, Å, sy„ S>ëv$u Å A_¡ A¡ R>p¡L$fu_u c¡V$ gC_¡ S> `pR>p¡ Aph. A¡ sp¡ î¡óW$ v$p_ lsy„, b¡V$p !'

s¡ Sy>hp_ kp^y_¡ L„$C kdÅey„ _l] L¡$ A¡ î¡óW$ v$p_ iu fus¡ L$l¡hpe ? s¡Z¡ h©Ù kp^y_¡ `|R>ey„, "A¡ L¡$hu fus¡ î¡óW$ v$p_ cNh_¹, s¡ kdÅhip¡ ?'

hX$p kp^yA¡ L$üy„, "b¡V$p, s_¡ ApV$gy„e kdÅey„ _l] L¡$ cNhp_ sp¡ cph_p c|¿ep R>¡. b¡V$p, i¡qW$ep _¡ fpÅ_p„ Of¡Zp„ A¡ A¡d_y„ kh®õh _\u. `Z Ap R>p¡L$fuA¡ sp¡ A¡_y„ kh®õh cNhp__¡ QfZ¡ ^fu v$u^y„ ls„y, A¡_u `pk¡ S>¡ L„$C lsy„ s¡ b^y„ S>.'

eyhp_ kp^y kdÄep¡, ifdpep¡ A_¡ ku^p¡ E`X$ép¡ `¡gp dlp¡ëgpdp„. fõs¡ d_dp„ i„L$p EW$u, "kyiuA¡ A¡ rk½$p¡ MfQu sp¡ _l] _p¿ep¡ lp¡e _¡ !' Å¡sÅ¡spdp„ s¡ kyiu_u kpd¡ Aphu_¡ Ecp¡ füp¡. i¡W$_p„ Of_p„ A_¡ i¡fu_p„ b^p S> Ap L$p¥syL$ Å¡C füp„.

kp^yA¡ L$üy„, "b¡V$p, `¡gp¡ rk½$p¡ dpNhp Apìep¡ Ry>„. d_¡ spfp¡ `¡gp¡ rk½$p¡ Ap`. Myv$ cNhp_¡ dpÁep¡ R>¡.'

kyiu sp¡ fpÆ \C NC. s¡ bp¡gu, "sd¡ _p L$lu_¡ Nep _¡ s¡ `R>u sp¡ d¢ OkuOku_¡ ES>mp¡ b_pìep¡ R>¡. âcy_¡ S>ê$f Ndi¡.' Apd L$lu s¡ Ofdp„ S>C_¡ `¡gp¡ rk½$p¡ gC Aphu A_¡ bp¡gu, "gp¡, Ap rk½$p¡.'

kp^y sp¡ rk½$p¡ g¡sp¡L$_¡ v$p¡X$ép¡ A_¡ h©Ù kp^y_¡ rk½$p¡ kp¢`u v$u^p¡. buS>¡ qv$hk¡ ¡gu d|rs®_¡ rk½$pkrls afu Ap¡Npmhpdp„ _¡ bubpdp„ Y$pmhpdp„ Aphu.

buÆ khpf¡ d„qv$f_p d¡v$p_dp„ ApMy„ Npd EdV$éy„. h©Ù kp^yA¡ buby„ Mp¡ëey„. gp¡L$p¡_p Ap_„v$_p¡ `pf füp¡ _rl. Ap hpf cNhp__u d|rs® ArZiyÙ kfk _uL$mu lsu. ¼ep„e Mp¡X$Mp„`Z _lp¡su. dp¢ ÅZ¡ lky„ lky„ lsy„. A_¡ `¡gp kyiu_p rk½$p_u R>p` bfpbf cNhp_ byÙ_p ùv$e ApNm E`ku Aphu lsu. ÅZ¡ bfpbf A¡ S> rk½$p¡ Å¡C gp¡ ! h©Ù kp^y kp\¡ ApMu d¡v$_u lj®_p¡ Dv¹$Npf L$fu EW$u, "hpl âcy, hpl spfu L$fyZp !'

Ap hps kyiu_p L$p_¡ `lp¢Qu li¡, Ðepf¡ s¡_y„ l¥ey„ L¡$hy„ Ap_„v$\u EcfpC Ne„y li¡ !

7

AÝep`_ k„L¡$s

âõsys L©$rs_p AÝep`__u iê$Apsdp„ "v$p_'_u k„L$ë`_p õ`ô$ L$fhu. hÃQ¡ hÃQ¡

S>ê$f S>Zpe Ðep„ âñp¡ `|R>u_¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ kq¾$e fpMhp. s¡d_p Arcâpep¡ ÅZhp

A_¡ i¼e lp¡e Ðep„ kÐe bpbs\u s¡d_¡ hpL¡$a L$fhp. "v$p_' rhi¡_p âQrgs v$p¡lpAp¡ -

kycprjsp¡_y„ kd|ldp„ gebÙ Np_ L$fphu s¡_¡ Dv$plfZ Apù kdÅhhp A_¡ rhjehõsy

kp\¡ A_yb„^ Å¡X$hp¡. "î¡óW$ v$p_' iuj®L$_u e\p\®sp D`f kfm cpjpdp„ âL$pi `pX$hp¡ A_¡

"cNhp_ cph_p c|¿ep R>¡' - Öìe_p _rl s¡ bpbs s¡d_p d_dp„ ×Y$ L$fhu.

õhpÝepe

k. 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L©$rsdp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$ ip¡^p¡ :

(1) DÑd (2) ^r_L$ (3) fp„L$ (4) OfX$p

(5) Ag„L$pf (6) Nyõkp¡ (7) _hpC (8) V$p¡my„

k. 2. A^p¡f¡rMs iåv$_¡ bv$g¡ s¡_p¡ DgV$p¡ A\® v$ip®hsp¡ iåv$ gMu hp¼e afu\u gMp¡ :

(1) i¡W$pZuA¡ kyiu_¡ bÅfdp„ L$iy„L$ h¡Qhp dp¡L$gu. (2) Aphp¡ syÃR> rk½$p¡ s¡ hmu v$p_dp„ A`psp¡ li¡ ?

(3) cNhp__u d|rs® Mp¡X$u A_¡ ky„v$f _uL$mu. (4) qv$hk¡ \pL$u_¡ gp¡\`p¡\ \C kpv$X$u D`f `X$su.

k. 3. rhk„Ns iåv$ afs¡ Np¡m L$fp¡ :

(1) kp¡_y„ ê$`y„ L$bpV$ sp„by (2) h©n fpl fõsp¡ hpV$

(3) Of N©l ^fsu kv$_ (4) fp„L$ îud„s Nfub v$u_

k. 4. Ap`¡g iåv$_p Anf_p¡ Dèp¡N L$fu_¡ A\®`|Z® iåv$p¡ b_php¡ :

(1) _p_L$X$p¡ (2) sg`p`X$

k. 5. ê$qY$âep¡N A_¡ s¡_p A\®_¡ ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡ :

rhcpN "A' rhcpN "b'

(1) NÅ D`fp„s_y„ L$pd (A) L$p¡C`Z Mpdu _ lp¡hu

(2) lplpL$pf a¡gpC S>hp¡ (Ap) Aûfy„ \hy„

(3) sg`p`X$ \hy„ (B) M|b S> Ap_„v$ \hp¡

(4) Mp¡X$Mp„`Z _ lp¡hu (C) kh®Ó ip¡L$_u gpNZu a¡gpC S>hu

(5) lfM_p¡ `pf _ fl¡hp¡ (D) h^y `X$s„y L$pd

(6) gp¡\`p¡\ \hy„ (E) M|b S> \pL$u S>hy„

k. 6. `pW$_p Ap^pf¡ _uQ¡_p„ rh^p_p¡ `|Z® L$fp¡ :

(1) il¡fdp„ ^psyAp¡_y„ v$p_... (2) kyiu sp¡ Ap kp„cmu lfM\u...

(3) b¡V$p, i¡qW$ep_¡ fpÅ_p„ Of¡Zp„ A¡... (4) buS>¡ qv$hk¡ `¡gu d|rs®_¡ rk½$p krls...

8

k. 7. _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡_¡ OV$_p¾$d âdpZ¡ Np¡W$hp¡ :

(1) eyhp_ kp^y kdÄep¡, ifdpep¡ A_¡ ku^p¡ D`X$ép¡ `¡gp dlp¡ëgpdp„.

(2) h©Ù kp^y iy„ L$l¡i¡ s¡ kp„cmhp d¡v$_u sg`p`X$ \C lsu.

(3) i¡W$_p Of_p A_¡ i¡fu_p b^p S> Ap L$p¥syL$ Å¡C füp„.

(4) s¡ Sy>hp_ kp^y_¡ L$p„C kdÅey„ _rl L¡$ A¡ î¡óW$ v$p_ iu fus¡ L$l¡hpe ?

k. 8. ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fp¡ :

(1) kyiu kpv$X$u `f `X$su L¡$ sfs S> Kû S>su L$pfZ L¡$ s¡ ApMp¡ qv$hk------------------ (A) v$p¡X$pv$p¡X$u L$fu_¡ \pL$u S>su (Ap) L$pd L$fu_¡ \pL$u S>su (B) fdu_¡ \pL$u S>su

(2) gp¡L$p¡ d|rs® Å¡C_¡ ApOps\u õså^ b_u Nep. L$pfZ L¡$ d|rs® ------------------ (A) ky„v$f b_u _lp¡su (Ap) Mp¡X$u A_¡ L$v$ê$ù lsu (B) kph r_õs¡S> lsu

(3) O¡fO¡f\u DOfpÏ„ L$fhp_u iê$Aps \C. L$pfZ L¡$ cNhp_ byÙ_u------------------ (A) ârsdp b_phhp_u lsu (Ap) S>e„rs DS>hhp_u lsu (B) d„qv$f b„^phhp_y„ lsy„

(4) cNhp_ byÙ_u ârsdp OX$hp dpV¡$ i¡W$_p Ofdp„\u ------------------ (A) sp„bp_p„ hpkZp¡_y„ v$p_ Apàey„ (Ap) `¥kp_y„ v$p_ Apàey„ (B) kp¡_p ê$`p_y„ v$p_ Apàey„

k. 9. kdÆ_¡ gMp¡ :

(1) V$p¡mpdp„ A_¡ kp^yAp¡dp„ lplpL$pf a¡gphp_y„ L$pfZ (2) d|rs® L$v$ê$ù b_hp_p hX$p kp^yA¡ ¼ë`¡gp„ b¡ L$pfZp¡

(3) kyiu_¡ S>¡ kp„cmu_¡ M|b Ap_„v$ \ep¡ s¡ hps (4) kyiu `p¡s¡ c¡V$ Apù iL¡$ s¡hu r_dp®Z \e¡gu [õ\rs

k. 10. "kyiu_y„ v$p_ S> î¡óW$ lsy„.' sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ kdÅhp¡.

k„cpjZ * "hs®dp_ kdedp„ bpmdS|>fu A¡ ce„L$f Ny_p¡ NZpe R>¡' hN®dp„ Ap rh^p__u kp\®L$sp bpbs

kd|lQQp® L$fp¡.

âL$ë` * `p¥fprZL$ `pÓp¡_p rhriô$ v$p__p âk„Np¡dp„\u L$p¡C`Z A¡L$ âk„N_y„ rQÓ kp\¡ k„rnàs hZ®_ gMu

ky„v$f QpV®$ b_php¡.

cprjL$ kdS>* ep¡Áe rhfpdrQŒ d|L$u hp¼e afu\u gMp¡ :

(1) kp^yA¡ `|R>éy„ rk½$p¡ sy„ ¼ep„\u gphu A¡ (2) `Z A¡_¡ L$p¡Z fdpX¡$ A¡ sp¡ W$fu L$pdhpmu _p¡L$fX$u

(3) lz„ iy„ Apùi A¡L$pv$ Of¡Ï„e lp¡s _¡ sp¡ Apù v¡$s (4) hX$p kp^y vy$:M\u bp¡ëep Af¡f¡ âcy Ap iy„

* f¡Mp„qL$s q¾$ep`v$ `f\u q¾$ep`v$_y„ buSy>„ ê$` b_phu Mpgu S>Áepdp„ gMp¡ : * Års bv$gp¡.

v$p.s. : b^p„ bpmL$p¡ fd¡ `Z d_¡ L$p¡C fdpX¡$ _rl. (1) i¡W$ (2) kp^y

(1) bp KOu S>su A_¡ d_¡ `Z -------- v¡$su. (3) v$uL$fu (4) _p¡L$fX$u

(2) d¢ \p¡Xy„$ L$pd L$e¯y A_¡ bpL$u_y„ L$pd _p¡L$f `pk¡ ----. (5) bp (6) h©Ù

(3) lz„ Qp ùJ Ry>„ A_¡ rdÓp¡_¡ `Z ------ Ry>„. (7) fpÅ (8) eyhsu

9

lz„ hp„Qy„ ......... sd¡ `Z hp„Qp¡.

kpQu k„`rÑ

Ly$v$fs¡ Ap`Z_¡ A_¡L$ õhê$`¡ k„`rÑ_u c¡V$ fu R>¡. s¡ cp¥rsL$ kp^_ k„`rÑ S>¡hu L¡$ dL$p_, dp¡V$fNpX$u, k¡gap¡_, apd®lpDk, a¡¼V$fuAp¡ sfuL¡$ lp¡C iL¡$, L¡$ rhÛp õhê$`¡ L¡$ byqÙ õhê$`¡ `Z lp¡C iL¡$. sp¡ hmu L$p¡C L$gpL$pf_u qL$gqL$gpV$ L$fsu L$mpõhê$`¡ `Z lp¡C iL¡$. `f„sy Cðf¡ Ap`¡gu Ap k„`rÑ_p¡ kv¹$Dèp¡N L$fhp¡ A¡ S> kyMu \hp_p¡ dpN® lp¡C iL¡$.

dp_h ApS>¡ qv$hk - fps Å¡ep hNf cp¥rsL$ k„`rÑ `pR>m Ap„^mu v$p¡V$ d|L$u v$p¡X$hp S> dp„X$ép¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡ k„`rÑ `pR>m `p¡sp_u kyM-ip„rs-Ap_„v$ Mp¡C_¡ rh`rÑdp„ akpC Nep¡ R>¡. kdN° âL©$rs A_¡ `p¡sp_u A„s:Q¡s_p_y„ kyM Mp¡C_¡ dp_h dpÓ ^__¡ S> `p¡sp_y„ kh®õh dp_u b¡W$p¡ R>¡. `f„sy kpQp„ A\®dp„ sp¡ `fhfqv$Npf sfa\u Ap`Z_¡ S>¡ L„$C dþey„ R>¡. s¡dp„ Ap_„v$\u Æh_ rhsphhy„, Cðf_y„ F>Z Av$p L$fu S>Nsdp„ cgpC_u Äep¡s S>gsu fpMhu A_¡ k„sp¡j\u, Ap_„v$\u Æhhy„ s¡ S> Ap`Zu dp¡V$pdp„ dp¡V$u k„`rÑ R>¡.

`f„sy Af¡ f¡... dp_h sp¡ ApS>¡ k„`rÑ `pR>m v$p¡V$ d|L$u Aûfp¡ b_u Nep¡ R>¡. Ap O¡gR>pdp„ S> `p¡sp_p„ Æh__p„ AZdp¡g hjp£ Nydphu `p¡sp_u Æh_-k„`rÑ _óV$ L$fu füp¡ R>¡. S>¡d L$dm_p¡ D`cp¡N L$fhp_u O¡gR>pdp„ c°df k|ep®õs \sp„ S> L$dmdp„ S> buX$pC d©Ðey `pd¡ R>¡. s¡d k„`rÑ `pR>m_u dp_hu_u Ap„^mu v$p¡V$ d_yóe_¡ Msd L$fu _pM¡ R>¡.

A¡L$ ×óV$p„s R>¡ - A¡L$ d_yóe_¡ Cðf¡ L$üy„ L¡$ spf¡ S>¡V$gu k„`rÑ Å¡Csu lp¡e s¡V$gu S>du_ õhê$`¡ Ap`y„. sy„ S>¡V$gy„ Qpgui A¡V$gu S>du_ spfu; `f„sy ifs A¡V$gu L¡$ k|ep®õs \sp„ `l¡gp„ spf¡ dpfu `pk¡ `fs Aphu S>hy„ `X$i¡. s¡ dpZk sp¡ v$p¡X$hp dp„X$ép¡. v$p¡X$hp S> dp„X$ép¡. Qpgsp„ Qpgsp„ Ap dpZk_¡ kde_y„ cp_ _ füy„. k|ep®õs_p¡ kde _ÆL$ Apìep¡. R>¡ëg¡ sp¡ âcy `pk¡ `pR>p hmhp s¡ dpZk¡ v$p¡V$ d|L$u. `f„sy s¡ OZp¡ S> v|$f _uL$mu Nep¡ lp¡hp\u s¡_p„ NpÓp¡ v$p¡X$hp\u rir\g b_u Nep A_¡ A^hÃQ¡ S> akX$pC `X$ép¡ A_¡ õh-^pd `lp¢Qu Nep¡.

sp¡ Aphp¡ v$p¡õsp¡... Aphu rh`rÑ Ap`¡ s¡hu k„`rÑ sfa v$p¡V$ d|L$hp_¡ bv$g¡ Cðf sfa\u dm¡g k„`rÑ_p¡ kh®_u kyMpL$pfu dpV¡$ Dèp¡N L$fu, rh`rÑ_p„ hpv$mp¡ lV$phu, kdN° Æh_k©[óV$_u kyMpL$pfu dpV¡$ âeÐ_iug b_u Cðf_y„ F>Z Av$p L$fuA¡.

- rh`ygLy$dpf Apf. W$pL$f

Ýep_dp„ fpMp¡ : Ap`¡gu dy¿e L©$rs "î¡óW$ v$p_'_p¡ bp¡^ Cðf âÐe¡ A_Þe Alp¡cph A_¡ d_\u L$fpsp v$p__p¡ drldp h^pfhp_p¡ R>¡. s¡dp„_y„ bpmdS|>fu_y„ sÒh t_v$_ue A_¡ N¡fL$pev¡$kf R>¡.

_pd fl„sp W$pL$fp, _pZp _h fl„s, L$urs® L¡$fp L$p¡V$X$p„, `pX$ép _h `X„$s.

10

k„r^ - (1)

k„r^

õhfk„r^ ìe„S>_k„r^

Al] Ap`Z¡ õhfk„r^ rhj¡ kdÆiy„. Äepf¡ õhf_y„ Å¡X$pZ k„r^_p r_ed âdpZ¡ \pe Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ õhfk„r^ L$l¡ R>¡.

v$p.s. : v¡$i + Arcdp_ = v¡$iprcdp_ kfMu Års_p õhf_y„ Å¡X$pZ

`fd + Cðf = `fd¡ðf Sy>v$u Års_p õhf_y„ Å¡X$pZ.

dlÒh_u õhfk„r^ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡.

(A) A + A = Ap

(1) cph + A\® = cphp\® (2) `f + Aû_ = `fpû_

(3) õ_¡l + Aû_ = õ_¡lpû_ (4) h©Ù + Ahõ\p = h©Ùphõ\p

(b) Ap + Ap = Ap

(1) dlp + ApÐdp = dlpÐdp (2) s©jp + Apsyf = s©jpsyf

(3) tQsp + Apsyf = tQspsyf (4) dlp + Apge = dlpge

(L$) B + B = C

(1) frh + BÞÖ = fhuÞÖ (2) `qf + Bnp = `funp

(3) ers + BÞÖ = esuÞÖ (4) S>rs + BÞÖ = S>suÞÖ

(X$) C + C = C

(1) _pfu + Cðf = _pfuðf (2) ep¡Nu + Cðf = ep¡Nuðf

(3) fS>_u + Ci = fS>_ui (4) `ph®su + Ci = `ph®sui

(C) D + D = E

(1) cp_y + Dv$e = cp_|v$e (2) Nyfy + DÑd = Ny~$Ñd

(3) ky + D[¼s = k|[¼s (4) gOy + DÑf = gO|Ñf

(a) E + E = E

(1) h^| + Erd® = h^|rd® (2) tk^| + Erd® = tk^|rd®

B B B

11

3. bp¡ghy„ kdÆ rhQpfu

A„qL$s rÓh¡v$u

9 dpQ®, 1985_p fp¡S> Adv$phpv$ Mps¡ s¡d_p¡ S>Þd \ep¡ lsp¡. ipmpL$ue s\p L$p¸g¡S>_y„

rinZ Adv$phpv$dp„ S> gu^y„. NTg k„N°l "NTg`|h®L$', Nus k„N°l "Nus`|h®L$', r_b„^ k„N°l "d¥Óu

rhð' hN¡f¡ s¡d_p„ âL$pris \e¡gp„ `yõsL$p¡ R>¡. Ap D`fp„s "Arh_piu Arh_pi', "d¢v$u_p `p_',

"rdk]N bnu', "L$l¡hs rhð' S>¡hp k„`pv$_p¡ `Z s¡d_u `pk¡\u dþep R>¡. `ÓL$pfÐh n¡Ó¡ `Z

s¡Ap¡ L$pe®fs R>¡. L¡$V$gp„L$ kpdreL$p¡_p k„`pv$L$ sfuL¡$ `Z s¡Ap¡ L$pdNufu bÅh¡ R>¡. s¿stkl `fdpf

`yfõL$pf, iev$p A¡hp¸X®$ s\p eyhp Np¥fh `yfõL$pf\u s¡d_¡ _hpS>hpdp„ Apìep R>¡.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

âõsys L©$rs A¡L$ bp¡^L$pìe R>¡. d|ëerinZ_p DÑd `pW$ cZphsp Ap L$pìedp„ blz kpQu

hps kfm iåv$p¡dp„ L$lu lp¡hp\u Ap`Zp ùv$e kp¢kfhu Esfu Åe R>¡. lpX$L$p„ hNf_u Æc Nd¡ s¡

bp¡gu _ _p„M¡ s¡ dpV¡$ Ap`Z¡ kÅN fl¡hy„ Å¡CA¡. ep¡Áe iåv$p¡ awgp¡ hfkph¡ `Z Aep¡Áe iåv$p¡ L$p„V$p

h¡f¡. dpV¡$ kdÆ-rhQpfu_¡ bp¡ghy„ Å¡CA¡.

S>¡d Nd¡ s¡d _ bp¡gpe s¡d ep¡Áe hps ep¡Áe kde¡ S> kpQu Akf L$f¡, Aep¡Áe kde¡ ep¡Áe

hps `Z vy$íd_u _p¡sf¡ R>¡. ep¡Áe kde¡ bp¡g¡gp iåv$p¡ Ap`Z_¡ spfu v¡$ A_¡ Aep¡Áe kde¡ bp¡g¡gp

iåv$p¡ X|$bpX$u v¡$.

hmu L$rh Al] A¡L$ kfk dÅ_u hps L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$, buÅA¡ Ap`Zp `f L$f¡gp D`L$pfp¡ l„d¡ip epv$

fpMhp `Z Ap`Z¡ buÅ `f L$f¡gp D`L$pfp¡ l„d¡ip c|gu S>hp.

Ap L$pìedp„ rhfp¡^u L$l¡hsp¡_p Ap`¡gp„ Dv$plfZ\u Ap`Z_¡ kpQu kdS> dm¡ R>¡.

bp¡ghy„ kdÆ rhQpfu, Æc _\u spfu L¡$ dpfu,

hfk¡ sp¡ awgp¡_u L$epfu, _l]sf L$p„V$p rbR>phi¡ `\pfu.

bp¡ëep_p„ bp¡f cg¡ h¡Qpsp„ lp¡e, Ap`Z_¡ fk _\u bp¡fdp„,

_p bp¡ëep_p„ cg¡ NyZNp_ NpAp¡, Z bp¡ghy„ kdekf_p àlp¡fdp„.

Aphy„ L$fp¡ sp¡ li¡ epfu, L$fp¡ _l] A¡L$gp fl¡hp_u s¥epfu,

L$p¡C_p dpV¡$ L$e¯y Å¡ lp¡e, sp¡ fyqv$e¡\u ålpf L$v$u L$pY$ dp.

epv$ S>¡_¡ fl¡hp_y„ lp¡e A¡_¡ fl¡i¡, _¡ spfp¡ vy$:Mphp¡ spfu v$pY$dp„,

fpMp¡ A¡_¡ NZL$pfu, S>¡Z¡ fp¿ep Ap`Z_¡ DNpfu.

12

AÝep`_ k„L¡$s

âõsys L©$rs_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphsp l¡gp L$pìe_¡ A_yê$` NyS>fpsu cpjp_u L$l¡hsp¡ rhi¡

QQp® L$fu L$l¡hsp¡_u kd©qÙ_p¡ ¿epg Ap`hp¡. L$pìe`„[¼sAp¡ õ`ô$ L$fhp âñp¡_p dpÝed\u

rhõs©s QQp® L$fhu. Sy>v$p Sy>v$p k„v$c£ Æc rhi¡ `Z QQp® L$fhu.

"bp¡g¡ s¡_p bp¡f h¡Qpe' A_¡ "_ bp¡ghpdp„ _h NyZ' S>¡hu rhfp¡^pcpku L$l¡hs_p

Dv$plfZ_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu AÞe rhfp¡^pcpku L$l¡hsp¡_p¡ `qfQe L$fphhp¡.

kpfp hQ_p¡ rdÓp¡ b_ph¡ A_¡ Aep¡Áe hQ_p¡ vy$íd_ Ecp L$f¡ s¡ hps Dv$plfZ

Apù_¡ kdÅhhu. D`L$pf A_¡ A`L$pf_u k„L$ë`_p ×Y$ L$fpìep R>u Al] Ap`¡g D`L$pf_u

hps rhÛp\}Ap¡_p d_dp„ ×Y$ L$fphhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡.

õhpÝepe

k. 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$rhspdp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡ :

(1) rS>l¹hp (2) `yó` (3) L„$V$L$ (4) v$p¡õsu

(5) ùv$e (6) _rl (7) L$msf (8) i¥ep

k. 2. L$pìedp„\u âpkey¼s iåv$p¡ ip¡û_¡ gMp¡.

k. 3. L$p¡C`Z p„Q rhfp¡^pcpku L$l¡hsp¡ gMp¡ : v$p.s. : Ap¡mMpZ dp¡V$u MpZ R>¡. S>hpb : Ap¡mMusp¡ rk`plu bdÏ„ dpf¡.

k. 4. "kf' D`kN® gNphu `p„Q iåv$p¡ b_phu s¡_p¡ hp¼edp„ Dèp¡N L$fp¡ : v$p.s.:kde kf - V²¡$_ ApS>¡ kdekf Aphu.

k. 5. A¡L$ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ kdp_p\} iåv$p¡ gMp¡.

(1) `yó` -----,----,---- (2) dpsp -----,----,---- (3) ùv$e -----,----,----

k. 6. L$pìe_¡ Ap^pf¡ Mpgu S>Áep `|fp¡ :

(1) Æc _\u spfu L¡$ dpfu hfk¡ sp¡ ---- ¼epfu. (2) Ap`Z_¡ ---- _\u bp¡fdp„

(3) ---- S>¡_¡ fl¡hp_y„ lp¡e A¡_¡ fl¡i¡. (4) _p bp¡ëep_p„ cg¡ ---- NpAp¡.

k. 7. _uQ¡_p A\® v$ip®hsu `„[¼s gMp¡ : k. 8. _uQ¡_u `„[¼sAp¡_¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hp¡ :

(1) l„d¡ip„ kdÆ rhQpfu_¡ bp¡ghy„ Å¡CA¡. (1) Aphy„ L$fp¡ sp¡ li¡ epfu

(2) kde Å¡C_¡ bp¡guA¡ sp¡ b^p„_u kp\¡ v$p¡õsu fl¡. (2) S>¡Z¡ fp¿ep Ap`Z_¡ DNpfu

(3) L$p¡C_¡ dpV¡$ L$f¡gp„ kpfp„ L$pep£ L$v$u epv$ fpMhp _rl. (3) _l]sf L$p„V$p„ rbR>phi¡ `\pfu

(4) buÅA¡ L$f¡gp D`L$pf kv$p epv$ fpMhp. (4) L$fp¡ _l] A¡L$gp fl¡hp_u s¥epfu

k. 9. ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu hp¼e afu\u gMp¡ :

(1) Ap`Z¡ kdÆ rhQpfu_¡ bp¡guA¡ sp¡ ------------------.

(A) awgp¡ hfk¡ (Ap) L$p„V$p hfk¡ (B) Adu hfk¡

13

(2) Ap`Z¡ l„d¡ip„ epv$ fpMhp Å¡CA¡ ------------------.

(A) Ap`Z¡ buÅ `f L$f¡gp D`L$pf (Ap) buÅA¡ Ap`Zp `f L$f¡gp D`L$pf

(B) buÅA¡ Ap`Zp `f L$f¡gp A`L$pf

(3) Ap`Z¡ kde Å¡C_¡ bp¡guA¡ sp¡ ------------------.

(A) b^p„ Ap`Zp rdÓ b_¡ (Ap) b^p„ Ap`Zp„ vy$íd_ b_¡ (B) b^p„ Ap`Zu kp\¡ TOX$p¡ L$f¡

k. 10. âõsys L$pìe_p¡ cphp\® sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

k„cpjZ * "bp¡gp¡ bp¡g rhQpfu_¡, `õsphp¡ _h \pe; bp¡g¡gy„ M¢Qpe _p, L$fsp„ L$p¡qV$ D`pe.'

D`fp¡¼s kycprjs_¡ ep¡Áe fus¡ kdS>hp hN®dp„ kd|lQQp® L$fp¡.

âL$ë` * _uQ¡_p Ahehp¡ D`f\u ÓZ-ÓZ ê$qY$âep¡Np¡ iåv$L$p¡idp„\u ip¡^u_¡ L$pX®$`¡`f D`f gMu A¡L$

ky„v$f c]s`ÓL$ b_php¡.

(1) Æc (2) Ap„M (3) L$p_ (4) lp\ (5) dp¡Yy„$ (6) dp\y„ (7) `N (8) v$p„s

cprjL$ kdS>* hQ_ bv$gp¡ : (1) awg (2) L$p„V$p„ (3) bp¡f (4) v$pY$p¡

* kh®_pd ip¡^u _uQ¡ guV$u L$fp¡ :

(1) L$p¡C_p dpV¡$ L$e¯y Å¡ lp¡e. (2) epv$ S>¡_¡ fl¡hp_y„ lp¡e A¡_¡ fl¡i¡.

(3) S>¡Z¡ fp¿ep Ap`Z_¡ DNpfu. (4) Æc _\u spfu L¡$ dpfu.

* L$p¦kdp„\u ep¡Áe rhi¡jZ `k„v$ L$fu_¡ gMp¡ : (ky„v$f, _h, f„Nb¡f„Nu, d^duW$p, ky„hpmu, AZuv$pf, vy$:Msu, gp„bu)

(1) -- awgp¡ (2) --L$p„V$p„ (3)--bp¡f (4) --v$pY$ (5) -- ¼epfu (6)-- Æc (7)-- i¥ep (8) -- NyZ

lz„ hp„Qy„ ......... sd¡ `Z hp„Qp¡.

dpfu dp_¡ Ndi¡ ?s¡ hMs¡ lz„ ArNepf¡L$ hfk_p¡ lp¡Ci. A¡L$ qv$hk lz„ fõsp `f\u `kpf \sp¡ lsp¡. A¡hpdp„ A¡L$

aL$ufbpbp kpd¡\u Apìep. s¡dZ¡ d_¡ KQL$u gu^p¡ A_¡ dpfu Ap„Mdp„ Ap„M rdgphu_¡ b¡ OX$u s¡ Å¡C füp. `R>u d_¡ _uQ¡ d|L$u v$u^p¡. afu\u s¡dZ¡ d_¡ D`pX$u gu^p¡ _¡ A¡ S> âdpZ¡ r_lpmu_¡ `pR>p¡ _uQ¡ d|¼ep¡. Apd s¡dZ¡ ÓZ¡L$ hpf L$ey¯. `R>u aL$ufbpbpA¡ L$üy„, ""bÃQp, A¡L$ hps sy„ l„d¡ip epv$ fpMS>¡. Äepf¡ sy„ L„$C `Z L$f¡, bp¡g¡, rhQpf¡ Ðepf¡ spfp qv$g_¡ A¡L$ khpg `|R>S>¡ L¡$, dpfu dp_¡ Ap Ndi¡ L¡$ _l]?'' A¡V$gy„ L$lu_¡ aL$ufbpbp Qpëep Nep. A¡ `R>u d¢ s¡d_¡ L$v$u Å¡ep _\u. `Z s¡d_u A¡ riMpdZ dpfp qv$gdp„ S>X$pC NC R>¡. Ðepf\u d_¡ A¡L$ V¡$h S> `X$u NC R>¡ L¡$, L„$C `Z lz„ L$fy„, bp¡gy„ A\hp rhQpfy„ Ðepf¡ dpfu Ap„M kpd¡ khpg MX$p¡ \C Åe R>¡ L¡$, ""dpfu dp_¡ Ap Ndi¡ L¡$ _rl?'' Ap riMpdZ\u lz„ OZp v$p¡jdp„\u bQu Nep¡ Ry>„. dp_¡ l„d¡ip„ _S>f kpd¡ fpMhp_u d_¡ V¡$h `X$u NC R>¡. s¡\u L„$C `Z Ar_óV$ rhQpfsp„, bp¡gsp„ L¡$ L$fsp„ d_¡ k„L$p¡Q \C Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ A¡ Ly$rhQpf, Ly$hQ_ L¡$ Ly$L$d®_p v$p¡jdp„\u lz„ bQu ÅJ Ry>„. - Nyfyv$epg d[ëgL$ (A_y. dyLy$g L$gp\}, r_f„S>_p L$gp\})

rhh¡L$ A_¡ rh_e kdõs NyZp¡_u Ap^pfrigp R>¡.

14

4. S>¡gdp„ rMkL$p¡gu

L$pL$pkpl¡b L$pg¡gL$f

1 qX$k¡çbf, 1885_p fp¡S> kspfpdp„ s¡d_p¡ S>Þd \ep¡ lsp¡. `yZ¡_u aÁey®k_ L$p¸g¡S>dp„\u

qagp¡kp¡au rhje kp\¡ bu.A¡. \C, b¢Ágp¡fdp„ ApQpe® sfuL¡$ Å¡X$pep. "fpóV²$cpjp krdrs'_p kæe`v¡$

flu tlv$u cpjp_y„ fpóV²$ue L$npA¡ âQpfL$pe® L$ey¯ lsy„. NyS>fpsu kprlÐe `qfjv$_p hukdp Ar^h¡i__p

âdyM lsp„. L$pL$pkpl¡b¡ rldpge_p¡ `N`pmp âhpk L$ep£ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ âhpkhZ®__p DÑd `yõsL$p¡

Apàep R>¡. S>¡hp L¡$, "rldpge_p¡ âhpk', "fMX$hp_p¡ Ap_„v$', "DNdZp¡ v¡$i' hN¡f¡. tQs_pÐdL$

s\p `ÓL$pfÐh n¡Ó¡ s¡dZ¡ _p¢^`pÓ âv$p_ L$ey¯ R>¡. 1964dp„ s¡d_¡ `Úrhc|jZ_p¡ rMspb dþep¡

lsp¡. Np„ûÆA¡ s¡d_¡ "khpC NyS>fpsu'_y„ rbfyv$ Apàey„ lsy„. s¡d_y„ Ahkp_ 20 Ap¸NõV$, 1981_p

\ey„ lsy„.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

âõsys `pW$dp„ dps©Ðh_y„ d„Nm rQÓ M|b S> L$p¡dmsp\u A„L$pey„ R>¡. g¡ML$ Äepf¡ S>¡gdp„

lsp„ Ðepf¡ s¡d_¡ âpZuÆh__p¡ A¡L$ dd®õì} A_ych \ep¡ lsp¡. s¡ A_ych_¡ g¡ML¡$ M|bS> kfm

iåv$p¡dp„ A_¡ hpQL$_p qv$g_¡ õì} Åe s¡hu lmhu i¥gudp„ hZ®ìep¡ R>¡. A¡L$ rMkL$p¡gu A_¡ s¡_p

bÃQp„_p¡ â¡d g¡ML$ hZ®h¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_u kp\¡ p¡sp_p qv$gdp„ d|„Np Æhp¡ dpV¡$ fl¡gp¡ â¡d Z A_pepk¡

S> ìe¼s \C Åe R>¡. s¡ Mf¡Mf Ap`Zp qv$g kyû `lp¢Qu Ap`Z_¡ `Z kuû Akf L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ A¡L$

rMkL$p¡gu S>¡hX$p _p_p âpZu rhi¡ h^y_¡ h^y ÅZhp_u Ap`Zpdp„ rS>opkp DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ R>¡.

A¡L$ qv$hk ipdmcpC rMkL$p¡gu_y„ A¡L$ _p_L$Xy„$ bÃQy„ L¡$v$u_u V$p¡ùdp„ dpfu `pk¡ gC Apìep A_¡ L$l¡hp

gpÁep : "A¡L$ L$pNX$p¡ Ap_¡ gC S>sp¡ lsp¡. Ad¡ b¡ S>ZpA¡ QpgpL$u L$fu A¡_¡ bQpìey„ R>¡. lh¡ A¡_y„ iy„ L$fuA¡ ?'

d_¡ L$p¸g¡S>_p qv$hkp¡ epv$ Apìep. A¡L$ Q]\fp_u qv$h¡V$ b_phu v|$^dp„ bp¡mu A¡ bÃQp_¡ Q|khp_¡ Apù, `Z

A¡ Ncfpe¡gy„ bÃQy„ L¡$d¡ L$e¯y v|$^ Q|k¡ S> _rl. fp¡V$gp¡ Apàep¡, MuQX$u Apù, cps Apàep¡, `Z `¡gy„ bÃQ„y sp¡

A¡dp„\u L$ip_¡ AX¡$ S> _rl. ApMf¡ dpfp _plhp_p X$bpdp„ A¡L$ g|NXy„$ `p\fu s¡dp„ A¡_¡ b¡kpX$u v$u^y„ _¡ Ad¡ k|C

Nep. buS>¡ qv$hk¡ sp¡ A¡Z¡ Qukp¡ `pX$u-`pX$u_¡ ApMy„ hpsphfZ L$ê$Z L$fu d|¼ey„. ipdmcpC rbQpfp ìepLy$m

\C Nep.

bÃQp_y„ iy„ L$fhy„ A¡ L$p¡C_¡ k|T¡ _rl. v$f¡L$ S>Z Aphu_¡ bÃQp_¡ lp\dp„ g¡. rbQpfy„ bÃQ„y„ Å_ bQphhp

Mpsf lp\dp„\u L|$v$u `X¡$. \pL$u Åe, `¡ipb L$f¡ A_¡ afu v$p¡X¡$. A¡L$ hMs sp¡ W$pL$p¡fkpl¡b_p Ap¡fX$pdp„ bmsZ

`X$éy„ lsy„ s¡dp„ S>C_¡ cfpC b¡Wy„$. dyíL¡$gu\u Ad¡ s¡_¡ blpf L$pY$éy„. L$pNX$p A_¡ rbgpX$u b„_¡_p„ dp¢\u A¡_y„ fnZ

L$fhy„ A¡ kl¡gu hps _lp¡su. buÅ¡ qv$hk `Z `|fp¡ \hp Apìep¡.

15

b¡ qv$hk \ep. rbQpfp_¡ L$X$pL$p lsp. c|M¡ dfsy„ A¡_¡ s¡ L¡$d bQphpe A_¡ L$pNX$p-rbgpX$u_p„ dp¢\u

`Z A¡_¡ L¡$d bQphpe A¡ Ad_¡ b¡hX$u tQsp \C `X$u lsu. A„s¡ b`p¡f_p Qpf hpÁe¡ d¢ Å¡ey„ L¡$ rMkL$p¡gu

TpX¡$-TpX¡$ _¡ Ap¡fX$uA¡-Ap¡fX$uA¡ ìepLy$m \C_¡ af¡ R>¡. A¡ S> Ap bÃQp_u dp lp¡hu Å¡CA¡. S>¡ Ap¡fX$pdp„

d¢ X$bp¡ fp¿ep¡ lsp¡ A¡ Ap¡fX$u sfa A¡ Åe A¡V$gp dpV¡$ d¢ A¡_¡ A¡L$-b¡ W¡$L$pZ¡\u lp„L$u. L$C cpjpdp„ lz„ A¡_¡

kdÅhy„ L¡$ spfy„ bÃQy„ dpfu Ap¡fX$udp„ R>¡ _¡ A¡_u kgpdsu Mpsf S> A¡_¡ A„v$f fp¿ey„ R>¡. rbQpfu dp_¡ \ey„ li¡

L¡$ vy$rMepfu lz„ bÃQp_u ip¡^dp„ fMXy„$ Ry>„, Ðep„ Ap S>dv$|$s dpfu L¡$X¡$ `X$ép¡ R>¡, S>„`hp `Z _\u v¡$sp¡. ApMf¡

W$pL$p¡fkpl¡b, ipdmcpC, A¡L$-b¡ `p¡gukp¡, W$pL$p¡fkpl¡b_p¡ L¡$v$u-fkp¡Cep¡ A_¡ kp¥A¡ dmu_¡ A¡L$ L$pD[Þkg

b¡kpX$u A_¡ lpd cuX$u A¡L$ ep¡S>_p OX$u L$pY$u.

q¾$L¡$V$_u fdsdp„ S>¡d W¡$L$W¡$L$pZ¡ n¡Ó`pgp¡ Ecp fl¡ R>¡ s¡d b^p v|$fv|$f Ecp füp„. d¢ bÃQphpmp¡ X$bp¡

Ap¡fX$udp„\u blpf ApÎep¡ A_¡ S>¡ TpX$ D`f `¡gu dp rMkL$p¡gu afsu lsu, s¡_u _uQ¡ ApX$p¡ d|L$u v$u^p¡.

b¡-ÓZ L$pNX$pAp¡A¡ Ap Å¡ey„. `R>u L„$C A¡ dlpiep¡ Ðep„\u Mk¡ ? gp¡cu Ap„M¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡L$uV$k¡ Å¡hp gpÁep.

`Z Adpfp n¡Ó`pgp¡ `|f¡`|fp kph^p_ lsp. bÃQy„ X$bpdp„\u blpf _uLýey„ A_¡ A¡Z¡ [¼gqL$g L$fu L$pfdu

Quk `pX$u. dpfy„ Ýep_ Ap rMkL$p¡gu sfa lsy„. s¡ hMs_u A¡_u dyÖp Å¡hp S>¡hu lsu. A¡_p¡ Æh L$p_ A_¡

Ap„Mdp„ Aphu füp¡ lsp¡. bÃQp_y„ v$i®_ \ey„. A¡V$g¡ bpL$u_u bû k©rô$ A¡_¡ dpV¡$ i|Þe \C NC. rMkL$p¡gu_u

v$p¡V$\u A¡ D`f\u v$p¡X$su _uQ¡ Aphu. õV¡$i_ _ÆL$ Aphsp„ f¡gNpX$u S>¡d rkkp¡V$u hNpX$¡ s¡d AhpS> L$fsp„ A¡

Aphu. bÃQy„ `Z dp sfa v$p¡X$éy„. b„_¡_p¡ c¡V$p¡ \ep¡. sfs S> dp Qp¡d¡f _S>f _pMhp gpNu. Adpf¡ A¡ dp_¡

buL$ _ gpN¡ A¡V$gp v|$f, `Z L$pNX$p aphu _ iL¡$ A¡V$gp _ÆL$ Ecp fl¡hy„ S>ê$fu lsy„.

lh¡ A¡L$ cpf¡ ×íe Å¡hp_y„ dýey„. dp_¡ \sy„ lsy„ L¡$ A¡L$ nZ_p¡ Z rhg„b L$ep¯ hNf Ap bÃQp_¡ dpmpdp„

gC ÅJ sp¡ S>N Æsu. bÃQp_¡ A¡_p¡ ¿epg ¼ep„\u Aph¡ ? s¡ sp¡ b¡ qv$hk_y„ c|¿ey„ lsy„. dp_¡ Å¡C L¡$ sfs S>

s¡_¡ ^phhp_¡ v$p¡X$éy„. dp A¡_¡ dp¡Y$pdp„ `L$X$u_¡ KQL$hp Åe A_¡ bÃQy„ s¡dp„\u R>V$L$u ^phhp Åe : rdr_V$-

v$p¡Y$ rdr_V$ kyû Ap R>p¡X$-hmN Qpgu. ApMf¡ bÃQp_p¡ rhS>e \ep¡. dpA¡ Å¡C gu^y„ L¡$ bÃQy„ kdS>¡ A¡d

_\u. A¡V$g¡ Æh_¡ Å¡Md¡ s¡ Ðep„ S> \p¡cu NC. bÃQp_¡ ^phhp v$u^y„. c|¿ep rk`pCAp¡ fZp„NZ `f rif_¡

kpV¡$ `Z cp¡S>_ L$f¡ R>¡ A¡_p S>¡hp¡ Ap âk„N lsp¡. bÃQp_u c|M S>fp cp„Nu A¡V$g¡ dpA¡ ×Y$sp\u bÃQp_¡

A¡_p `¡V$_u QpdX$u hsu Tpëey„. bÃQpA¡ sfs S> `p¡sp_p Qpf¡ `N A_¡ `|„R>X$u dp_¡ Nm¡ h]V$pmu v$u^p„. dp_p

Nmp_u Apk`pk Ap A¡_p ùv$e_y„ ^_ Ad|ëe lpf_u `¡W¡$ h]V$mpC fü„y„. s¡_¡ kpQhu dp\y„ KQy„ L$fu_¡ dp

Ap„NZy„ hV$phu Ap¡V$gp `f Aphu. Ad¡ L|„$X$pmy„ _p_y„ L$e¯y. Ap¡V$gp_u L$p¡f ApNm Äep„ v$uhpg_p¡ M|Zp¡ blpf

Apìep¡ lsp¡ s¡_u ^pf D`f\u rMkL$p¡gu X$NydNy L$fsu QX$hp gpNu. iu A¡_u k„cpm ! iu A¡_u A¡L$pN°sp !

D`f gNcN R>pS> kyû `lp¢Qu NC.

Ðep„\u L|$v$L$p¡ dpfu_¡ S> gpL$X$p_p ùqY$ep kyû `lp¢Qpe A¡d ls„y. L|$v$L$p¡ dpfi¡ L¡$ _rl ? L|$v$L$p¡ dpfhp_u

tlds L$fu dp ApMp ifuf_p¡ k„L$p¡Q L$f¡, `Z L|$v$sp„ `l¡gp„ S> tlds lpfu Åe : r_fpi \C r_kpkp¡ d|L¡$.

afu buÆ fus¡ âeÐ_ L$f¡. v$k¡L$ hpf sp¡ S>dZu bpSy>\u X$pbu bpSy> _¡ X$pbu bpSy>\u S>dZu bpSy> NC li¡.

D`f\u `X$u Åe sp¡ bÃQy„ Æhsy„ _ fl¡. S>¡V$gp-S>¡V$gp r_óam âeÐ_ \pe s¡V$gu i[¼s Ap¡R>u \pe A_¡

16

âeÐ_ kam \hp_u Apip `Z Ap¡R>u \pe. rbQpfuA¡ A¡L$hpf lspi \C_¡ Quk `pX$u. ¼ep¡ c¼s Ap\u

h^pf¡ ìepLy$m âp\®_p L$fu iL¡$ ? Ad¡ ApV$gp S>Z Apk`pk Ecp lsp. `Z A¡_u iu k¡hp L$fuA¡ ? dpZk

Ås¡ ApS> ky^udp„ ¼ep„ rMkL$p¡gu_p¡ rhðpk k„`pv$_ L$ep¡® R>¡ L¡$ ApS>¡ A¡ sd_¡ `pk¡ Aphhp v¡$ ?

d_¡ A¡L$ rhQpf k|Èep¡. v$p¡X$sp¡ S>C_¡ lz„ dpfp¡ M¡k gC Apìep¡. b¡ R>¡X$p dpfp lp\dp„ _¡ b¡ ipdmcpC_p

lp\dp„ A¡d L$fu S>du_\u A¡L$-b¡ lp\ KQ¡ Ad¡ M¡k `lp¡mp¡ L$fu `L$X$u fp¿ep¡. DØ¡i A¡ L¡$ rMkL$p¡gu L¡$ A¡_y„

bÃQy„ `X¡$ sp¡ s¡d_p¡ R|>„v$p¡ _ \C Åe. ApMf¡ Cðf¡ rMkL$p¡gu_u ^p kp„cmu. A¡_p ifufdp„ Akp^pfZ bm

Apìey„. ðpk fp¡L$u A¡Z¡ rhðpk`|h®L$ A¡L$ L|$v$L$p¡ dpep£ A_¡ A¡L$ `mdp„ s¡ dyL$pd¡ `lp¢Qu NC : b¡ R>p`fp„_u

kp„^dp„ dp¡c_p„ _rmep„ _uQ¡ rMkL$p¡gu_y„ r_hpkõ\p_ ls„y.

s¡ fps¡ dp A_¡ bÃQpA¡ L¡$hu duW$u KO gu^u li¡ ! kpQ¡ S> dp_¡ \ey„ li¡ L¡$ S>N Æsu. Ðepf `R>u

L¡$V$gpe qv$hk A¡ dp_¡ A_¡ b¡ bÃQp_¡ Ad¡ Å¡sp A_¡ Ap¡mMsp.

AÝep`_ k„L¡$s

âõsys `pW$_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphhp_u iêAps L$fsp„ `l¡gp g¡ML$ L$pL$pkpl¡b L$pg¡gL$f

rhi¡ k„rnàsdp„ S>ê$fu dprlsu Ap`hu. _p_p„-dp¡V$p„ `pm¡gp„ S>„Ngu âpZuAp¡ rhi¡ s¡d_u

bp¡gu, fl¡W$pZ, Mp¡fpL$, rhriô$sp, bÃQp„ hN¡f¡ rhi¡ `|h®op__¡ Ap^pf¡ QQp® L$fhu. `pW$_y„

âL$V$hp„Q_ v$f¡L qhÛp\}Ap¡ `pk¡ ¾$rdL$ fus¡ L$fphhy„. s¡ v$fçep_ gOyâñp¡ `|R>u rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡

kq¾$e fpMhp AphíeL$ S>Zpe Ðep„ rhõs©s dprlsu Ap`hu. rMkL$p¡gu rhi¡ h^pf¡ _¡ h^pf¡

dprlsu d¡mhhp âh©Ñ L$fhp. d|„Np„ âpZuAp¡ âÐe¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ â¡d âNV$phhp_p¡ ApX$¼sfp¡

- `fp¡n âeÐ_ L$fhp¡. Æhv$ep dpV¡$ â¡fZp `|fu `pX$hu.

17

õhpÝepe

k. 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ `pW$dp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ gMp¡ :

(1) b„v$uhp_ (2) L$`Xy„$ (3) vy$r_ep (4) kph^p_

(5) hpV$ (6) D`hpk (7) b¡Q¡_ (8) arme„y

k. 2. ê$qY$âep¡N A_¡ A\®_¡ ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡ :

rhcpN "A' rhcpN "b'

(1) L$X$pL$p lp¡hp (A) tlds bsphhu

(2) L¡$X¡$ `X$hy„ (Ap) A¡L$_S>f¡ Å¡hy„

(3) lpd cuX$hu (B) TuZu R>uZ \C S>hu

(4) ^p kp„cmhu (C) D`hpk \C S>hp

(5) R|>„v$p¡ \C S>hp¡ (D) `pR>m `X$hy„

(6) A¡L$uV$k¡ Å¡hy„ (E) dv$v$ dpV¡$_p¡ AhpS> kp„cmhp¡

k. 3. iåv$kd|l dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ Ap`p¡ :

(1) `N\u dp\p kyû (2) AphL$ s\p MQ®_p¡ A„v$pS>

(3) eyÙ_y„ d¡v$p_ (4) Mc¡ _p„Mhp_y„ hõÓ

(5) q¾$L¡$V$_u fdsdp„_p¡ qaëX$f (6) L¡$v$uAp¡_¡ fpMhpdp„ Aphsu S>Áep

(7) R>p`fp„_p V¡$L$pê$` fMpsy„ dy¿e ApX$y„ gpLXy„$ (8) ipfuqfL$ îd L$fu_¡ Æh_pf

k. 4. Anfp¡ DgV$phhp\u b_sp¡ _hp¡ iåv$ gMu_¡ s¡_p¡ A\® `Z gMp¡ :

v$p.s. : epv$-v$ep, v$ep - dl¡fbp_u, L©$`p.

(1) lpd (2) X$bp¡ (3) S>N (4) S>fp

k. 5. "hpsphfZ' iåv$_p Anfp¡_p¡ Dèp¡N L$fu_¡ h^ydp„ h^y iåv$p¡ b_php¡. (Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p 10)

k. 6. `pW$_p Ap^pf¡ Mpgu S>Áep `|fp¡ :

(1) A¡L$ -------------- rv$h¡V$ b_phu v|$^dp„ bp¡mu A¡ bÃQp_¡ Q|khp_¡ Apù.

(2) ipdmcpC rbQpfp -------------- \C Nep.

(3) q¾$L¡$V$_u fdsdp„ S>¡d W¡$L$W¡$L$pZ¡ -------------- Ecp fl¡ R>¡ s¡d b^p v|$fv|$f Ecp füp„.

(4) ApMf¡ -------------- rMkL$p¡gu_u ^p kp„cmu.

(5) r_fpi \C -------------- d|L¡$.

(6) d_¡ --------- qv$hkp¡ epv$ Apìep.

(7) dpfy„ Ýep_ Ap ---------sfa lsy„.

18

k. 7. _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡_¡ ¾$d âdpZ¡ Np¡W$hp¡ :

(1) buS>¡ qv$hk¡ sp¡ A¡Z¡ Qukp¡ `pX$u-`pX$u_¡ ApMy„ hpsphfZ L$ê$Z L$fu d|¼ey„.

(2) Ncfpe¡gy„ bÃQ„y L¡$d¡ L$ey¯ v|$^ Q|k¡ S> _rl.

(3) A¡L$ L$pNX$p¡ rMkL$p¡gu_p bÃQp_¡ gC S>sp¡ lsp¡.

(4) L¡$v$u_u V$p¡ùdp„ _p_L$Xy„$ rMkL$p¡gu_y„ bÃQ„y gphhpdp„ Apìey„.

(5) ipdmcpC rbQpfp ìepLy$m \C Nep.


(1) rMkL$p¡gu_p bÃQp_¡---------------------.

(A) L$pNX$p rbgpX$u\u bQphhy„ S>ê$fu ls„y (Ap) bÃQp„_u dp\u bQphhy„ S>ê$fu lsy„

(B) S>¡g_p L¡$v$u A_¡ `p¡gukp¡\u bQphhy„ S>ê$fu lsy„

(2) rMkL$p¡gu_p bÃQp_¡ v|$^---------------------.

(A) bpV$gu\u ùhX$phsp lsp„ (Ap) QdQu\u ùhX$phsp lsp„

(B) Q]\fp_u qv$h¡V$ b_phu ùhX$phsp lsp„

(3) bÃQy„ Al]sl] Qukp¡ `pX$u cpNsy„ ls„y. L$pfZ L¡$---------------------.

(A) s¡_¡ dpV¡$ S>¡g A_¡ Ðep„_p L¡$v$uAp¡ AÅÎep lsp„ (Ap) s¡ s¡_u dp_¡ ip¡^sy„ lsy„

(B) s¡ c|¿ey„ ls„y A_¡ s¡_¡ R|>`pC S>hy„ lsy„

(4) bÃQy„ dp_u `pk¡ S>sp„ S>---------------------.

(A) dp _¡ c¡V$u `X$éy„ (Ap) c|¿ey„ lp¡hp\u ^phhp gpÁey„

(B) dp L$l¡ s¡d L$fhp s¥epf \C Ney„

k. 9. Ap¡mMp¡ :

(1) rMkL$p¡gu_y„ bÃQy„ g¡ML$ `pk¡ gph_pf - (2) TpX¡$-TpX¡$ ìepLy$m \C_¡ af_pf -

(3) rdr_V$-v$p¡Y$ rdr_V$_u R>p¡X$-hmNdp„ Æsu S>_pf - (4) bÃQp„hpmp X$åbp_¡ Å¡C S>_pf -

(5) bÃQp_¡ Q]\fp_u qv$h¡V$ v|$^dp„ bp¡mu Q|khp Ap`_pf -

k. 10. rMkL$p¡gu_y„ bÃQ„y A_¡ s¡_u dpsp_y„ rdg_ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

k„cpjZ * Opeg Ahõ\pdp„ L$p¡C ìy-`nu sd_¡ dm¡ sp¡ sd¡ s¡_u S>¡-S>¡ L$pmÆ g¡ip¡ s¡_u hN®dp„ kpd|rlL$

QQp® L$fp¡.

âL$ë` * hp„v$fu A_¡ dpv$p L$p„Npfy„ s¡_p bÃQp„_u iu iu A_¡ L¡$hu fus¡ k„cpm fpM¡ R>¡ s¡_u k„`|Z® dprlsu

BÞV$f_¡V$ `f\u d¡mhu_¡ A¡L$ kfk dÅ_p¡ âL$ë` s¥epf L$fp¡.

19

fpd bp„^¡ kpNf_¡ k¡sy rMkL$p¡gu

ÅZ¡ g„L$p_p¡ L$p¡ âgeL¡$sy rMkL$p¡gu

L$r` `h®s D`pX$u gph¡ L$p„^¡ rMkL$p¡gu

L$r` k¡sy qv$hk`ps bp„^¡ rMkL$p¡gu

A¡L$ _p_u-iu Apds¡d L|$v¡$ rMkL$p¡gu

L$p„W$p¡ rkÞ^y_p¡ ApMp¡ qv$ M|„v¡$ rMkL$p¡gu

S>fp h¡mydp„ S>C A¡ Apmp¡V$u rMkL$p¡gu

S>C M„M¡fu k¡syA¡ fÅ¡V$u rMkL$p¡gu

cprjL$ kdS>

* ep¡Áe rhfpdrQŒ d|L$u hp¼e afu\u gMp¡ :

(1) iu A¡_u k„cpm iu A¡_u A¡L$pN°sp

(2) lh¡ A¡_y„ iy„ L$fuA¡

(3) bÃQp_y„ v$i®_ \ey„ A¡V$g¡ bpL$u_u b^u k©rô$ A¡_¡ dpV¡$ i|Þe \C NC

(4) ApMf¡ W$pL$p¡fkpl¡b ipdmcpC A¡L$-b¡ `p¡gukp¡ W$pL$p¡f-kpl¡b_p¡ L¡$v$u-fkp¡Cep¡ A_¡ kp¥A¡ dmu A¡L$

L$pD[Þkg b¡kpX$u A_¡ lpd cuX$u A¡L$ ep¡S>_p OX$u L$pY$u

* _d|_p âdpZ¡ L$fp¡ : v$p.s. : _plhy„ - _plhp_y„ + X$åbp¡ = _plhp_p¡ X$åbp¡.

(1) b¡khy„ - bp„L$X$p¡ (2) hp„Qhy„ - Qp¡`X$u

(3) ^p¡hy„ - L$`X$p„ (4) `l¡fhy„ - Mduk

* f¡Mp„qL$s iåv$_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu hp¼e_¡ âñp\® b_php¡.

(1) ipdmcpCA¡ Q]\fp_u qv$h¡V$ b_phu. (2) bÃQy„ b¡ qv$hk\u c|¿ey„ ls„y.

(3) rMkL$p¡guA¡bÃQpkp\¡L|$v$L$p¡dpep¤.

lz„ hp„Qy„ ......... sd¡ `Z hp„Qp¡.

rMkL$p¡gu

d|„Np„ âpZu_u h¡v$_p kdS>hu A¡ S> kpQu dp_hsp-k„h¡v$_iugsp.

klz hp_f _¡ f]R> lk¡ Å¡C rMkL$p¡gu

OZp¡ v$qfep¡ `|fhp_u hpgpdp¡C rMkL$p¡gu

Å¡C Nçds Ðep„ fpd Aphu Sy>A¡ rMkL$p¡gu

Ap„M¡ lfM_y„ Ap„ky A¡L$ gyA¡ rMkL$p¡gu

dpfp¡ kp¥\u _p_¡fp¡ k¥r_L$ sy„ rMkL$p¡gu

lh¡ `pdui kusp_¡ MrQs lz„ rMkL$p¡gu

A¡d L$lu_¡ `khpfu lp\ duW¡$ rMkL$p¡gu

`pdu `Ë$p s¡ v$p'X$p\u `uW¡$ rMkL$p¡gu

- Ddpi„L$f Å¡iu

20

k„r^ - (2)

rhÅsue õhfk„r^ - dlÒh_u õhfk„r^ _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡.

(1) A + Ap = Ap L¡$ Ap + A = Ap

(1) rhh¡L$ + Ap_„v$ = rhh¡L$p_„v$ (1) rhÛp + Aæepk = rhÛpæepk

(2) rih + Apge = rihpge (2) rcnp + A\£ = rcnp\£

(2) A + B = A¡ L¡$ A + C = A¡

(1) lf + BÞÖ = lf¡ÞÖ (1) fk + Ci = fk¡i

(2) _f + BÞÖ = _f¡ÞÖ (2) qv$_ + Ci = qv$_¡i

(3) Ap + B = A¡ L¡$ Ap + C = A¡

(1) dlp + BÃR>p = dl¡ÃR>p (1) fdp + Ci = fd¡i

(2) dlp + BÞÖ = dl¡ÞÖ (2) dlp + Ci = dl¡i

(4) A + D = Ap¡ L¡$ A + E = Ap¡

(1) k|e® + Dv$e = k|ep£v$e (1) cpÁe + Erd® = cpÁep¡rd®

(2) `f + D`L$pf = `fp¡`L$pf (2) Ap_„v$ + Erd® = Ap_„v$p¡rd®

(5) Ap + D = Ap¡ L¡$ Ap + E = Ap¡

(1) dlp + DÐkh = dlp¡Ðkh (1) N„Np + Erd® = N„Np¡rd®

(2) dlp + Dv$e = dlp¡v$e (2) b°ûp + Erd® = b°ûp¡rd®

(6) A + A¡ = A¥ L¡$ Ap + A¡ = A¥

(1) `yÓ + A¡jZp = `yÓ¥jZp (1) kv$p + A¡h = kv¥$h

(2) A¡L$ + A¡L$sp = A¥L$sp (2) s\p + A¡h = s\¥h

(7) A + Ap¡ = Ap¥ L¡$ Ap + Ap¡ = Ap¥

(1) S>g + Ap¡^ = S>gp¥^ (1) dlp + Ap¡O = dlp¥^

(2) A^f + Ap¡óW$ = A^fp¥›$ (2) dlp + Ap¡S>õhu = dlp¥S>õhu

B B B

21

5. ep lp¡d L$fu_¡ `X$p¡...

_d®v$pi„L$f gpgi„L$f v$h¡ "_d®v$'

s¡d_p¡ S>Þd 24 Ap¸NõV$, 1833_p fp¡S> kyfsdp„ \ep¡ lsp¡. s¡Ap¡ L$rh, r_b„^L$pf,

ApÐdL$\pL$pf, _pV$ék„hpv$ g¡ML$, L$p¡iL$pf, t`NmipõÓu, k„`pv$L$ A_¡ k„ip¡^L$ lsp„. Ahp®Qu_

kprlÐe eyN_p¡ âpf„c _d®v$\u \ep¡. 23 hj®_u Jdf\u L$pìeg¡M__u iê$Aps L$fu lsu. 1858dp„

L$gd_¡ Mp¡m¡ dp\y„ d|L$u rinL$_u _p¡L$fu L$ped dpV¡$ R>p¡X$u v$uû. s¡d_p _p¢^_ue `yõsL$p¡dp„ "_d®NÛ'

r_b„^k„N°l, "_d®L$rhsp', L$pìek„N°l "_d®L$p¡i', "dpfu lL$uL$s' ApÐdL$\p hN¡f¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe

R>¡. s¡dZ¡ ky^pfL$ rhQpfp¡ ^fphsy„ "v$p„qX$ep¡' _pd_y„ `prnL$ iê$ L$ey¯ lsy„. "S>e S>e Nfhu NyS>fps'

s¡d_y„ M|bS> âQrgs kS>®_ R>¡. 25 a¡b°yApfu, 1886dp„ kyfsdp„ s¡d_y„ Ahkp_ \ey„ lsy„.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

âõsys ip¥e®L$pìedp„ _d®v¡$ Ap`Z_¡ kplk L$fhp_u â¡fZp Apù R>¡. Æh_dp„ Å¡Md M¡X$u

ApNm hûA¡ sp¡ Æs Ap`Zu S> R>¡. `Z Å¡ X$f fpMu_¡ ApNm S> _ hûA¡ sp¡ Æs L¡$hu fus¡

dm¡? tS>v$Nu A¡L$ gX$pC S> R>¡ s¡dp„ Cðf A_¡L$ k„L$V$p¡ ê$ù lpL$g L$fsp„ S> lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Z¡ sp¡ s¡

Æshp dpV¡$ L$qV$bÙ b_hp_y„ R>¡. L$p¡C L$pe®dp„ Y$ug L$fhu `pgh¡ S> _rl. d_dp„ ce L¡$ i„L$p L$fuA¡ sp¡

tlds `X$u cp„N¡ R>¡. lÆ hpf R>¡ - hpf R>¡ s¡d L$fu kde `kpf L$f¡ s¡_p¡ L$p¡C L$pm¡ DÙpf \sp¡ _\u.

kplk`|h®L$ T„`gphhp\u S> rkqÙ dm¡ R>¡. A¥rslprkL$ s¡dS> `yfpZp¡_p `pÓp¡_p Dv$plfZp¡ Apù_¡

L$rhA¡ Å¡dcfu i¥gudp„ â¡fZp `|fu `pX$u R>¡. Årsc¡v$_p b„^_ L$p`hp_y„, `fv¡$idp„ S>C gpMp¡_p¡ h¡`pf

L$fhp_y„ s¡dS> `pM„X$ R>p¡X$u v¡$hp_y„ kplk L$fhp\u v¡$idp„\u vy$:M v|$f \C S>i¡ s¡hu L$rh_¡ îÙp R>¡.

ep lp¡d L$fu_¡ `X$p¡ as¡l R>¡ ApN¡ , klz Qgp¡ Æshp S>„N, åe|Ngp¡ hpN¡ . L¡$V$gp„L$ L$dp£ rhj¡, Y$ug _h Qpg¡ , i„L$p ce sp¡ blz fp¡S>, lpd_¡ Mpm¡ , lÆ kde _\u Aprhep¡, L$lu qv$_ Npm¡ , S>_ ålp_y„ L$f¡, _h kf¡ A\® L$p¡ L$pm¡ ;T„`gphhp\u rkqÙ Å¡C bm gpN¡.... ep lp¡d...kplk¡ L$ep£ `fiyA¡ `|fp¡ AS>y®__¡ ,s¡ `fiyfpd `frkÙ, füp¡ r_S> hQ_¡ ; kplk¡ HÖrS>s i|f, lÎep¡ gÿdZ¡ , kplk¡ huf rh¾$d, S>Ns klz cZ¡ ; \C Nv®$ S>„Ndp„ dv®$ l½$ r_S> dpN¡.... ep lp¡d...

22

kplk¡ L$p¡g„bk Nep¡, _hu vy$r_epdp„ ,

kplk¡ _¡`p¡rge_ cuX$ép¡ eyfp¡` ApMpdp„ ;

kplk¡ ëey\f s¡ \ep¡ `p¡`_u kpdp ,

kplk¡ õL$pV¡$ v¡$hy„ f¡, hpýey„ Å¡spdp„ ;

kplk¡ tkL$v$f _pd Adf klz ÅN¡.... ep lp¡d...

kplk¡ oprs_p„ b„^ L$pù TV$ _pMp¡ ,

kplk¡ ÅAp¡ `fv¡$i buL$ _h fpMp¡ ;

kplk¡ L$fp¡ h¡`pf, S>¡d blz gpMp¡ ,

kplk¡ sÆ `pM„X$, b°ûfk QpMp¡ ;

kplk¡ _d®v$ v¡$i - vy$:M klz cpN¡.... ep lp¡d...

AÝep`_ k„L¡$s

âõsys L©$rs_„y AÝep`_ L$fphsp `l¡gp„ Ap`Zp„ fpô²$ue sl¡hpfp¡ rhi¡ QQp® L$fhu,

v¡$ic[¼s_y„ A¡L$pv$ Nus NhX$phhy„. L$pìedp„ Ap`¡gp kplkhufp¡ D`fp„s AÞe hufp¡ rhi¡

`Z kq¾$e QQp® L$fhu. s¡ v$fçep_ gOy âñp¡ Üpfp L$pìe_u `„[¼sAp¡_y„ õ`ô$uL$fZ L$fsp„ S>hy„.

fp¡tS>v$p Æh_dp„ Aphsp _p_p-dp¡V$p âk„Np¡_p Dv$plfZ Apù rhÛp\}Ap¡_p d„sìe ÅZu

s¡_p Ap^pf¡ kplk L$fhp â¡fZp Ap`hu. v$p.s. hp„v$p\u X$fsp bpmL$p¡_p d_dp„\u s¡ X$f

L$pY$u _p„Mhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡. Årsc¡v$, hZ®c¡v$ v|$f L$fhp dpV¡$ `Z èp®às â¡fZp Ap`hu.

õhpÝepe

k. 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h`fpe¡gp„ iåv$ ip¡^p¡ :

(1) gX$pC (2) hl¡d (3) qv$hk (4) Ar^L$pf

(5) L$fS (6) sfs (7) v„$c (8) rhv¡$i


rhcpN "A' rhcpN "b'

(1) Y$ug \hu (A) L„$C S> _ hmhy„

(2) lpd Mpmhu (Ap) rhfp¡^ L$fhp¡

(3) A\® _ kfhp¡ (B) L$fS> Q|L$hhy„

(4) kpd¡ \hy„ (C) v„$c R>p¡X$u v¡$hp¡

(5) v¡$hy„ hpmhy„ (D) hpf gNpX$hu

(6) `pM„X$ sS>hp¡ (E) tlds lpfu S>hu

23

k. 3. ApX$pAhmp Anfp¡_¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hu_¡ A\®`|Z® iåv$ b_php¡ :

(1) g„ L$p¡ k b (2) iy d ` fp f (3) e _¡ rg `p¡ _

(4) h T„ hy„ gp ` (5) f b° k û (6) L„ f v$ rk

k. 4. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡_p Anfp¡dp„\u Qpf-Qpf iåv$ b_php¡ :

(1) rh¾$dfpÅ (2) `fv¡$i

k. 5. _uQ¡_p iåv$_p b¡-b¡ kdp_p\} iåv$ gMp¡ : v$p.s. : a$s¡l - Æs, kamsp

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)


(1) Æh_ê$`u gX$pCdp„ tlds`|h®L$ T„`gphhp\u Æs _½$u S> dm¡ R>¡.

(2) L¡$V$gp„L$ L$pd `R>u L$fiy„ A¡d rhQpfu kde `kpf L$f¡ s¡Ap¡ L$p¡C qv$hk kam \sp„ _\u.

(3) Årsc¡v$ L¡$ hZ®c¡v$_p b„^_p¡ sp¡X$u _p„Mhp_y„ kplk v$f¡L¡$ L¡$mhhy„ Å¡CA¡.

(4) L$p¡C`Z blp_p L$pY$hp\u L„$C S> hmsy„ _\u. `Z T„`gphhp\u rkqÙ Ahíe dm¡ R>¡.

k. 7. gMp¡ :

(1) L$pìedp„ Aphsp„ A¥rslprkL$ `pÓp¡ (2) L$pìedp„ Aphsp„ `yfpZp¡_p„ `pÓp¡

k. 8. Ap¡mMp¡ :

(1) ASy>®__¡ dpf_pf - (2) eyfp¡`dp„ cuX$_pf - (3) `p¡`_u kpd¡ \_pf -

(4) v¡$hy„ hpm_pf - (5) _hu vy$r_ep ip¡^_pf - (6) gÿdZ_¡ lZ_pf -


(1) kplk\u S> -------------- ASy>®__¡ `|fp¡ L$ep£.

(A) L$p¡g„bk¡ (Ap) L$Z®A¡ (B) `fiyA¡

(2) kplk \L$u S> _¡`p¡rge_ ApMp --------------------- cuX$u Nep¡.

(A) Ad¡qfL$pdp„ (Ap) eyfp¡`dp„ (B) fqiepdp„

(3) ------------- _pd kplk_¡ gu^¡ S> Adf bÞe„y.

(A) rkL„$v$f_y„ (Ap) L$p¡g„bk_y„ (B) _¡`p¡rge__y„

(4) b^p„ S>„N Æshp Qpgp¡ --------------------- hpNu füp„ R>¡.

(A) Y$p¡g (Ap) åeyNg (B) _Npfp„

Y$ugS>„N i„L$p i|f ce

24

k. 10. L$pìe_p¡ cphp\® sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

k„cpjZ * "kplk¡ ÅAp¡ `fv¡$i, buL$ _h fpMp¡' : Ap „[¼s_u _d®v$_p kdeNpmp k„v$c£ hN®dp„ kd|lQQp® L$fp¡.

âL$ë` * v¡$ic[¼s s¡dS> ip¥e®Nusp¡(Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p 5)_p¡ k„N°l L$fu _p_u `y[õsL$p b_php¡.

cprjL$ kdS>

* _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡ blzhQ_dp„ a¡fhp¡.

(1) d_¡ Nygpb Nd¡ R>¡. (2) sy„ afhp S>Ci L¡$ ?

(3) s¡_u ipmpdp„ ApS>¡ fÅ R>¡. (4) lz„ _pV$L$dp„ cpN gCi.

* L$pm Ap¡mMp¡.

(1) bNuQpdp„ f„Nb¡f„Nu `s„rNep„ lsp„. (2) lz„ rdÓp¡ kp\¡ h¡L¡$i_dp„ afhp S>Ci.

(3) k|ep®õs_y„ ×íe Ars d_p¡lf R>¡.

lz„ hp„Qy„ ......... sd¡ `Z hp„Qp¡.

kpQ_¡ `X$M¡...

kpQ_¡ `X$M¡ flu_¡ T|Tsp„

Ap`Z¡ `mhpf `Z Mkhy„ _\u;

k„L$V$p¡, vy$:Mp¡, `^pfp¡ õhpNsd¹ !

g¡i `Z Ap dpN®\u Qkhy„ _\u.

S|>W$_u Æs¡ QZ¡gp dp„X$h¡

âpZ dpfp gpgQ¡ fdhy„ _\u;

Årgdp¡ _¡ ^|s®_p `pe¡ `X$u

L$p¡C v$u L$p¡C rdi¡ _dhy„ _\u.

dv®$_u dp¡L$pZdp„ Åhy„ cg¡

L$pefp¡_u Å_dp„ QX$hy„ _\u;

dp¡s_u dykL$p_ duW$u dpZiy„,

tS>v$Nudp„ Æhhp fX$hy„ _\u.

âpZ dpfp, A¡L$gp ApN¡ bY$p¡;

ApS> bp¡gp¡ : "_p, lh¡ X$fhy„ _\u.'

S>„` L$ep„ R>¡ ? Q¡_ ¼ep„ R>¡ ? v„$c_p„

v„$Ngp¡ sp¡X$ép rh_p W$fhy„ _\u.

kpQ_¡ `X$M¡ `fpS>e lp¡ cg¡

s¡ R>sp„ `pRy>„ lh¡ afhy„ _\u.

- dL$f„v$ v$h¡

rkqÙ s¡_¡ S>C hf¡, S>¡ `fk¡h¡ Þlpe.

25

6. rhðpk_y„ hph¡sf

`Þ_pgpg `V¡$g

7 d¡, 1912_p fp¡S> fpS>õ\p_dp„ Aph¡gp Xy„$Nf`yf rS>ëgp_p dp„X$gu Npddp„ s¡d_p¡ S>Þd

\ep¡ lsp¡. CX$f_u ipmpdp„ s¡dZ¡ Qpf ^p¡fZ kyû_p¡ S> Aæepk L$ep£ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ 61 _hgL$\pAp¡,

26 V|„$L$u hpsp®_p k„N°lp¡ A_¡ AÞe kS>®_ `Z L$ey¯ R>¡. s¡d_y„ dp¡V$p cpN_y„ gMpZ DÑf-NyS>fps_p

kpbfL$p„W$p rS>ëgp_u sm`v$u cpjpdp„ gMpey„ R>¡. s¡d_u _p¢^`pÓ L©$rsAp¡dp„ "dp_hu_u chpC',

"hmpdZp„', "dm¡gp„ Æh' S>¡hu _hgL$\p A_¡ "`Þ_pgpg `V¡$g_u î¡óW$ hpsp®Ap¡_p k„N°l'_p¡

kdph¡i \pe R>¡. s¡d_¡ fZrS>sfpd kyhZ®Q„ÖL$ A_¡ kprlÐe_y„ khp£ÃQ `yfõL$pf op_ùW$ A¡hp¸X®$_y„

kÞdp_ dþey„ R>¡. 6 A¡râg, 1989dp„ Adv$phpv$dp„ s¡d_y„ Ahkp_ \ey„ lsy„.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

âõsys L©$rsdp„ rhðpk_y„ buS> fp¡`hp_u hps Æh__p fp¡tS>v$p âk„N_p Dv$plfZ Üpfp dprd®L$

fus¡ k|Qhhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. ipmpdp„ Aph¡gp Arsr\-k„s bpmL$p¡_¡ `p¡sp_p Æh__p¡ âk„N L$l¡ R>¡.

s¡_u cphhplu i¥gudp„ Ap`Z¡ Ap`Zu Ås_¡ A_ychu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡. r`sp_y„, dpsp_y„, k„s_y„ L¡$

`R>u _„v$p_y„ v$f¡L `pÓ kdpS>_p kpdpÞe hN®_¡ Apb¡lwb fus¡ fS|> L$f¡ R>¡. r`sp bpmL$p¡_¡ DÑd

_pNqfL$ b_phhp_p î¡óW$ âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡ sp¡ dpsp kpdpÞe N©rlZu sfuL¡$ k„sp_p¡_p¡ ep¡Áe fus¡ DR>¡f

L$fu k„õL$pf_p buS> fp¡`¡ R>¡. k„s_y„ `pÓ r`sp_u kp\¡_u hpsQusdp„ D`ku Aph¡ R>¡. sp¡ sØ_ cp¡mu,

dpk|d A_¡ r_Mpgk _„v$p_y„ `pÓ kp¥ L$p¡C_¡ õì} Åe R>¡.

_„v$p r`sp `pk¡ `p¡sp_u qV$qL$V$_p `¥kp `p¡sp_¡ S> Ap`hp_u hps L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ r`sp `p¡sp_p

`yÓ_¡ dpÓ A¡L$ S> hp¼edp„ S>¡ V$L$p¡f L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ Ap`Z¡ kp¥A¡ kdS>hp_u S>ê$f R>¡. L¡$ "S>Nsdp„

Arhðpk_p buS> _ hphhp dpV¡ "kÐe'_¡ hmNu fl¡hy„ S>ê$fu R>¡'.

Adpfu ipmpdp„ A¡L$ k„s dpZk_p¡ ApS>¡ hpsp®gp` lsp¡¡. kde \sp„ lz„ dpfp hN®_p„ bpmL$p¡_¡ âp\®_p-d„qv$fdp„ gC Nep¡. `p„Q¡L$ rdr_V$ \C li¡ _¡ ApQpe®îu dl¡dp_ kp\¡ Aphu `lp¢Ãep.

ApQpe®îuA¡ dl¡dp__u V|„$L$u Ap¡mMpZ Apù `R>u A¡ dl¡dp_ Ecp \ep A_¡ L$l¡hp gpÁep :

àepfp„ bpmL$p¡,

Äepf¡ Äepf¡ sdpfp S>¡hp„ bpmL$p¡ ApNm bp¡ghp_y„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ dpfp bQ`Z_p¡ A¡L$ âk„N epv$ Aphsp¡L$_¡ Ecp¡ fl¡ R>¡.

A¡ hMs¡ dpfu Jdf ArNepf-bpf_u lsu. dpfp r`sp A¡L$ kpfp„ L¡$mhZuL$pf lsp„. Ad¡ gp¡L$p¡ d„ybC_p A¡L$ `fpdp„ fl¡sp„ lsp„.

26

dpf¡ A¡L$ Qpf-`p„Q hj®_u _„v$p _pd¡ bl¡_ lsu. Ad_¡ b¡D_¡ Å¡X¡$_p `fpdp„ bp`yÆ_p A¡L$ rdÓ_u k„õ\pdp„ cZhp dpV¡$ d|¼ep„ lsp„. _„v$p_y„ bpgd„qv$f `Z dpfu ipmp c¡Ny„ S> lsy„. A¡V$g¡ lz„ s\p _„v$p bkdp„ kp\¡ S>sp„ _¡ kp\¡ S> `pR>p„ Aphsp„.

Apd sp¡ Å¡ L¡$, bkcpXy„$ s\p hp`fhp_p ¥kp bp S> d_¡ Ap`sp„. Z A¡ qv$hk¡ bp blpfNpd Nep„ lsp„. A¡V$g¡ lz„ s\p _„v$p Mc¡ bõsp cfphu bp`yÆ `pk¡ `¥kp dpNhp Nep„. d¢ L$üy„ : "gphp¡ bp`yÆ, `¥kp.'

"iy„ ?' L$l¡sp„ bp`yÆA¡ V¡$bg D`f d|L¡$gp A¡L$ dp¡V$p `yõsL$dp„\u _S>f DW$phu Qídp L$pY$u Ap„Mp¡ Qp¡mu, ÅZ¡ L$p¡C Ap¡fX$pdp„\u blpf Aphu_¡ Å¡sp lp¡e s¡d Adpfu kpd¡ Å¡ey„. lku_¡ `|R>éy„ : "L¡$d b¡V$p, iy„ R>¡ ?'

d¢ Lüy„ : "gphp¡ ÓZ Ap_p.'

"L¡$d ÓZ Ap_p ?'

"L¡$d s¡ - b¡ Ap_p dpfp S>sp-hmsp_p, _¡ A¡L$ Ap_p¡ QhpZp_p¡ !'

"_¡ _„v$p_¡ ?'

bp`yÆ_p Ap AÅZ`Zp D`f d_¡ lkhy„ Apìey„ : "lp... lp... _„v$p_¡ iy„ hmu ?'

"L¡$d ? A¡_¡ _põsp_p _rl, `Z bk_p sp¡ Mfp _¡ ?'

hmu `pRy>„ d_¡ lkhy„ Apìey„ : _„v$p_¡ bpgd„qv$f sfa\u _põsp¡ dmsp¡ lsp¡ A¡ bp`yÆ ÅZsp lsp, `Z A¡_y„ bkcpXy„$ _\u `X$sy„ A¡ hps_u A¡d_¡ A¡L$ hj® \hp Apìey„ sp¡e Mbf _ lsu ! d¢ L$üy„ : "A¡_u ¼ep„ qV$qL$V$ `X¡$ R>¡, bp`yÆ ?'

bp`yÆ_¡ L$p„ sp¡ \ey„ li¡ : L$pev$p¡ bv$gpC Nep¡ L¡$ iy„ ? _hpC pdsp„ bp¡ëep : "L¡$d ? Qpf$-kpX$pQpf hj®_p bpmL$_u AX$^u qV$qL$V$ L¡$d _rl ?'

"Af¡, `Z L„$X$¼V$f S> _\u dpNsp¡ _¡ ?'

bp`yÆA¡ bpSy>_u c]s¡ c¡fh¡gp l¡fZdp„\u pL$uV$ L$pY$sp„ L$üy„ :"A¡ _ dpN¡ sp¡e Ap`Z¡ kpd¡\u Ap`hy„.

A¡ iy„ ÅZ¡ L¡$ Ap_u Jdf ÓZ hj® L$fsp„ h^pf¡ R>¡ ?'

bk Q|L$u S>hp_u buL$_¡ gu^¡ d¢ bp¡ëep-Qpëep hNf `p„Q Ap_p gC_¡ rMõkpdp„ d|¼ep, _¡ _„v$p_¡ ApNm L$fu Qpgsp¡ \ep¡.

d_¡ lsy„ L¡$ b¡ qv$hk `R>u bp Aphi¡ Ðepf¡ A¡_¡ _„v$p_u qV$qLV$_p `¥kp Ap`sp„, bp`yÆA¡ Ap `¥kp bTpX$ép R>¡ A¡_u Nçdscfu hps L$fui.

`Z bkdp„ b¡W$p¡ Ðep„ S> _„v$pA¡ A¡_u g|gu lgphhu iê$ L$fu : "cpC, dpfu qV$qL$V$ d_¡ Ap`S>¡.'

qV$qL$V$p¡ Ap`sp¡ L„X$¼V$f bpSy>dp„ Apìep¡ Ðep„ hmu bp¡gu EW$u : "cpC, gC g¡ _¡ Ap`Zu qV$qL$V$p¡ !'

d_¡ A¡_p D`f A¡hu sp¡ QuY$ QX$u ! `Z bk_u A„v$f A¡_¡ v$bX$phhp ÅJ sp¡ EgV$p_u hps awV$u Åe. _¡ d¢ A¡_¡ `V$phu : "Å¡, ldZp„ sy„ Q|`Qp` b¡ku fl¡. _uQ¡ Esfu_¡ lz„ s_¡...'

_¡ `R>u L„X$¼V$f `pk¡\u dpfu A¡L$gp_u qV$qL$V$ gC _„v$p_¡ A¡ Ap`u fpMu, "g¡, fpM spfu `pk¡.'

"`Z spfu ?'

27

d¢ A¡_p L$p_dp„ L$üy„ : "ldZp„ Q|` b¡k. `R>u _uQ¡ Esfu_¡ s_¡ Nçds_u hps L$fui.'

_¡ _„v$p rbQpfu QydpC_¡ b¡ku flu.

`Z _uQ¡ Dsfsp„ hmu A¡Z¡ hps D`pX$u : "cpC, bp`yÆA¡ sp¡ Ap`Zp b¡D_u qV$qL$V$ g¡hp_y„ L$üy„ lsy„ _¡?... Ðepf¡ s¢ A¡L$ S> L¡$d guû ?'

"Ap bQ¡gp `¥kp_u Ap`Z¡ Qp¡L$g¡V$ gCiy„.' Apd L$lu_¡ d¢ A¡_¡ kdÅhhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep£.

`Z _„v$p _ dp_u. A¡_¡ sp¡ Qp¡L$g¡V$ L$fsp„ `p¡sp_p lp\dp„ qV$qL$V$ Aph¡, _¡ s¡e `pR>u `p¡sp_p _pd_u, A¡ hps_p¡ h^pf¡ fk lsp¡. A_¡ d¢, ipmp_p¡ v$fhpÅ¡ Aphsp„ lpg syfs A¡_¡ ip„s L$fu : "W$uL$ R>¡, S>su hMs¡ gCiy„...'

_¡ S>su hMs¡ hmu `pR>p¡ _„v$pA¡, bkdp„ b¡ksp„_u kp\¡ A¡_p¡ V$L$V$L$pfp¡ iê$ L$fu v$u^p¡ : "cpC, g¡ S>¡ lp„ qV$qL$V$ !... d_¡ Ap`S>¡ lp„, cpC...'

_¡ L„X$¼V$f Apìep¡ Ðepf¡ sp¡ A¡Z¡, d_¡ ÅZ¡ L$p_dp„ L$l¡su lp¡e s¡d, ûd¡ bp¡gsp„ Ap„NmuAp¡ `Z Mp¡khp dp„X$u : "g¡ _¡ cpC; cpC, b¡ g¡S>¡, lp„ !'

`Z Äepf¡ d¢ A¡L$ S> qV$qL$V$ guû Ðepf¡ sp¡ A¡ A¡V$gu bû r_fpi \C NC ! Af¡ fX$hp ApX¡$ A¡L$ Ap„ky Aphhp„ S> bpL$u lsp„. Ap hMs¡ sp¡ dpfu qV$qL$V$ `Z A¡Z¡ _ guû, d¢ A¡_p lp\dp„ \dphu sp¡ A¡Z¡ dpfp Mp¡mpdp„ `pR>u a¢L$u v$uû.

_¡ O¡f S>sp„dp„ S> A¡Z¡ Ap¸qakdp„\u ldZp„ S> Aph¡gp bp`yÆ_¡ aqfepv$ L$fu : "cpCA¡ sp¡, bp`yÆ, dpfu qV$qL$V$ guû S> _p¡'su.' Ap hMs¡ sp¡ A¡_u Ap„Mdp„ Ap„ky `Z Aphu Nep„.

28

bp`yÆA¡ â¡d`|h®L$ Ad_¡ b¡D_¡ kpd¡ b¡kpX$ép„ _¡ `R>u ApMue hps Adpfu `pk¡\u ÅZu guû.

ip dpV¡$ d¢ qV$qL$V$ _ guû A¡_y„ L$pfZ AÐepf kyû d¢ Np¡W$hu v$u^y„ ls„y; L$üy„ : "qV$qL$V$ sp¡ g¡s `Z `R>u bp Aph¡ _¡ _„v$p_u qV$qL$V$_p `¥kp _ Ap`¡ sp¡ ?'

dpfp¡ ce A\® hNf_p¡ R>¡ A¡d bp`yÆA¡ L$üy„. A¡V$g¡ `R>u A¡d_p L$fsp„ lz„ ÅZ¡ h^pf¡ X$püp¡ lp¡J A¡ Ås_u d¢ buÆ hps L$fu : "L„X$¼V$f dpN¡ _rl, `R>u Ap`Z¡ kpd¡ S>C_¡ iy„ L$pd Ap`hp?... bpA¡ `Z Apd S> L$lu fp¿ey„ R>¡ L¡$ dpN¡ sp¡ L¡$'S>¡ L¡$, L$pg\u gC Aphui.'

`Z bp`yÆA¡ sp¡ dpfu Ap lp¢riepfu_u hps ÅZ¡ L$p_¡ S> _ ^fu, kpV¡$ A¡dZ¡ d_¡ gp„buQp¡X$u riMpdZ Apù, S>¡_p¡ kpf L$pY$uA¡ sp¡ Apd L$l¡hpe : "bk Ap`Z_¡ hlu gC Åe A¡_p bv$gpdp„ Ap`Z¡ A¡_¡ A¡_p L$pev$p A_ykpf ÓZ hfk `R>u AX$^y„ cpXy„$ Ap`hy„ S> Å¡CA¡. _ ApùA¡ sp¡ A¡ Ap`Z¡ Qp¡fu L$fu L$l¡hpe.'

`Z Mfy„ L$lz„ sp¡ A¡ hMs¡ bp`y_u Ap riMpdZ kp„cmhp_p¡, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ L$p_¡ ^fhp_p¡, L$p¡Z ÅZ¡ L¡$d `Z lz„ dpÓ X$p¡m S> L$fu füp¡ lsp¡.

`f„sy buÆ khpf¡ s¥epf \C_¡ lz„ s\p _„v$p bp`yÆ `pk¡ `¥kp g¡hp Nep„ A¡ hMs¡ A¡hu A¡L$ hps b_u L¡$ A¡ D`f\u bp`yÆA¡ L$f¡gu A¡L$ _p_uiu V$L$p¡f, duZ_p NÌ$pdp„ suf M„|`¡ A¡ fus¡, ApS> qv$hk kyû dpfp ùv$edp„ M|„ù flu R>¡ !

d¢ bk-cpX$p_p `¥kp dpÁep A¡ kp\¡ S> _„v$p bp¡gu EW$u : "bp`yÆ ! dpfu qV$qL$V$_p (`¥kp) d_¡ Ap`p¡.'

Ap kp\¡ S> bp`yÆ ÅZ¡ L$p¡C bp¸çb `X$ép¡ lp¡e A¡ fus¡ õså^ \C Nep. _„v$p D`f\u _S>f DW$phu, dpfu v$ep Mpsp lp¡e A¡ fus¡ dpfu kpd¡ Å¡sp„ `|R>éy„ : "iy„ kdÄep¡, b¡V$p ?'

`Z d_¡ A¡dp„ L„$C kdS> _ `X$u A¡V$g¡ bp`yÆ kpd¡ _¡ _„v$p sfa, A¡d lz„ Å¡hp gpÁep¡.

bp`yÆA¡ `|R>éy„ : "ip dpV¡$ _„v$p A¡_u qV$qL$V$_p `¥kp `p¡s¡ g¡hp_p¡ ApN°l fpM¡ R>¡?'

lz„ ÅZ¡ kdÆ Nep¡ lp¡J s¡d bp¡gu EW$ép¡ : "lp„, bp`yÆ...! A¡_¡ bk_u qV$qL$V$p¡ fdhp Å¡CA¡ R>¡ _¡ A¡V$g¡ !'

dpfu hps _ dp_sp lp¡e A¡ fus¡ bp`yÆA¡ _„v$p kpd¡ Å¡ey„.

_„v$p bp¡gu EW$u : "_p bp`yÆ, cpC dpfu qV$qL$V$ g¡i¡ S> _rl !'

bp`yÆA¡ S>fp vy$:M kp\¡ dpfu kpd¡ Å¡ey„, _¡ hmu dpfu v$ep Mpsp lp¡e A¡ fus_y„ lõep. L$üy„ : "Å¡ey„ _¡ b¡V$p ! _„v$p_¡ spfp¡ lh¡ rhðpk S> _\u `X$sp¡ !'

lz„ sp¡ A¡hp¡ gS>hpC EW$ép¡ L¡$ bp`yÆ kpd¡ Å¡C S> _ i¼ep¡ !

AgbÑ, Ap `R>u _„v$p_¡ kdÅhu_¡ A¡_p `¥kp d_¡ S> Apàep. `Z Ap kp\¡ L$l¡gy„ hp¼e A¡hy„ sp¡ dpfp l¥epdp„ Of L$fu Ney„ R>¡ !

ûf N„cuf AhpS>¡ bp`yÆA¡ L$üy„ lsy„, "Apd L$fsp„ L$fsp„ S>Nsdp„ sy„ Arhðpk_p„ buS> hphsp¡ _ \C Åe A¡ hps, ApS>_p âk„N D`f\u M|b Ýep_dp„ fpMS>¡, b¡V$p.'

29

AÝep`_ k„L¡$s

âõsys L©$rs_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphsp `l¡gp `pW$_p rhjehõsy_¡ hpsp®ê$`¡ õ`ô$ L$fhy„.

DÑd _pNqfL$_u afÅ¡ rhi¡ kd|ldp„ QQp® L$fhu. kph®S>r_L$ kp^_p¡, hpl_p¡, k„`rÑ s¡dS>

_pNqfL$p¡_¡ dmsu kyrh^pAp¡ rhi¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ ÅN©s L$fhp. L$p¡C`Z Ar^L$pf d¡mhsp

`l¡gp afS> bÅhhu S>ê$fu R>¡ s¡_y„ rhõs©s Dv$plfZkl õ`ô$uL$fZ L$fhy„. gOyâñp¡ `|R>u_¡

s¡_p DÑf d¡mìep `R>u rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ k„s_u S>ÁepA¡ s¡Ap¡ `p¡s¡ lp¡e sp¡ iy„ L$f¡ s¡hp rhQpf

â¡fL$ âñp¡ `|R>u_¡ s¡d_u L$ë`_pi[¼s_¡ Nrs Ap`hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡.

_„v$p_p `pÓ bpbs `Z rhÛp\}_¡ s¡d_u S>ÁepA¡ d|L$u rhQpfsp L$fhp.

buÅAp¡_p¡ rhðpk k„`pv$_ L$fhp dpV¡$_u d|mc|s ifs "kÐe' R>¡. dpV¡$ kÐe_¡ l„d¡ip

hmNu fl¡hp_u hps rhÛp\}Ap¡_p d_dp„ ×Y$ L$fhu.

õhpÝepe

k. 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L©$rsdp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) Arsr\ (2) v$p¡õs (3) fph (4) \¡gp¡

(5) Aîy (6) Qny (7) Df (8) X$f

k. 2. DgV$p A\® ^fphsp iåv$p¡_¡ ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡ :

rhcpN "A' rhcpN "b'

(1) iÓy (A) vy$fpN°l

(2) ce (Ap) rdÓ

(3) dl¡dp_ (B) r_c®e

(4) ApN°l (C) eS>dp_

k. 3. ApX$pAhmp Anfp¡_¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hu_¡ A\®`|Z® iåv$ b_php¡ :

(1) qV$ V$ qL$ (2) f Np d lp b (3) f L„$ X$ V$ L$

(4) f qv$ bp d„ g (5) k„ kp cp f m (6) ðp A rh k

k. 4. "`Z' âÐee gNpX$u L$p¡C`Z `p„Q iåv$ b_php¡ : v$p.s. _p_`Z

k. 5. _uQ¡_p ê$qY$âep¡Np¡_p A\® iåv$L$p¡i_u dv$v$\u ip¡^p¡.

(1) QuY$ QX$hu (2) hps awV$u S>hu (3) QydpC_¡ b¡ku fl¡hy„

(4) V$L$V$L$pfp¡ iê$ L$fhp¡ (5) lp\dp„ \dphu v¡$hu (6) L$p_¡ _ ^fhy„

(7) X$p¡m L$fhp¡ (8) ùv$edp„ M|„`u S>hy„ (9) õså^ \C S>hy„

k. 6. gMp¡ : (1) k„s_u bl¡__y„ _pd - (2) bkdp„ qV$qL$V$ Ap`_pf -

(3) k„s_¡ rhðpk_y„ hph¡sf L$fhp_u riMpdZ Ap`_pf - (4) dl¡dp__¡ gC_¡ âp\®_p d„qv$fdp„ Aph_pf -

(5) fp¡S> ipmpdp„ S>sp„ cpC-bl¡__¡ ÓZ Ap_p Ap`_pf -

30

k. 7. ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu A^|fp„ rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡.

(1) bp`yÆ_p Ap AÅZ`Zp D`f d_¡ -------------

(A) fX$hy„ Apìey„ (Ap) lkhy„ Apìey„ (B) ifd Aphu

(2) dpfu hps _ dp_sp lp¡e A¡ fus¡ bp`yÆA¡ ------------- (A) _„v$p kpd¡ Å¡ey„ (Ap) bp kpd¡ Å¡ey„ (B) dpfu kpd¡ Å¡ey„

(3) _„v$pA¡ bp`yÆ_¡ aqfepv$ L$fu, "cpCA¡ sp¡ bp`yÆ ------------- '

(A) dpfu qV$qL$V$ guû S> _p¡'su (Ap) d_¡ bkdp„ b¡khp _ v$uû (B) d_¡ Qp¡L$g¡V$ MhX$phu

(4) bp`yÆA¡ bÞ_¡ bpmL$p¡_¡ s¡d_p rdÓ_u k„õ\pdp„ ------------- (A) L$pd L$fhp d|¼ep (Ap) fdhp d|¼ep (B) cZhp dpV¡$ d|¼ep

k. 8. _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡_¡ OV$_p_p ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hp¡ :

(1) _„v$p_¡ cpCA¡ Qp¡L$g¡V$ MhX$phhp_u hps L$fu.

(2) `p¡sp_u qV$qL$V$ g¡hp _„v$pA¡ cpC_¡ hpf„hpf L$üy„.

(3) bp`yÆA¡ `yÓ_¡ _„v$p_p¡ rhðpk Nydphu v$u^p_u hps L$fu.

(4) cpC-bl¡_ bp`yÆ `pk¡ `¥kp dpNhp Nep.

(5) _„v$pA¡ `p¡sp_u qV$qL$V$ cpCA¡ _ guû lp¡hp_u bp`yÆ_¡ aqfepv$ L$fu.

k. 9. kdÆ_¡ gMp¡ :

(1) _„v$p_u bp Nep lsp„ - (2) _„v$p_u s¡ hMs_u Jdf -

(3) _„v$p cZsu lsu - (4) cpC-bl¡_ ipmpdp„ kp\¡ S>sp -

(5) bQ`Z_p¡ âk„N L$l¡sp dl¡dp__u s¡ hMs_u Jdf -

k. 10. "rhðpk_y„ hph¡sf' iuj®L$_u e\p\®sp sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ kdÅhp¡.

k„cpjZ * sd_¡ epv$ lp¡e s¡hp sdpfu ipmp_p L$p¡C`Z A¡L$ L$pe®¾$d L¡$ âk„N rhi¡ hN®dp„ b^p„ S> rdÓp¡

kd|ldp„ QQp® L$fp¡.

âL$ë` * Sy>v$p„Sy>v$p„ kph®S>r_L$ hpl_p¡_p„ rQÓp¡ gNpX$u_¡ s¡_u kpd¡ s¡_p¡ Dèp¡N L$fsu hMs¡ Ýep_dp„ g¡hp_u

bpbsp¡_u _p¢^ L$fu_¡ A¡L$ ky„v$f c]s`ÓL$ b_phu_¡ hN®dp„ gV$L$php¡.

cprjL$ kdS>

* `pW$_p Ap^pf¡ ep¡Áe rhi¡jZ d|L$p¡ :

(1) ----------------

rdr_V$ \C li¡ _¡ ApQpe®îu dl¡dp_ kp\¡ Aphu `lp¢Ãep.

(2) dpfp r`sp A¡L$ ----------------

L¡$mhZuL$pf lsp„.

(3) lz„ ÅZ¡ h^pf¡----------------

lp¡J A¡ Ås_u d¢ buÆ hps L$fu.

(4) bp`yÆA¡ ----------------

Ad_¡ b¡D_¡ kpd¡ b¡kpX$ép.

(5) bp`yÆA¡ sp¡ dpfu Ap ----------------

hps ÅZ¡ L$p_¡ S> _ ^fu.

31

* ep¡Áe rhfpdrQŒp¡ d|L$u hp¼e afu\u gMp¡ :

(1) d¢ L$üy„ gphp¡ bp`yÆ `¥kp (2) Af¡ `Z L„X$¼V$f S> _\u dpNsp¡ _¡

(3) cpC g¡ S>¡ lp qV$qL$V$ d_¡ Ap`S>¡ lp„ cpC (4) bp`yÆ dpfu qV$qL$V$_p `¥kp d_¡ Ap`p¡

(5) lp bp`yÆ A¡_¡ bk_u qV$qL$V$p¡ fdhp Å¡CA¡ R>¡ _¡ A¡V$g¡ (6) A¡_u ¼ep„ qV$qL$V$ `X¡$ R>¡ bp`yÆ

* L$pm bv$gp¡ : (L$p¦kdp„_u k|Q_p A_ykpf)

(1) bkcpXy„$ s\p hp`fhp_p `¥kp bp S> d_¡ Ap`sp.(hs®dp_L$pm)

(2) dpfu qV$qL$V$_p `¥kp d_¡ Ap`p¡. (crhóeL$pm) (3) cpC, dpfu qV$qL$V$ d_¡ Ap`S>¡. (c|sL$pm)

(4) _„v$p rbQpfu QydpC_¡ b¡ku flu.(crhóeL$pm) (5) cpC dpfu qV$qL$V$ g¡i¡ S> _rl. (c|sL$pm)

lz„ hp„Qy„ ......... sd¡ `Z hp„Qp¡.

rhðpk

A¡L$ Apfb_u `pk¡ dÅ_p¡ Op¡X$p¡ lsp¡. ky„v$f Op¡X$p¡. `pZuv$pf Op¡X$p¡.

A¡ Op¡X$p¡ gC g¡hp_u BÃR>p A¡L$ buÅ dp_hu_p d_dp„ ÅNu A_¡ A¡Z¡ `¡gp Apfb_¡ L$üy„ L¡$ lz„ s_¡ A¡ Op¡X$p_¡ bv$g¡ KV$ Ap`y„, dpN¡ sp¡ b¡Qpf KV$ Ap`y„ `Z d_¡ A¡ Op¡X$p¡ Ap`.

Apfb¡ Op¡X$p¡ Ap`hp_u õ`ô$ _p L$lu.

`¡gp_¡ \ey„ L¡$ Apd ku^¡ku^p¡ sp¡ Ap Op¡X$p¡ dmhp_u L$p¡C i¼esp _\u A_¡ dpf¡ sp¡ Op¡X$p¡ Å¡CA¡ S> R>¡ sp¡ gph L„$CL$ ey[¼s S> L$fy„. A_¡ s¡ `¡gp Apfb_p dpN®dp„ A¡L$ fp¡Nu aL$uf-Ai¼s aL$uf b_u_¡ b¡W$p¡ A_¡ Op¡X$phpmp Apfb_u âsunp L$fhp gpÁep¡.

A¡L$ qv$hk A¡ S> fõs¡\u `¡gp¡ Apfb A¡_p Op¡X$p kp\¡ _uL$ýep¡. A¡_¡ Aphsp¡ Å¡C_¡ aL$uf¡ b|dp¡ dpfhp dp„X$u A_¡ h¡v$_pcep® AhpS>¡ L$l¡hp gpÁep¡ : "L$p¡C v$ep L$fp¡ dpfp `f; lz„ fp¡Nu Ry>„, dpfp\u Qgpsy„ _\u, d_¡ L$p¡C kpd¡ Npd `lp¢QpX$hp_u dl¡fbp_u L$fp¡...'

Ap kp„cmu_¡ Apfb_¡ v$ep Aphu A_¡ s¡ bp¡ëep¡ : Å¡ Ap Op¡X$p `f lz„ s_¡ kpd¡ Npd `lp¢QpX$ui. Apd L$lu `¡gp aL$uf_¡ Op¡X$p `f b¡kpX$ép¡ A_¡ `p¡s¡ _uQ¡ Dsfu Op¡X$p kp\¡ Qpghp gpÁep¡. \p¡X¡$L$ Nep li¡ Ðep„ sp¡ `¡gp¡ aL$uf V$Ë$pf b¡ku Nep¡ A_¡ Op¡X$p_¡ sNX$phu d|¼ep¡. s¡_u `pR>m `¡gp Apfb¡ b|d dpfu. A¡_¡ Myv$p_p kp¡N„v$ Apù fp¡¼ep¡ _¡ L$üy„ : "Å¡ cpC, Ap Op¡X$p¡ sy„ S> gC Å. A¡ lh¡ spfp¡ \ep¡. sy„ s¡_u kpfk„cpm bfpbf g¡S>¡. f„sy Aphu fus¡ v$Np¡ L$fu_¡, p¡Mp¡ v$C_¡ rhðpkOps L$fu_¡ s¢ Op¡X$p¡ X$phu gu^p¡ R>¡, A¡ hps L$p¡C_¡ L$fsp¡ _l]. Ap hps buÅ ÅZi¡ sp¡ gp¡L$p¡_p¡ Nfub `f_p¡, vy$:Mu `f_p¡, kp^y-k„s-aL$uf `f_p¡ rhðpk S> EW$u S>i¡ A_¡ S>ê$qfepshpmp_¡ `Z L$p¡C dv$v$ L$fhp _rl Åe.

Ap kp„cmsp„ S> `¡gp_p¡ ApÐdp ÅÁep¡ A_¡ Op¡X$p¡ `pR>p¡ Apù_¡ Qpgu Nep¡. - f„cpb¡_ Np„û

As|V$ rhðpk kpQp â¡d_u kprbsu R>¡.

32

* _uQ¡_p rQÓ_y„ r_funZ L$fu_¡ hZ®_ L$fp¡.

33

kdpk

* hp„Qp¡ A_¡ rhQpfp¡ :

(1) v$pv$pv$pv$u - v$pv$p A_¡ v$pv$u (2) gpcpgpc - gpc L¡$ Agpc

(3) _pdW$pd - _pdW$pd hN¡f¡ (4) `„Qpd©s - `p„Q Ad©s_p¡ kd|l

(5) Op¡X$pNpX$u - Op¡X$p hX¡$ Qpgsu NpX$u (6) Qp¡dpky„ - Qpf dpk_p¡ kd|l

· D`f_p iåv$p¡ hp„Qsp„ Ýep_dp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ v$f¡L$ iåv$dp„ b¡ L¡$ h^y `v$p¡ R>¡. s¡d_u hÃQ¡_p¡ k„b„^ Sy>v$p¡ R>¡ A_¡ A¡ `v$p¡_¡ Å¡X$php_u fus `Z Sy>v$u R>¡. epv$ fpMp¡ A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ k„b„r^s b¡ h^pf¡ `v$p¡ c¡Np \hp\u b_sp õhs„Ó `v$_¡ "kdpk' - "kpdprkL$ iåv$' L$l¡ R>¡.

* epv$ fpMp¡ :

· kpdprkL$ iåv$_p `v$p¡_¡ R|>V$p„ `pX$u s¡d_u hÃQ¡_p¡ k„b„^ v$ip®hp_u fus_¡ kdpk_p¡ rhN°l L$l¡hpe R>¡.

* kpdprkL$ iåv$_p `v$p¡ rhi¡ kpdpÞe kdS>.

· `l¡gp `v$_¡ `|h®`v$ A_¡ buÅ `v$_¡ DÑf`v$ L$l¡hpe.

· b„_¡ `v$ kfMp dlÒh_p - v$p.s. v$pv$pv$pv$u - v$pv$p A_¡ v$pv$u.

· b„_¡ `v$ Np¥Z - ÓuÅ `v$ `f Ap^pqfs. v$p.s. Op¡X$pNpX$u - Op¡X$p hX¡$ Qpgsu NpX$u.

· `|h®`v$ k„¿ephpQL$ rhi¡jZ - kd|l_p¡ A\® - Qp¡dpky„ - Qpf dpk_p¡ kd|l.

Ap hj£ ÜÞÜ kdpk, qÜNy kdpk A_¡ dÝed`v$gp¡`u kdpk rhi¡ iuMhp_y„ R>¡.

(1) ÜÞÜ kdpk :

ÜÞÜ A¡V$g¡ Å¡X$Ly„$ - kfMp dlÒh_p iåv$p¡_y„ Å¡X$Ly„$ - ÜÞÜ kdpk.

rhQpfp¡ :

(1) cpCbl¡_ - cpC A_¡ bl¡_ (2) S>e`fpS>e - S>e L¡$ `fpS>e

(2) c|gQ|L$ - c|gQ|L$ hN¡f¡

* epv$ fpMp¡ :

· ÜÞÜ kdpk_p iåv$p¡_p `v$p¡_p¡ rhN°l A¡L$kfMu fus¡ \sp¡ _\u.

· rhN°l \pe s¡_p `f\u ÜÞÜ kdpk_p `¡V$p âL$pf `X¡$ R>¡.

v$p.s. (1) cpC A_¡ bl¡_ "A_¡' Csf¡sf ÜÞÜ kdpk

(2) S>e L¡$ `fpS>e - "L¡$' h¥L$[ë`L$ ÜÞÜ kdpk

(3) c|gQ|L$ hN¡f¡ - "hN¡f¡' kdplpf ÜÞÜ kdpk

34

(2) qÜNy kdpk :

`|h® `v$ k„¿ephpQL$ rhi¡jZ lp¡e A_¡ ApMp¡ kdpk k|dl_p¡ A\® v$ip®h¡ s¡_¡ qÜNy kdpk L$l¡hpe.

v$p.s. (1) rÓcyh_ - ÓZ cyh__p¡ kd|l (2) `„Q`pÓ - `p„Q `pÓ_p¡ kd|l

(3) _hfprÓ - _h fprÓ_p¡ kd|l

(3) dÝed`v$ gp¡`u kdpk :

hÃQ¡_y„ `v$ gp¡` \hy„

hÃQ¡_p v$_y„ gp¡ \hy„ s¡ dÝed`v$ gp¡ u kdpk. gp¡ \e¡gp v$_¡ rhN°l L$fsu hMs¡ d|L$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

v$p.s. (1) tklpk_ - tkl_u ApL©$rshpmy„ Apk_ (2) NS>Nprd_u - NS> S>¡hu Nrshpmu õÓu

(3) Np¡m^pZp - Np¡mdp„ c¡mh¡gp ^pZp.

õhpÝepek. 1. kdpk_p¡ rhN°l L$fu âL$pf Ap¡mMp¡.

(1) rÓd|rs® (2) `p„Q`Quk (3) _ursfurs (4) lhp`pZu

(5) `„Qpd©s (6) d^dpMu (7) Qp„v$p¡k|fS> (8) ApNbp¡V$

k. 2. rhN°l `f\u kpdprkL$ iåv$ b_php¡ :

(1) Ap¡Ry>„ L¡$ hÑy„ (2) `p„Q hX$_p¡ kd|l (3) BÃR>p `|fu L$f_pf ^¡_y

(4) iÓy A_¡ rdÓ (5) kyM L¡$ vy$:M (6) v$pZp¡ `pZu hN¡f¡

k. 3. ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$u_¡ A\®`|Z® kpdprkL$ iåv$ b_phu_¡ gMp¡. s¡_p¡ rhN°l L$fp¡ A_¡ âL$pf Ap¡mMp¡ :

"A' rhcpN "b' rhcpN iåv$ rhN°l âL$pf

(1) fp^p (A) sp¡V$p¡

(2) jV¹$ (Ap) h©n

(3) ipL$ (B) L©$óZ

(4) L$ë` (C$) v$i®_

(5) _ap¡ (D) cpÆ

B B B

35

7. lz„ A¡hp¡ NyS>fpsu

rh_p¡v$ Å¡iu

13 Ap¸NõV$, 1955_p fp¡S> Adf¡gu_p cp¡qf„NX$p Npd¡ s¡d_p¡ S>Þd \ep¡ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ âp\rdL$

rinZ bp¡V$pv$dp„ s\p dpÝerdL$ rinZ kyf¡ÞÖ_Nfdp„ gu^y„ lsy„. DÃQrinZ bp¡V$pv$ A_¡ cph_Nfdp„

gu^y„. âpÝep`L$ rh_p¡v$ Å¡iu cph_Nf eyr_hrk®V$u_p hpCk QpÞk¡gf flu Q|¼ep R>¡.

s¡d_p ÅZusp k„N°lp¡dp„ "`f„sy', "riM„X$u', "Tpgf hpN¡ S|>W$X$u' hN¡f¡ Dëg¡M_ue R>¡. Ap

k„N°lp¡dp„ v$uO®L$pìep¡ s\p Nusp¡_p¡ kdph¡i \ep¡ R>¡. S>eÞs `pW$L$ `yfõL$pf, L$rhðf v$g`sfpd A¡hp¡X®$,

kprlÐe Np¥fh `yfõL$pf, _ftkl dl¡sp `yfõL$pf S>¡hp A_¡L$ kÞdp_p¡\u s¡Ap¡ kÞdpr_s \ep R>¡.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

âõsys L$pìedp„ NyS>fps fpÄe_u rhi¡jsp A_¡ NyS>fpsu gp¡L$p¡_u rhi¡jsp s¡dS> Nqfdp_y„

L$rhA¡ M|bS> kfm cpjpdp„ hZ®_ L$e¯y R>¡. S>¡ fus¡ NyS>fps fpÄe_¡ âL©$rsA¡ _v$u, `lpX$, fZ, kdyÖ

S>¡hu c¡V$ Ap`u R>¡ s¡ S> fus¡ NyS>fpsu âÅ `Z Mdufh„su R>¡. Np„^uÆ A_¡ kfv$pf S>¡hp„ fÐ_p¡

NyS>fps¡ S> cpfsdpsp_¡ A`®Z L$ep¯ R>¡. s¡ fÐ_p¡_u Äep¡s kdN° rhðdp„ ApS>¡ `Z Tmlmu flu R>¡.

k„sp¡A¡ `Z NyS>fps_u Nqfdp kp\¡ kp„õL©$rsL$ hpfkp¡ Ap`hpdp„ ¼ep„e `pR>u `p_u L$fu _\u.

kp¥\u h^pf¡ ANÐe_u hps A¡V$g¡ NyS>fpsu lp¡hp_y„ âpv¡$riL$ Arcdp_ _rl `Z cpfsdpsp_p

k„sp_ lp¡hp_y„ Np¥fh A¡ S> NyS>fps_u Mfu gpnrZL$sp - dlp_sp R>¡ A¡ Ap L$pìe õ`óV$ L$f¡ R>¡.

lz„ A¡hp¡ NyS>fpsu,

S>¡_u;

lz„ NyS>fpsu A¡ S> hps\u NS> NS> awg¡ R>psu...

A„N¡ A„N¡ hl¡ _d®v$p, ðpkp¡dp„ dlukpNf,

Afhëgu_p¡ t`X$, âpZdp„ ^bL¡$ R>¡ fÐ_pL$f;

lz„ kphS>_u ÓpX$, lz„ S> Nfhu cpjp gQL$psu ...lz„ A¡hp¡ NyS>fpsu

_hfprÓ_p¡ Nc®v$u` lz„, lz„ iÓy„S>e-i©„N,

k|e®d„qv$f¡ NyS>fsp¡ lz„ ^hg s¡S>_p¡ c©„N;

lz„ rNf_pfu Np¡M, ÜpqfL$p lz„ S> ky^pfk `psu ...lz„ A¡hp¡ NyS>fpsu

vy$lp-R>„v$_u lz„ fdTV$, lz„ cNhy„ cNhy„ Ýep_,

dufp„_u L$fspg lz„ S>, lz„ r_Ðe A¡L$ Ap¿ep_;

rhÅZ„v$_y„ lz„ S>„sf, lz„ _fk¦_u `fcpsu ...lz„ A¡hp¡ NyS>fpsu

36

lz„ Np„û_y„ dp¥_, lz„ S> kfv$pf sZu Ry>„ lpL$,

lz„ S> kÐe_y„ Apey^ S>¡_u qv$N¹qv$N„sdp„ ^pL$;

lz„ k„sp¡_y„ kp¥çe [õds, sghpf i|f_u spsu ...lz„ A¡hp¡ NyS>fpsu

lz„ dpfu dpV$u_p¡ Åep¡, lz„ NyS>®f Ahspf,

dpf¡ rif cpfsdpsp_u Aprij_p¡ rhõspf;

lz„ L¡$hm lz„ lp¡J R>sp„, lz„ kv$p lp¡J dlpÅrs ...lz„ A¡hp¡ NyS>fpsu

AÝep`_ k„L¡$s

âõsys L$pìe_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphhp_u iê$Aps L$fsp„ l¡gp„ NyS>fps fpÄe_u, NyS>fpsu

âÅ_u rhi¡jspAp¡ bpbs kd|lQQp® L$fhu. kp„Cfpd v$h¡ rgrMs NyS>fps rhi¡_p kprlÐe_p¡

`qfQe L$fphhp¡ A_¡ s¡ hp„Qhp dpV¡$ â¡qfs L$fhp. NyS>fps_u L$gpAp¡ rhi¡ dprlsu Ap`hp

kp\¡ L$gpL$pfp¡ rhi¡ QQp® L$fhu.

cpfsue k„õL©$rs_p d|mdp„ fl¡gp¡ NyS>fps_p¡ kp„õL©$rsL$ hpfkp¡ Åmhhp dpV¡$ rhÛp\}-

Ap¡_¡ â¡fZp Ap`hu. v¡$i-rhv¡$idp„ NyS>fpsuAp¡_p X„$L$p hpNu fl¡ R>¡¡ s¡dp„ A¥rslprkL$

_¡spAp¡_u S>¡d h¡`pfuAp¡ A_¡ L$gpL$pfp¡ s¡dS> h¥opr_L$p¡_y„ ep¡Nv$p_ `Z A_Þe R>¡ s¡_u

dprlsu Ap`hu. gOyâñp¡_u dv$v$\u L$pìe_u `„[¼sAp¡ õ`ô$ L$fhu - A\p®s¹ kfm iåv$p¡dp„

L$pìe_p¡ cphp\® kdÅhhp¡.

õhpÝepe

k. 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) kdyÖ$ (2) lr\epf (3) tkl (4) cdfp¡

(5) dp\y„ (6) ka¡v$ (7) riMf> (8) Åvy$

k. 2. L$pìedp„\u Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p 10 (v$k) Å¡X$pnfey¼s iåv$p¡ ip¡û_¡ gMp¡.

k. 3. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡_p âpkey¼s iåv$p¡ L$pìedp„\u ip¡û_¡ gMp¡ : (1) Ýep_ (2) i©„N (3) lpL$

k. 4. iåv$kd|l dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ L$p¦kdp„\u `k„v$ L$fp¡. [t`X$, ÜpqfL$p, L$fspg, Ap¿ep_, âcprsey„ ] (1) lp\ hX¡$ spmu Ap`hu s¡, Tp„T, L$p„ku Å¡X$p„ - (2) cph_¡ iåv$ê$`¡ fS|> L$fsy„ `v$, ¼\p -

(3) khpfdp„ Nphp_y„ A¡L$ âL$pf_y„ `v$ - (4) L©$óZ_u fpS>^p_u -

(5) r`s©Ap¡ r_rdÑ¡ gp¡V$ L¡$ cps_p¡ hpm¡gp¡ Np¡mp¡ -

k. 5. L$pìedp„ Ap`¡gp _pd gMp¡ :

(1) _v$u - (2) `h®s - (3) _¡sp - (4) k„sL$rh - (5) sl¡hpf - (6) su\®õ\m -

k. 6. L$pìe`„[¼sdp„ M|V$sp„ iåv$p¡ gMp¡ :

(1) lz„ -----A¡ S> hps\u ----- awg¡ R>psu. (2) lz„ rNf_pfu ---- ÜpqfL$p lz„ S> ----`psu.

(3) dufp„_u ------ lz„ S>, lz„ -----A¡L$ Ap¿ep_. (4) lz„ dpfu -----_p¡ Åep¡, lz„ ----Ahspf.

37

k. 7. _uQ¡_u `„[¼sdp„\u Mp¡V$p iåv$p¡ ip¡û f¡Mp„[¼s L$fp¡ A_¡ kpQp iåv$p¡ gMp¡ :

(1) rhÅZ„v$_y„ lz„ S>„sf, sy„ _fk¦_u fprÓ - (2) lz„ S> kÐe_y„ Apey^ S>¡_u qv$N¹qv$N„sdp„ lpL$ -

(4) lz„ kphS>_u ÓpX$, lz„ S> Nfhu cpjp dQL$psu- (3) vy$lp-R>„v$_u lz„ fdTV$ lz„ cNhy„ cNhy„ dp_-


(1) NyS>fps_u ^fsudp„ _d®v$p A_¡ dlukpNf_y„ `pZu Mduf b_u_¡ hl¡ R>¡.

(2) v$uhp_p d|möp¡s kdp _hfprÓ_y„ âsuL$ A_¡ iÓy„S>e `h®s_p riMf_u S>¡d NyS>fps DÝh®Npdu R>¡.

(3) NyS>fps kp^y_u S>¡d Ýep_ ^fu iL¡$ R>¡ A_¡ R>„v$ s¡dS> vy$lp_u fdTV$ `Z bp¡gphu iL¡$ R>¡.

(4) Np„ûÆ_p kÐe_p lr\epf_u v$i¡ qv$ipAp¡dp„ bp¡g-bpgp R>¡.


k„cpjZ * v$f¡L$_p `p¡sp_p hs__u rhi¡jspAp¡ rhi¡ hN®dp„ kpd|rlL$ QQp® L$fp¡.

âL$ë` * NyS>fps_p Å¡hpgpeL$ õ\mp¡_p rQÓp¡ gNpX$u s¡_u _uQ¡ k„rnàs dprlsu gMu QpV®$ b_php¡.

cprjL$ kdS>

* L$pìedp„\u ep¡Áe rhi¡jZ ip¡û_¡ gMp¡ : (1) ----- cpjp (2) ----- [õds (3) ---- s¡S>

* "_y„' _y„ ep¡Áe ê$` gMp¡ : (1) Afhëgu --- t`X$ (2) kphS> ---- ÓpX$

(3) rhÅZ„v$ --- S>„sf (4) _ftkl ---- âcprsep„

* hQ_ bv$gp¡ : (1) kphS> (2) cpjpAp¡ (3) vy$lp¡

(4) Ad¡ (5) âcprsey„ (6) Apey^p¡

lz„ hp„Qy„ ......... sd¡ `Z hp„Qp¡.

A¡hu Ap NyS>fpsu R>¡

v¡$i lp¡e L¡$ rhv¡$i `Z, dpfu cpjp dpfu Ap¡mM R>¡,_k-_kdp„ NyS>fpsu kp¥fc, b¡ L$p„W¡$ R>gL$psu R>¡.

A¡hu Ap NyS>fpsu R>¡.dps©c|rd lp¡, dps©cpjp lp¡, S>Þd v¡$_pfu dpsp lp¡,S>¡ A¡\u ifdpep A¡\u, kæesp `Z ifdpsu R>¡.

A¡hu Ap NyS>fpsu R>¡.

ApS> L$fp¡ kp¥ kp\ ârsop, "dp'_y„ \pe¡ _p A`dp_,Nfh\u bp¡gp¡ kp¥ k„Np\¡, dpfu cpjp NyS>fpsu R>¡...

A¡hu Ap NyS>fpsu R>¡.- syjpf iy¼g

kv$p kp¥çe iu h¥ch¡ Ecfpsu, dmu dps©cpjp d_¡ NyS>fpsu.

38

8. kp¡_p_p¡ \pm

lfcpC rÓh¡v$u

14 _h¡çbf, 1891_p fp¡S> cph_Nf_p hfs¡S> Npd¡ s¡d_p¡ S>Þd \ep¡ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ cph_Nf_u

v$rnZpd|rs® k„õ\p_p R>pÓpgedp„ N©l`rs sfuL¡$ afS> bÅhu lsu. rh_e d„qv$fdp„ ApQpe® sfuL¡$ L$pdNufu

bÅhu lsu. s¡Ap¡ DÑd L¡$mhZuL$pf lsp„. Æh__p b^p `pkp_p khp¯Nu rhL$pk dpV¡$ L¡$mhZu_¡

s¡Ap¡ S>ê$fu dp_sp lsp„. rinZdp„ s¡Ap¡ rhrh^ kam âep¡N L$fsp„, "v$rnZpd|rs®', "R>pÓpge', "_|s_

rinZ', "Ofipmp', S>¡hp rhrh^ kpdreL$p¡_y„ s¡Ap¡ âL$pi_ L$fsp„ lsp„. bpmL$p¡ dpV¡$ s¡dZ¡ s\pNs

A_¡ ÅsL$ L$\pAp¡ gMu. bpm d_p¡h¥opr_L$ ×[óV$A¡ "d|„Thsy„ bpmL$', "bpmL$_u L$\_u', "L$p¡C_¡ _lp¡sy„

L$u^y„' S>¡hp `yõsL$p¡_y„ kS>®_ `Z L$ey¯ R>¡. 1979dp„ s¡d_y„ Ahkp_ \ey„ lsy„.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

âõsys L©$rsdp„ b¡ a¡qfep_u hps R>¡. bÞ_¡ hpkZ h¡Qhp_p¡ „^p¡ L$f¡ R>¡. b„_¡ a¡qfep_p õhcphdp„

Apkdp_-S>du__p¡ afL$ R>¡. A¡L$ bp¡r^kÒh R>¡ s¡ âpdprZL$, ip„s A_¡ N°plL$_¡ k„sp¡j Ap`_pfp¡ R>¡.

Äepf¡ buÅ¡ a¡qfep¡ s¡_p\u sØ_ rh`fus õhcph ^fph¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡ AâpdprZL$, DÙs, gp¡cu

A_¡ N°plL$p¡_¡ R>¡sf_pfp¡ R>¡. âpdprZL$ dpZkp¡_p hs®_\u kp¥ L$p¡C_¡ Ap_„v$ dm¡. `f„sy gp¡cu dpZkp¡

buÅAp¡ dpV¡$ `Z _X$sf b_¡ R>¡. `f„sy S>ep„ b„_¡ dpZkp¡ c¡Np dm¡ R>¡, Ðep„ l„d¡ip„ âpdprZL$

dpZk_u S> Æs \pe R>¡. s¡ bpbs g¡ML¡$ Al] _p_p„ _p_p„ hp¼ep¡ Üpfp sØ_ kfm iåv$p¡dp„ A_¡

cphhplu i¥gudp„ fS|> L$fu R>¡.

A¡L$ S>dp_pdp„ bp¡r^kÒh a¡qfep_y„ L$pd L$fsp lsp. s¡ S> Npddp„ s¡d_p S>¡hp¡ A¡L$ buÅ¡ a¡qfep¡ `Z fl¡sp¡ lsp¡. `f„sy s¡ gp¡cu A_¡ gyÃQp¡ lsp¡. A¡L$ hMs b„_¡ S>Zp A¡L$ i¡fudp„ A¡LW$p \C Nep. bp¡r^kÒh¡ `¡gp a¡qfep_¡ L$üy„, "cpC, Ap`Z¡ b„_¡ A¡L$ S> âL$pf_p¡ ^„^p¡ L$fuA¡ R>uA¡. Å¡ Ap`Z¡ A¡L$ S> i¡fudp„ kp\¡ aep¯ L$fuA¡, sp¡ b„_¡_p¡ h¡`pf Qpg¡ _rl. dpV¡$ fp¡S> Ap`Z¡ i¡fuAp¡ hl¢Qu gCA¡ A_¡ v$f¡L$ `p¡s`p¡sp_u i¡fudp„ af¡ A¡d L$fuA¡. Aphu ifs L$fu b„_¡ h¡`pfuAp¡ il¡f_p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p gÑpdp„ afhp gpÁep. l„d¡ip„ kp„S>¡ gÑpAp¡ hl¢Qu g¡ A_¡ buS>¡ qv$hk¡ s¡ âdpZ¡ af¡.

Ap il¡fdp„ A¡L$ hrZL$ Ly$Vy„$b fl¡sy„ lsy„. `l¡gp„ sp¡ s¡ Ly$Vy„$b M|b `¥kpv$pf lsy„. Ly$Vy„$b_p dyMu_¡ l„d¡ip„ kp¡_p_p„ hpkZp¡dp„ S>dhp_u V¡$h lsu. `f„sy v¥$hhips¹ h¡`pfdp„ Mp¡V$ Aphhp\u s¡ Nfub b_u Ney„ lsy„. `R>u sp¡ \p¡X$p hMsdp„ Ly$Vy„$b_p¡ dyMu dfZ `pçep¡. _kubÅ¡N¡ Ly$Vy„$bdp„\u A¡L$ `R>u A¡L$ dpZk dfhp gpÁey„. R>¡hV¡$ A¡L$ h©Ù X$p¡iu A_¡ A¡L$ v$uL$fu A¡d dpÓ b¡ S>Zp„ füp„. ApMp Of_p„ hpkZp¡ A¡L$ dp¡V$p Ap¡fX$pdp„ A¡L$W$p„ L$f¡gp„. Äepf¡ S>ê$f `X¡$, Ðepf¡ s¡dp„\u A¡L$pv$ b¡ L$pY$u_¡ h¡Q¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_y„ NyS>fp_ Qgph¡. Ap hpkZp¡_p Y$Ngp_u A„v$f kp¡_p_p¡ A¡L$ dp¡V$p¡ \pm flu Ne¡gp¡. gp„b¡ qv$hk¡ s¡_p D`f M|b ^|m QX$u Ne¡gu, A_¡ s¡ kp¡_p_p¡ R>¡ s¡hu Mbf¡ _ `X¡$ s¡hp¡ s¡_p¡ v¡$Mph b_u Ne¡gp¡.

39

A¡L$ qv$hk gp¡cu a¡qfep¡ A¡ i¡fudp„ a¡fu dpV¡$ _uL$ýep¡. Sy>v$p Sy>v$p OpV$_p„ hpkZp¡ Å¡C_¡ `¡gu R>p¡L$fu_y„ d_ A¡L$pv$ _hy„ hpkZ g¡hp_y„ \ey„. s¡ sfs S> v$pv$udp `pk¡ NC A_¡ L$üy„, "d_¡ A¡L$ _hp¡ OpV$ugp¡ L$mip¡ A`php¡_¡, dp.'

"`Z bl¡_, Ap`Zu `pk¡ A¡V$gp `¥kp ¼ep„ R>¡ ?'

"`Z dp, Ap`Z¡ A¡L$ dp¡Vy„$ S|>_y„ W$pd ApùA¡, sp¡ bv$gpdp„ _hp¡ _p_p¡ L$mip¡ _ Ap`¡ ? lz„ bp¡gphu `|R>u Å¡J ?'

"`|R>u Å¡, `Z d_¡ gpN¡ R>¡ L¡$ Apì¡ _rl.'

R>p¡L$fu v$p¡X$su v$p¡X$su MX$L$u blpf NC A_¡ `¡gp a¡qfep_¡ bp¡gphu Aphu. X$p¡iudp bp¡ëep„, "cpC, Ap v$uL$fuA¡ h¡_ gu^y„ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ A¡L$ _p_p¡ip¡ L$mip¡ Å¡CA¡ R>¡. s¡e¡ fp¡L$X$p `¥kp\u _rl.'

"Ðepf¡ ?' gp¡cu a¡qfepA¡ Apòe®\u `|R>éy„.

"s¡_p bv$gpdp„ s_¡ A¡L$ dp¡Vy„$ S|>_y„ W$pd ApùA¡. spfu dfÆ lp¡e sp¡ Ap`. Ad¡ Nfub dpZk R>uA¡. Apùi sp¡ `pX$ \i¡.' X$p¡iudp bp¡ëep„ A_¡ `R>u v$uL$fu_¡ L$üy„, "Å b¡V$p, `¡gp c„Npf_p Ap¡fX$pdp„\u \pmbpm S>¡hy„ L„$CL$ gph Å¡CA¡.'

v$uL$fu sp¡ v$p¡X$su NC A_¡ AL$õdps `¡gp¡ kp¡_p_p¡ \pm D`pX$u_¡ gC Aphu. X$p¡iudpA¡ s¡ `¡gp h¡`pfu_p lp\dp„ d|¼ep¡ A_¡ S>hpb_u hpf Å¡sp„ b¡W$p„. \pm lp\dp„ Aphsp„ S> `¡gp a¡qfepA¡ D`f\u ^|m M„M¡fu A_¡ L$pV$gy„ lp\dp„ gC s¡_p D`f dp¡V$p¡ g]V$p¡ L$pY$ép¡. \pm kp¡_p_p¡ lsp¡ s¡_u s¡_¡ Mpsfu \C. Ap X$p¡iu L¡$ R>p¡L$fu s¡ ÅZsp„ _lp¡sp„ A¡ `Z s¡_¡ kdÅey„. blz S> \p¡X$p bv$gpdp„ `X$phu g¡hp_u s¡_u v$p_s \C. s¡Z¡ X$p¡iudp_¡ `|R>éy„, "iy„ g¡hy„ R>¡ Ap c„Npf_y„ ? Ap sp¡ kph S|>_p¡ A_¡ L$V$pC Ne¡gp¡ R>¡.'

"cpC, Ap \pm_p bv$gpdp„ A¡L$ L$mip¡ Apù Å.'

Nyõk¡ \ep¡ lp¡e A¡hp¡ X$p¡m L$fu a¡qfep¡ dp¡V¡$\u bp¡ëep¡, "Af¡ Lmip¡ iy„, A¡L$ _p_u V$b|X$u `Z _rl Aph¡ ! L$lp¡ sp¡ Qpf Ap_p fp¡L$X$p Ap`y„.'

"_p f¡ cpC, dpf¡ h¡Qhp¡ _\u. dpf¡ sp¡ bv$gpdp„ L$mip¡ Å¡CA¡ R>¡.'

`¡gp gp¡rcep_¡ d_dp„ \ey„ L¡$ Apd ApS>¡ Ap X$p¡iu _rl dp_¡. \pmdp„ L„$C dpg _\u s¡d ApS>¡ s¡_p d_ D`f W$kphy„ sp¡ b¡ qv$hk `R>u S>ê$f kõspdp„ Apù v¡$i¡. Apd rhQpfu s¡Z¡ afu\u \pm_¡ Apds¡d a¡fhu_¡ s`pku Å¡hp_p¡ Y$p¢N L$ep£ A_¡ \pm_¡ `R>pX$u_¡ b¡v$fL$pfu\u s¡ blpf _uL$mu Nep¡.

buS>¡ qv$hk¡ ifs âdpZ¡ bp¡r^kÒh A¡ i¡fudp„ a¡fu L$fhp _uL$ýep. `¡gu R>p¡L$fu dp `pk¡ v$p¡X$su v$p¡X$su NC A_¡ a¡qfep_¡ bp¡gphu gphhp_y„ `|R>hp gpNu.

"`Z b¡V$p, NC L$pg¡ S> A¡Z¡ sp¡ _p L$lu lsu _¡ ?'

"dp, Ap L$pghpmp¡ a¡qfep¡ _\u. Ap sp¡ L$p¡C buÅ¡ R>¡.'

"sp¡ A¡_¡ `Z bp¡gphu `|R>u Å¡.'

40

R>p¡L$fu_¡ sp¡ _hp¡ L$mip¡ g¡hp_u lp¢i lsu s¡\u s¡ v$p¡X$su v$p¡X$su Of blpf NC, A_¡ `p¡sp_u dp bp¡gph¡ R>¡ A¡d L$lu_¡ a¡qfep_¡ A„v$f gC Aphu.

bp¡r^kÒh A¡L$ `R>u A¡L$ W$pd_p¡ Y$Ngp¡ L$fhp gpÁep. s¡d_p d_dp„ Apip lsu L¡$ Al] dpg W$uL$ `Z h¡Qpi¡¡.`Z Ðep„ X$p¡iudp bp¡ëep„, "dpf¡ sp¡ A¡L$ _hp¡ Lmip¡ Å¡CA¡ R>¡. A¡L$ S|>_p \pm_p bv$gpdp„ Apù iL$sp¡ lp¡e sp¡ Ap`. Ap sp¡ dpfu v$uL$fuA¡ h¡_ gu^y„ R>¡. bpL$u dpfu `pk¡ sp¡ _hp„ hpkZp¡ Mfuv$hp_p `¥kp R>¡ S> _rl.'

ApV$gy„ L$lu_¡ s¡Z¡ R>p¡L$fu_¡ \pm gphhp_y„ L$üy„. v$p¡X$su S>C_¡ R>p¡L$fu \pm gphu. X$p¡iudpA¡ s¡ a¡qfep_p lp\dp„ d|¼ep¡. \pm `f _S>f `X$sp„_u kp\¡ S> bp¡r^kÒh L$mu Nep L¡$ \pm kp¡_p_p¡ R>¡. s¡dZ¡ \pm_¡ Qpf¡ L$p¡f\u s`pku gu^p¡. s¡dZ¡ X$p¡iudp_¡ L$üy„, "dpsp, Ap \pm kp¡_p_p¡ R>¡, A_¡ s¡_u qL„$ds gNcN A¡L$ lÅf ê$rèp \hp Åe s¡d R>¡. dpfu `pk¡ sp¡ A¡V$gp b^p `¥kp R>¡ `Z _l].'

X$p¡iudp sp¡ kp„cmu_¡ qv$Ád|Y$ b_u Nep„ ! s¡dZ¡ ¼üy„, "`Z cpC, NC L$pg¡ A¡L$ spfp S>¡hp¡ L$p¡C Apìep¡ lsp¡. A¡ sp¡ L$l¡sp¡ lsp¡ L¡$ Ap_u qL„$ds `Quk `¥kp S>¡V$gu `Z _\u !'

"A¡d L¡$ !' bp¡r^kÒh¡ L$üy„, "`Z dpÆ, Ap \pm kp¡_p_p¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡_u qL„ds Mf¡Mf lÅf êrèp S>¡V$gu R>¡.'

"cpC, ' X$p¡iudpA¡ L$üy„, "d_¡ sp¡ Ap hpkZp¡dp„\u s_¡ W$uL$ gpN¡ s¡ A¡L$ Lmip¡ Ap`. dpf¡ sp¡ R>p¡L$fu_¡ fpÆ L$fhu R>¡.'

bp¡r^kÒh¡ L$üy„, "dpfu `pk¡ `p„Qkp¡ ê$rèp fp¡L$X$p R>¡ A_¡ ÓZkp¡ ê$rèp S>¡V$gp_p„ hpkZp¡ R>¡. s¡ b^y„ Å¡ sd¡ fpMu gp¡, sp¡ S> Ap \pm lz„ gC ÅJ.' A¡d L$lu_¡ bp¡r^kÒh¡ `p„Qkp¡ êrèp A_¡ b^p„ hpkZp¡_p¡ Y$Ngp¡ L$ep¡®. OZu Ap_pL$p_u `R>u X$p¡iudpA¡ s¡ õhuL$pe¯y. `p¡sp_p ÓpS>hp A_¡ sp¡gp„ gC bp¡r^kÒh Qpëep Nep.

41

buS>¡ qv$hk¡ `¡gp gp¡cu a¡qfep\u fl¡hpey„ _rl. s¡\u ifs_p¡ c„N L$fu_¡ `Z kp„S>_p hMs¡ s¡ i¡fudp„ Apìep¡ A_¡ X$p¡iudp_¡ L$üy„, "gphp¡ `¡gp¡ \pm. s¡dp„ dpg sp¡ _\u, `Z sdpfu R>p¡L$fu_u v$ep Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ gp¡ Ap L$mip¡.'

"gyÃQp, gp¡cu,' X$p¡iudp spX|$¼ep„, "d_¡ R>¡sfu S>hp ^pfsp¡ lsp¡ ? A¡ \pm sp¡ kp¡_p_p¡ lsp¡. rbQpfp¡ `¡gp¡ a¡qfep¡ Apìep¡, Ðepf¡ S> d¢ sp¡ ÅÎey„. Qpëep¡ Å Al]\u. A¡ \pm_p sp¡ d_¡ lÅf ê$rèp E`Äep !'

X$p¡iudpA¡ bû lL$uL$s Ap gp¡cu a¡qfep_¡ L$lu v$uû A_¡ s¡_u gyÃQpC dpV¡$ W$`L$p¡ Apù s¡_¡ lp„L$u L$pY$ép¡.

AÝep`_ k„L¡$s

âõsys L©$rs_p AÝep`__u iê$Aps L$fsp„ `l¡gp„ âpdprZLsp_y„ d|ëe v$ip®hsu

L$p¡C`Z A¡L$ hpsp® L$lu_¡ Dv$plfZ `|fy„ `pX$hy„. Ap`Zu Apk`pk Sy>v$pSy>v$p õhcph

v$ip®hsp A_¡L$ gp¡L$p¡dp„\u âpdprZL$ gp¡L$p¡_¡ Ap¡mMu iL$hp_u Sy>v$uSy>v$u ey[¼s-âey[¼sAp¡

rhi¡ kd|ldp„ QQp® L$fhu. gOyâñp¡ Üpfp `pW$_p rhjehõsy_„y õ`ô$uL$fZ L$fhy„. S>ê$fu gpN¡

Ðep„ ìephlpqfL$ kdS> Ap`hu. OZu hMs AâpdprZL$, gyÃQp A_¡ DÙs gp¡L$p¡ duW$p

iåv$p¡ bp¡gu_¡ A\hp r_v$p£jsp_p¡ v„$c L$fu_¡ Ap`Zu `pk¡ kpfp lp¡hp_p¡ X$p¡m L$fsp„ lp¡e

R>¡. s¡d_¡ Ap¡mMhp_u rhh¡L$byqÙ L¡$mhhp_u â¡fZp Ap`hu. bp¡r^kÒh S>¡hp âpdprZL$

h¡`pfu_u L$v$f L$fhu A_¡ gp¡cu s¡dS> gpgQu h¡`pfu_¡ `pW$ iuMhhp l„d¡ip s¥epf fl¡hy„

Å¡CA¡ s¡hu cph_p ×Y$ L$fhu.

õhpÝepe

k. 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV$¡ `pW$dp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) L$`V$u (2) _Nv$ (3) gpgQu (4) r_hp®l

(5) hpkZ (6) MX$L$gp¡ (7) dlp¡ëgp¡ (8) QqL$s


rhcpN "A' rhcpN "b'

(1) h¡_ g¡hy„ (A) cNpX$u d|L$hy„

(2) L$mu S>hy„ (Ap) Mp¡V$p¡ v„$c L$fhp¡

(3) `X$phu g¡hy„ (B) $lp-_p L$fhu

(4) lp„L$u L$pY$hy„ (C) kdÆ S>h„y

(5) X$p¡m L$fhp¡ (D) lW$ L$fhu

(6) Ap_pL$p_u L$fhu (E) R>u_hu g¡hy„

42

k. 3. A_yõhpf\u bv$gpsp A\® gMp¡ : v$p.s. lp¡i - cp_; lp¢i - Dd„N, BÃR>p

(1) Dv$f - -----

Jv$f - -----

(2) bNgp¡ - -----

b„Ngp¡ - -----

(3) d¡ - -----

d¢ - -----

(4) fN - -----

f„N - -----

(5) S>N - -----

S>„N - -----

(6) gNX$u - -----

g„NX$u - -----

(7) NpX$u - -----

Np„X$u - -----

(8) hpk - -----

hp„k - -----

k. 4. iåv$kd|l dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ Ap`p¡ :

(1) NguA¡ NguA¡ afu_¡ dpg h¡Q_pf - -------------------------

(2) s|V¡$gp„ awV¡$gp„ hpkZp¡ L¡$ AÞe kfkpdp_ - -------------------------

(3) sL$ TX$ù_¡ apev$p¡ DW$ph_pf - -------------------------

(4) L$v$ue¡ M|V¡$ _rl s¡hy„ - -------------------------

(5) S>¡_¡ k„sp¡j S> _ \pe s¡ - -------------------------

k. 5. A\® bv$ëep hNf hp¼e_y„ ê$`p„sf L$fp¡ :

v$p.s. : d|M® a¡qfep¡ Aphy„ L$pd L$f¡. S>hpb : ipZp¡ a¡qfep¡ Aphy„ L$pd _ L$f¡.

(1) gp¡cu a¡qfep_u hs®Z„|L$ kpfu _lp¡su. (2) bp¡r^kÒh b¡Cdp_ _lp¡sp¡.

(3) bp¡r^kÒh¡ S>¡ L$e¯y s¡ c|ghp S>¡hy„ _\u. (4) kNhX$cfu dykpafu b^p„_¡ Nd¡ R>¡.

k. 6. Ap¡mMp¡ :

(1) h¡`pfdp„ Mp¡V$ Aphhp\u Nfub b_u S>_pf - ----------------------

(2) v$pv$udp `pk¡ L$mip¡ g¡hp_u Æv$ L$f_pf - ----------------------

(3) \pm_¡ `R>pX$u_¡ b¡v$fL$pfu\u blpf _uL$mu S>_pf - ----------------------

(4) `p„Qkp¡ ê$rèp A_¡ b^p„ hpkZ Apù_¡ \pm gC S>_pf - ----------------------

(5) a¡qfep_¡ W$`L$p¡ Apù lp„L$u L$pY$_pf - ----------------------

k. 7. ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu_¡ hp¼e afu\u gMp¡ :

(1) bÞ_¡ a¡qfepAp¡ ------------------

.

(A) L$`X$p„ h¡Qhp_y„ L$pd L$fsp (Ap) ipL$cpÆ h¡Qhp_y„ L$pd L$fsp (B) hpkZ h¡Qhp_y„ L$pd L$fsp

(2) bp¡r^kÒh õhcph\u ------------------

.

(A) Cdp_v$pf, kdSy>, Dv$pf lsp¡ (Ap) kdSy> lsp¡, Z v$p_s Mfpb lsu (B) gp¡cu, L„$S|>k, L$`V$u lsp¡

(3) hrZL$ Ly$Vy„$b OkpC Ney„ lsy„. L$pfZ L¡$ ------------------

.

(A) Ly$Vy„$bdp„\u A¡L$ `R>u A¡L$ b^p„ d©Ðey `pçep„ lsp„ (Ap) Ly$Vy„$bdp„ L$p¡C _p¡L$fu L$f_pfy„ _lp¡sy„

(B) h¡`pfdp„ Mp¡V$ Aphhp\u b^y„ S> Qpgu Ney„ lsy„

43

(4) R>p¡L$fu a¡qfep_¡ bp¡gphu gphu. L$pfZ L¡$ s¡_¡------------------

.

(A) OpV$ugp¡ L$mip¡ Å¡Csp¡ lsp¡ (Ap) _hp hpkZp¡ g¡hp lsp„ (B) _hu \pmu Å¡Csu lsu

k. 8. OV$_p_¡ ep¡Áe ¾$d âdpZ¡ gMp¡ :

(1) gp¡cu a¡qfep¡ Qpf Ap_p Ap`hp s¥epf \ep¡.

(2) X$p¡iudpA¡ gp¡cu a¡qfep_¡ L$pY$u d|¼ep¡.

(3) bÞ_¡ a¡qfepAp¡A¡ gÑpAp¡ hl¢Qu gu^p.

(4) A¡L$pv$ - b¡ hpkZ h¡Qu_¡ X$p¡iudp NyS>fp_ Qgphsp

(5) bp¡r^kÒh¡ kp¡_p_p \pm_u qL„$ds lÅf ê$r`ep_u bsphu.

k. 9. _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡ bp¡g_pf_¡ Ap¡mMu s¡_y„ _pd L$lp¡.

(1) "cpC, Ap`Z¡ bÞ_¡ A¡L$ S> âL$pf_p¡ ^„^p¡ L$fuA¡ R>uA¡.' - ----------------------

(2) "dpfu `pk¡ sp¡ A¡V$gp b^p `¥kp R>¡ `Z _rl.' - ----------------------

(3) "sp¡ A¡_¡ `Z bp¡gphu `|R>u Å¡.' - ----------------------

(4) "d_¡ A¡L$ _hp¡ OpV$ugp¡ L$mip¡ A`php¡ _¡, dp.' - ----------------------

(5) "gphp¡ `¡gp¡ \pm.' - ----------------------

k. 10. _uQ¡_u L$l¡hsp¡dp„\u L©$rs_¡ gpNy `X$su L$l¡hs ip¡^p¡ A_¡ s¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ kdÅhp¡ :

(1) A½$g_p¡ Ap¡\duf (2) Ars gp¡c s¡ `p`_y„ d|m

(3) bp„^u d|W$u gpM_u, Mygu NC sp¡ MpL$_u (4) L$fZu s¡hu cfZu

k„cpjZ * sd¡ b¡dp„\u ¼ep a¡qfep_p rhQpfp¡ kp\¡ klds R>p¡ A_¡ ip L$pfZ\u s¡_u QQp® kd|ldp„ L$fp¡.

âL$ë` * âpQu_ kde_p L$p¡C`Z Qpf hpkZp¡_p rQÓp¡ BÞV$f_¡V$ `f Sy>Ap¡, Ap¡mMp¡ A_¡ sdpfu âp¡S>¡¼V$

byL$dp„ v$p¡fp¡.

cprjL$ kdS>

* _uQ¡_p hp¼e c|sL$pmdp„ bv$gp¡ :

(1) X$p¡iudp \pm a¡qfep_p lp\dp„ d|L¡$ R>¡. (2) a¡qfep¡ \pm_¡ Apds¡d a¡fhu_¡ Sy>A¡ R>¡.

(3) R>p¡L$fu v$p¡X$su v$p¡X$su a¡qfep_¡ bp¡gphu gph¡ R>¡. (4) gp¡cu a¡qfep¡ b¡Cdp_u L$f¡ R>¡.

* kh®_pd Ap¡mMu s¡_¡ f¡Mp„qL$s L$fp¡ :

(1) s¡ gp¡cu A_¡ gyÃQp¡ lsp¡. (2) ApV$gy„ L$lu_¡ s¡Z¡ R>p¡L$fu_¡ \pm gphhp_y„ L$üy„.

(3) gp„b¡ qv$hk¡ s¡_p D`f M|b ^|m QX$u Ne¡gu. (4) Ap`Z¡ bÞ_¡ A¡L$ S> âL$pf_p¡ „^p¡ L$fuA¡ R>uA¡.

44

* rhi¡jZ L¡$ rhi¡óe gMp¡ :

(1) kp¡_p_p¡----- (2) ----- ê$rèp (3) -----a¡qfep¡

(4) OpV$ugp¡----- (5) `¥kpv$pf----- (6) -----X$p¡iu

lz„ hp„Qy„ ......... sd¡ `Z hp„Qp¡.

S>¡hy„ L$fuA¡ A¡hy„ cfuA¡

A¡L$ Npddp„ L$p¡C A¡L$ b¸„L$_u dp¡V$fL$pf Aphu. A„sqfepm Npd lp¡hp\u Npddp„ cpÁe¡ S> dp¡V$fL$pf Å¡hp dmsu. Ap\u OZp gp¡L$p¡ NpX$u Aphsp S> c¡Np \hp gpÁep. dp¡V$fL$pfdp„\u 4 Ar^L$pfuAp¡ _uQ¡ Esep® A_¡ Npdgp¡L$p¡_¡ R>N_cpC A_¡ dN_cpC_y„ kf_pdy„ `|R>éy„. gp¡L$p¡A¡ b„_¡_p Of bspìep A¡V$g¡ b¡ Ar^L$pfuAp¡ R>N_cpC_¡ Ðep„ Nep A_¡ b¡ Ar^L$pfuAp¡ dN_cpC_¡ Ðep„ Nep.

R>N_cpC_¡ Ðep„ Ne¡gp Ar^L$pfuAp¡A¡ R>N_cpC_¡ L$üy„, ""cpC, sd¡ Adpfu b¸„L$dp„\u gp¡_ guû lsu. sd¡ gp¡__p làsp r_erds cfsp _\u dpV¡$ b¸„L¡$ sdpfy„ Ap dL$p_ S>às L$fhp_p¡ r_Z®e L$ep£ R>¡. Ad¡ b¸„L$ sfa\u Ap`_¡ Q¡shhp Apìep R>uA¡ L¡$ 7 qv$hkdp„ bpL$u làsp krls_u sdpd gp¡_ cf`pC L$fu v$p¡ _l]sf sdpfp dL$p__¡ S>às L$fu g¡hpdp„ Aphi¡. _p¡V$uk Apù_¡ Ar^L$pfuAp¡ _uL$mu Nep.''

dN_cpC_¡ Ðep„ Ne¡gp Ar^L$pfuAp¡A¡ dN_cpC_¡ L$üy„, ""cpC, sd¡ Adpfu b¸„L$dp„ AdyL$ fL$d qa¼k qX$`pTuV$ sfuL¡$ d|L$u lsu. sd¡ d|L¡$gu fL$d ìepS> krls bdZu \C NC R>¡. Adpfu b¸„L$ lh¡ N°plL$p¡_¡ lp¡d krh®k `|fu `pX¡$ R>¡ A_¡ dpV¡$ sdpfu fL$d `fs L$fhp dpV¡$ Ad¡ Apìep R>uA¡. Ap X$p¸¼eyd¡ÞV$ `f klu L$fp¡ A_¡ Ap`_u fL$d õhuL$pfp¡.''

b¸„L$_p Ar^L$pfuAp¡ R>N_cpC_p vy$íd_ _lp¡sp A_¡ dN_cpC_p kNp _lp¡sp. Apd R>sp„ R>N_cpC_¡ ìepS>krls fL$d cfhp dpV¡$ k|Q_p Apù R>N_cpC_¡ A_¡ A¡_p `qfhpf_¡ vy$:Mu L$ep® s\p dN_cpC_¡ ìepS>krls fL$d `fs L$fu dN_cpC A_¡ A¡_p `qfhpf_¡ Ap_„v$ Apàep¡.

Ap`Zu kp\¡ `Z Apd S> \pe R>¡. Ap`Z¡ L$p¡C_¡ [õds ApùA¡ sp¡ A¡ `Z ìepS>krls `fs Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ap„ky Apàep lp¡e sp¡ A¡ `Z ìepS> kp\¡ `pR>p Aph¡ R>¡. Æh_dp„ Aphsy„ kyM L¡$ vy$:M Ap`Z¡ qX$`p¸rTV$ L$fu R>¡ L¡$ gp¡_ guû R>¡ s¡_p `f Ap^pf fpM¡ R>¡.

- i¥g¡j kN`qfep

hpZu, hs®_ A_¡ L$pe®... rhQpfp¡_y„ ârstbb R>¡.

45

9. L$p¸çàeyV$f hk„s

X$p¸. lj®v¡$h dp^h

X$p¸. lj®v¡$h dp^h_y„ d|m _pd lj®hv$_ d_kyMgpg Å_u R>¡. s¡d_p¡ S>Þd 20 Ap¸¼V$p¡bf,

1954_p fp¡S> cph_Nf_p hpfs¡S> Npddp„ \ep¡ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ NyS>fpsu s\p k„õL©$s cpjpdp„ kprlÐe

kS>®_ L$ey¯ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ A_y Ap^yr_L$ eyN_p L$rh R>¡. "lp\ a„ap¡k¡ Ap„^mp kyN„^_¡' s¡d_p¡ L$pìek„N°l

R>¡. s¡dZ¡ rhh¡Q_ A_¡ k„`pv$__p„ `yõsL$p¡ `Z Apàep R>¡. NyS>fps k„õL©$s A¡L¡$X¡$du A¡hp¸X®$,

L$pguv$pk A¡hp¸X®$, cpfsue cpjp `qfjv$ A¡hp¸X®$, kprlÐe Np¥fh `yfõL$pf S>¡hp A_¡L$ kÞdp_p¡\u

s¡Ap¡ kÞdpr_s \ep R>¡.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

âõsys L$pìedp„ L$rhA¡ hk„sF>sy_p¡ h¥ch L$p¸çàeyV$f_u cpjpdp„ hZ®ìep¡ R>¡. Ap hZ®_ ApS>_p

V¡$¼_p¡gp¡Æ eyNdp„ d_cph_ b_u fl¡ R>¡.

L$p¸çàeyV$f_u L$p¡C apCg Mp¡ghp `pkhX®$ _p„MuA¡ R>uA¡. s¡d apNZ drl_p_u apCg Mp¡ghp

bNuQpAp¡ hk„s_p¡ `pkhX®$ _p„M¡ R>¡. h©np¡_¡ _hu _hu X$pmuAp¡ awV$hp\u s¡_u õ¾$u_ f„Nu_ A_¡

ApL$j®L$ gpN¡ R>¡. X$pmuAp¡ `f L$muAp¡ê$ù "rhÞX$p¡' M|gsp„_u kp\¡ `s„rNep„_p V$p¡m¡V$p¡mp„ Aphu QX¡$

R>¡. S>¡Ap¡ awgp¡_y„ d^ QpMhp_p "d¡_y'\u awgp¡ sfa ApL$jp®e R>¡. cdfpAp¡ `Z Dsphmp b_u_¡

awgp¡_u Apk`pk Ny„S>_ L$fhp gpN¡ R>¡.

Ap„bp_u d„S>fuAp¡ çlp¡fu EW¡$ R>¡. `p_Mfdp„ `p„v$X$p„dp„ O|ku Ne¡gp¡ hpCfk hk„sdp„ v|$f \C

S>hp\u h©np¡ _h`ëgrhs b_¡ R>¡. L$p¡C`Z Ås_p f„N L¡$ b°iê$ù L$dpÞX$ Apàep hNf S> f„Nb¡f„Nu

awgp¡ Mugu EW¡$ R>¡. s¡d_p kp¦v$e®êù k„v¡$ipAp¡ L$p¡eg `p¡sp_p V$lzL$pêù dp¡bpCgdp„ Tugu g¡ R>¡.

h©n L$p¸çàeyV$f_p "dpDk' `f dgepr_g_u gl¡fMu Aphsp s¡_u h¡guAp¡ õ_¡l\u gQu `X¡$ R>¡.

`nuAp¡ Ap_„v$\u _pQu EW¡$ R>¡. dpZkp¡ `Z rdÓp¡ kp\¡ hk„s_u dÅ dpZ¡ R>¡.

D`h_ "hkÞs' A¡hp¡ `pkhX®$ dp¡L$g¡ Ðep„ apNZ_u M|gu NC apCg h©np¡_p¡ õ¾$u_ ApS> A¡hp¡ f„Nu_ Sy>Ap¡ X$pmuAp¡_u _hu _hu õV$pCg ! L$muAp¡A¡ hpk¡gu "rhÞX$p¡' Mp¡gu sp¡ dýep„ kpd¡ `s„rNep_p„ V$p¡mp„, "d¡_y'dp„ QpMhp_y„ d^_y„ V$u`y„ _¡ S>fp Q|dhp_p„ awgp¡_¡ cp¡mp„ —!cdfpAp¡ fOhpep-Apàey„ Dv$pfsp\u

46

Ap„bp\u d„S>fuA¡ õdpCg !`ump `X$hp_p¡ Qgp¡ hpCfk v|$f \ep¡, TpX$ TpX$ âNV$ép¡ Dd„N "`¡ÞV$ b°i' A¡hp L$dpÞX$ rh_p Muëep R>¡ awgp¡¡_p kph ä¡i f„N !`yó`p¡_p A¡k.A¡d.A¡k. hp„Qu_¡ L$p¡eg `Z Å¡X¡$ R>¡ kpd¡ dp¡bpCg...dgepr_g "dpDk' D`f Ap„NmuAp¡ a¡fh¡ Ðep„ â¡d¡ gQu S>su h¡guAp¡ M|Z¡ g`pC Sy>Ap¡ b¡W$p„ rhl„N A_¡ AX$L$u_¡ b¡W$u kl¡guAp¡; h¡bkpCV$ `yó`p¡ _¡ â¡d_u R>¡ A¡L$ A_¡ çl¢L$hy„ R>¡-A¡ R>¡ âp¡apCg...

AÝep`_ k„L¡$s

âõsys L©$rs_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphhp_u iê$Apsdp„ Ap`Zu dy¿e F>syAp¡ A_¡ `¡V$p

F>syAp¡ rhi¡ kq¾$e QQp® L$fu_¡ hk„s F>sy_u S>ê$fu dprlsu Ap`hu. hk„s F>sy_p h¥ch_y„

hZ®_ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ âñp¡ `|R>u_¡ s¥epf L$fhy„.

Ðepf`R>u L$p¸çàeyV$f_u cpjpdp„ hk„s_p h¥ch_¡ ìe¼s L$fhp dpV¡$ "`pkhX®$', "apCg',

"õ¾$u_', "rhÞX$p¡', "d¡_y', "hpCfk', "`¡ÞV$ b°i', "dpDk', "L$dpÞX$', "A¡k.A¡d.A¡k.'

A_¡ "h¡bkpCV$' S>¡hp iåv$p¡_¡ L$pìedp„ S>¡ fus¡ r_fyàep R>¡ s¡_¡ kfm cpjpdp„ kdÅhhp.

`yó`p¡ A_¡ â¡d_u h¡bkpCV$ A¡L$kfMu A\p®s kdp_ S> R>¡. s¡d_u âp¡apCg bk

dl¡¼ep L$fhp_u R>¡. S>¡d `yó`p¡_¡ dl¡¼ep hNf Qpg¡ _rl s¡d â¡d_u kyhpk `Z L$v$u R>p_u

flu iL$su _\u s¡ kdÅhhy„.

õhpÝepe

k. 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) bNuQp¡ (2) azvy„$ (3) kMu (4) d^yL$f

(5) çlp¡f (6) L$p¡qL$gp (7) õ_¡l (8) `nu

k. 2. _d|_p âdpZ¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ gMp¡ : v$p.s. : d|m, \X$, X$pmu, awg, am

(1) hpv$mp„, `pZu, hfkpv$, hfpm, _v$u (2) dpNif, dlp, L$pfsL$, apNZ, `p¡j

(3) rhÞX$p¡, apCg, õV$pV®$, `pkhX®$, d¡_y (4) hphhy„, _]v$hy„, bu, gZhy„, M¡X$hy„

k. 3. iåv$_u A„spnfu `|Z® L$fp¡ :

(1) hk„sF>sy --------------- --------------- --------------- (2) dgepr_g --------------- --------------- ---------------

47

(3) h©n --------------- --------------- --------------- (4) kl¡gu --------------- --------------- ---------------

k. 4. rhk„Ns iåv$ afs¡ Np¡m L$fp¡ :

(1) bNuQp¡ D`h_ hpX$u bpN (2) cdfp¡ d^yL$f dL$f„v$ c°df

(3) â¡d ddsp l¡s õ_¡l (4) X$pmu h©n sfy TpX$

k. 5. ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡ : k. 6. ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡ :

rhcpN "A' rhcpN "b' rhcpN "A' rhcpN "b'

(1) L$p¸çàeyV$f (A) kp„L¡$rsL$ iåv$ (1) D`h_ (A) dp¡bpCg Å¡X¡$

(2) L$dpÞX$ (Ap) `X$v$p¡ (2) L$muAp¡ (Ap) õdpCg Ap`¡

(3) `pkhX®$ (B) k„L¡$sõ\m (3) d„S>fu (B) A¡k.A¡d.A¡k.dp¡L$g¡

(4) õ¾$u_ (C) k„NZL$ (4) `yó`p¡ (C) `pkhX®$ dp¡L$g¡

(5) h¡bkpCV$ (D) Apv¡$i (5) L$p¡eg (D) rhÞX$p¡ Mp¡g¡

k. 7. L$pìe_u `„[¼sAp¡_¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hp¡ :

(1) h©np¡_p¡ õ¾$u_ ApS> A¡hp¡ f„Nu_ (2) D`h_ "hkÞs' A¡hp¡ `pkhX®$ dp¡L$g¡ Ðep„

(3) Sy>Ap¡ X$pmuAp¡_u _hu _hu õV$pCg ! (4) apNZ_u M|gu NC apCg


(1) L$muAp¡ Äepf¡ "rhÞX$p¡' Mp¡g¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ `s„rNep„_p V$p¡m¡V$p¡mp„ kpd¡ v¡$Mpe R>¡.

(2) `p_Mf F>sydp„ O|ku Ne¡gp¡ "hpCfk' hk„s F>sydp„ v|$f \sp„ S> h©np¡ _h`ëgrhs b_¡ R>¡.

(3) f„Nb¡f„Nu awgp¡\u ApL$jp®C_¡ L$p¡eg duW$p V$lzL$p L$f¡ R>¡.

k. 9. Mpgu S>Áepdp„ ep¡Áe iåv$ d|L$p¡ :

(1) "`¡ÞV$ b°i' A¡hp --------------- rh_p Muëep R>¡. awgp¡¡_p kph ä¡i f„N !

(2) ---------------`yó`p¡ _¡ â¡d_u R>¡ A¡L$ A_¡ çl¢L$hy„ R>¡-A¡ R>¡ âp¡apCg...

(3) cdfpAp¡ --------------- Apàey„ Dv$pfsp\u Ap„bp\u d„S>fuA¡ õdpCg !


k„cpjZ * hk„sF>sy_¡ F>syAp¡_u fpZu L$l¡hp `pR>m_p sL®$-rhs®L$ L$fu hN®dp„ kd|lQQp® L$fp¡.

âL$ë` * dy¿e ÓZ F>sy A_¡ R> `¡V$p F>syAp¡ rhi¡ dprlsu d¡mhu_¡ ky„v$f âL$ë` s¥epf L$fp¡.

cprjL$ kdS>* k„r^_p¡ rhN°l L$fp¡ :

(1) dgepr_g (2) õhpÝepe (3) rhh¡L$p_„v$ (4) tQspsyf (5) fpd¡ðf (6) d„Óp¡ÃQpf

* f¡Mp„qL$s iåv$ `f\u cphhpQL$ _pd b_phu Mpgu S>Áep `|fp¡ :

(1) Dv$pf dp_hu_u -----d__¡ õ`i} NC. (2) cp¡mp„ bpmL$p¡_y„ -----b^p„_¡ ApL$j£ R>¡.

(3) dlp_ h¥opr_L$p¡_u ---s¡d_u _hu ip¡ p¡_¡ Apcpfu R>¡. (4) LX$hp„ L$pf¡gp„_u -----b^p„_¡ Ndsu _\u.

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* L$p¦kdp„ Ap`¡gp„ q¾$ep`v$_¡ "....hp_y„'_y„ ê$` gNphu Mpgu S>Áep `|fp¡ :

v$p.s. : d¡_ydp„ (QpMhy„) -------d^_y„ V$u y„ lsy„. S>hpb : d¡_ydp„ QpMhp_y„ d^_y„ V$u y„ lsy„.

(1) hk„sF>sy_¡ (dlpghy„) -------------Ap_„v$ A_¡fp¡ R>¡.

(2) v$u` (âNV$phhy„) -------------L$pe® dy¿e Arsr\ L$fi¡.

(3) `p_Mfdp„ `p„v$X$p„ `ump„ (`X$hy„) -------------A_¡ (Mfhy„) -------------iê$ \pe R>¡.

(4) hk„sF>sydp„ R>p¡X$ `f L$muAp¡ (Mughy„) -------------iê$ \pe R>¡.

* hp¼ep¡ blzhQ_dp„ a¡fhp¡.

(1) yó`_p¡ A¡k. A¡d. A¡k.hp„Qu L$p¡eg V$lzL¡$ R>¡. (2) cdfp¡ awg `f Ny„Åfh L$f¡ R>¡.

(3) L$muA¡ rhÞX$p¡ Mp¡gu sp¡ `s„rNep„_y„ V$p¡my„ dýey„. (4) X$pmu_u _hu õV$pCg Å¡hp dmu.

lz„ hp„Qy„ ......... sd¡ `Z hp„Qp¡.

`„Qdu Aphu hk„s_u

L$p¡qL$g, `„Qd bp¡g bp¡gp¡L¡$ `„Qdu Aphu hk„s_u.

v$¿MZ_p hpefp_p„ Ap ip„ AX$`gp„ !EOXép„ gspAp¡_p„ ep¥h__p„ k`_p„,

gpÁep¡ Äep„ A¡L$ hpeyTp¡gp¡ -L¡$ `„Qdu Aphu hk„s_ud„S>fu, dÑ \C X$p¡gp¡

L¡$ `„Qdu Aphu hk„s_u.Ap„b¡ Ap„b¡ lk¡ fk_u L$V$p¡fuAp¡,

Npsp„ cdsp„ c©„N â¡d sZu lp¡fuAp¡.ApR>p¡ dL$f„v$ d„v$ Y$p¡mp¡L¡$ `„Qdu Aphu hk„s_u

Apsd, A„sf`V$ Mp¡gp¡, L¡$ `„Qdu Aphu hk„s_uQ¡s_p Ap Aphu MMX$ph¡ R>¡ bpfZp„,

l¡s¡ h^phu A¡_¡ gp¡ f¡ Ap¡hpfZp„.Tug¡ ip¡ k©[óV$_p¡ tlX$p¡mp¡ ! L¡$ `„Qdu Aphu hk„s_u.

- Ddpi„L$f Å¡iu

V¡$¼_p¡gp¸Æ eyNdp„ âL©$rs _p c|guA¡.

49

10. X$pe_¡dp¡

_N¡ÞÖ rhS>e

NyS>fpsdp„ S>Þd¡gp _N¡ÞÖ rhS>eNyàs dp¥e® NyS>fpsu cpjp_p rhop_ g¡ML$, `ÓL$pf A_¡

âL$piL$ R>¡. s¡dZ¡ â\d NyS>fpsu rhop_ kpdreL$ õL$p¡`_u iê$Aps L$fu lsu, A_¡L$ `yõsL$p¡ `Z

g¿ep R>¡ S>¡hp L¡$, "CÞX$p¡`pL$ hp¸f-1971', "hëX®$hp¸f 1 A_¡ 2', "kapfu', "_¡Qf A¡ÞX$ A¡r_dg'

hN¡f¡. lpg s¡Ap¡ NyS>fpsu cpjp_p â\d _pdp„qL$s h¥opr_L$ dprkL$_y„ âL$piL$ `v$ k„cpmu füp„ R>¡.

14 hj®_u Jdf\u S> s¡dZ¡ gMhp_y„ iê$ L$ey¯ lsy„. s¡dZ¡ dy„bC Mps¡ bu.L$p¡d._u `v$hu d¡mhu lsu.

s¡d_p `yÓ lj®g `yóL$Zp® `Z rhop_ g¡ML$ R>¡.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

âõsys L©$rsdp„ qb°V$__p õV$uh_ ä¡C_ _pd_p "X$pe_¡dp¡' rhi¡_u hps L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

S>Þd\u S> sL$guap¡\u O¡fpe¡gp õV$uh__¡ AÞe bpmL$p¡A¡ Ap`¡gp Ópk_¡ kl_ L$fhp¡ `X$ép¡ lsp¡.

rlZ`s_u gpNZu A_ychsp¡ õV$uh_ dp_rkL$ kr^epfp¡ g¡hp "ky`fd¡_', "b¡V$d¡_' L¡$ "õ`pCX$f

d¡_' S>¡hu qaëdp¡ Å¡C `p¡sp_u Ås_¡ s¡_u kp\¡ syg_p L$fu s¡hu L$ë`_pdp„ fÃep¡`Ãep¡ fl¡sp¡. s¡_p

`f_p_p N°¡çàk¡ s¡_¡ L¡$V$gp„L$ Åvy$ A_¡ kpd¡_u ìe[¼s_u i[¼s_¡ M¢Qu g¡sp iuMìey„ `R>u `p¡sp_¡ l¡fp_

L$fsp„ R>p¡L$fpAp¡_¡ s¡Z¡ `pW$ cZpìep¡. `p¡sp_u Åvy$C spL$ps_p¡ `fQp¡ bspìep¡. `R>u s¡_p dp_`p_

h^u Nep.

Åvy$Nfp¡_p A¡L$ Ar^h¡i_dp„ õV$uh_¡ `p¡sp_u A¡hu Åvy$Nfu `¡i L$fu L¡$ A¡L$ âp¡a¡i_g Åvy$Nf¡

s¡_¡ "X$pe_¡dp¡' L$lu_¡ _hpÄep¡. Apd `p¡sp_pdp„ fl¡gu _bmpC_¡ õV$uh_¡ `p¡sp_p ApÐdrhðpk\u

hfv$p_dp„ a¡fhu _p„Mu s¡ hps g¡ML¡$ AkfL$pfL$ i¥gudp„ fS|> L$fu R>¡.

25 S|>_, 2011_p qv$hk¡ qb°V$__p g„X$_ il¡f_p h¡õV$rdÞõV$f rb°S> `f\u `kpf \sp fplv$pfuAp¡_p `N A¡L$pA¡L$ \„cu Nep. õså^ b_u Ne¡gp gp¡L$p¡ A¡ ×íe_¡ _S>f¡ Å¡ep R>sp„ kpQy„ dp_hp s¥epf _lp¡sp L¡$ S>¡ \¡çk_y„ AfpS>L$ hl¡Z v$f hj£ g„X$_ il¡f_p 40-50 gp¡L$p¡_p¡ cp¡N g¡ R>¡ A¡ \¡çk _v$u_p `ròdL$p„W¡$ KX$p ðpk g¡sp Ec¡gp¡ A¡L$hX$p bp„^p_p¡ eyhp_ `p¡sp_p b„_¡ lp\ a¡gphu_¡ hl¡Z sfa ApNm hÝep¡ A_¡ _v$u_p srme¡ _rl, `Z _v$u_u k`pV$u f X$Ngp„ cfhp gpÁep¡. dpÓ s¡_p¡ p_u_p¡ cpN pZudp„ X|$b¡gp¡ lsp¡. "Af¡ Ap sp¡ X$pe_¡dp¡ R>¡ !' _p¡ `p¡L$pf EW$sp Ðep„ Ec¡gp gp¡L$p¡dp„ tQsp_¡ bv$g¡ AQfS>_y„ dp¡Sy>„ afu hýey„.

N°uódF>sy lp¡hp R>sp„ hpsphfZdp„ ifuf_¡ L„$`phsu W„$X$u lsu. 29 hj}e X$pe_¡dp¡ s¡_p b¡e `N¡ \¡çk_p¡ h¡Nhp_ âhpl A_ychu füp¡ lsp¡. bpL$u_p ifuf `f `h__y„ Å¡f hfspsy„ ls„y. X$pe_¡dp¡ k„syg_ Åmhhp b„_¡ lp\ a¡gpe¡gp fpMu âeÐ_`|h®L$ d\sp¡ lp¡e A¡d S>Zpsy„ lsy„. X$pe_¡dp¡A¡ udu Qpg¡ gNcN 125 duV$f_y„ A„sf A¡V$g¡ L¡$ _v$u_p¡ AX$^p¡ `V$ `pf L$ep£ Ðep„ sp¡ \¡çk _v$u `f Qp¡L$u L$fsu `yrgk_u bp¡V¡$ Aphu X$pe_¡dp¡_¡ bp¡V$

50

`f M¢Qu gu^p¡. Ap Åvy$Nf¡ cg¡ AX$û _v$u L$pù `f„sy A¡ `Z s¡_¡ rhðdp„ ¿eprs Ap`hp `|fsy„ lsy„. S>¡_y„ d|m _pd õV$uh_ ä¡C_ R>¡ A¡hp X$pe_¡dp¡_p¡ S>Þd 17 qX$k¡çbf, 1982_p fp¡S> rb°V$__p b°¡X$ap¡X®$ il¡fdp„ \ep¡ lsp¡. S>Þd kde¡ `p¡Zp b¡ qL$gp¡N°pd hS>_ A_¡ V$Q|L$Xy„$ L$v$ ^fph_pf õV$uh__¡ huk qv$hk kyû L$pQ_u `¡V$udp„ fpMhp¡ X¡$gp¡. dp¡V$p \ep R>u Z Jdf_p âdpZdp„ s¡_p¡ bp„^p¡ Arsie _bmp¡ lsp¡. s¡fd¡ hj£ X$p¸¼V$f¡ r_v$p_ L$e¯y L¡$ õV$uh__¡ chrohn's disease _pd_p¡ fp¡N R>¡ S>¡_y„ d|m L$pfZ rS>_¡qV$L$ Mpdu R>¡ A_¡ s¡_u L$p¡C v$hp _\u. `Z rdsplpf Üpfp s¡_¡ r_e„ÓZdp„ fpMu iL$pe R>¡.

_bmp¡ bp„^p¡ A_¡ rhrh^ ipfuqfL$ sL$guap¡ ^fphsp õV$uh__¡ fõs¡ fMX$sp NqW$ep R>p¡L$fpAp¡ Ahpf- _hpf ^½¡$ QX$phsp lsp. ârsL$pf L$fhp_y„ õV$uh_dp„ Å¡f _rl. A¡V$g¡ v$f hMs¡ Q|`Qp` b^y„ klu g¡hy„ `X$sy„ lsy„. ipmpdp„ `Z A¡_u A¡ S> lpgs \su. rlZ`s_u gpNZu kss s¡_p d__¡ L$p¡fsu lsu, A¡V$g¡ dp_rkL$ krêpfp¡ g¡hp s¡ "ky`fd¡_', "b¡V$d¡_' s¡dS> "õ`pCX$fd¡_' qaëdp¡_u rhqX$Ap¡ afuafu_¡ Å¡ep L$fsp¡ lsp¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_u Ås_¡ Akud i[¼shpmy„ `pÓ ^pfu L$ë`_pk©qô$dp„ X|$bu S>sp¡ lsp¡.

A¡L$hpf sp¡ap_u R>p¡L$fpAp¡ Üpfp `f¡ip_ \C_¡ Aph¡gp õV$uh__¡ s¡_p `f_p_p S>¡_¡ õV$uh_ N°¸çàk L$l¡sp¡. s¡dZ¡ õV$uh__¡ |R>éy„ : "`f¡ip_ L$fsp Å¡fphf R>p¡L$fpAp¡ kpd¡ spf¡ Æshy„ R>¡, Mfy„ ? Qpg, lz„ s_¡ L„$CL$ bsphy„ ! ANpD `Z õV$uh__¡ s¡dZ¡ AQfS>dp„ d|L$sp L¡$V$gp„L$ Åvy$ L$fu v¡$MpX$ép„ lsp„. kpdu ìe[¼s_y„ ipfuqfL$ Å¡f iu fus¡ M¢Qu gC s¡_¡ L$dÅ¡f b_phhu A¡ N°¸çàk¡ â¡[¼V$L$g fus¡ õV$uh__¡ iuMìey„. L¡$V$gpL$ qv$hkp¡ bpv$ `¡gp sp¡ap_u R>p¡L$fpAp¡A¡ õV$uh__¡ L$Qfp_p X²$ddp„ V|„$qV$ey„ hpmu_¡ b¡ku S>hp_y„ afdpìey„ Ðepf¡ A¡ d½$d füp¡. A¡L$ R>p¡L$fp¡ s¡_¡ ^fpf X²$ddp„ _pMhp ApNm \ep¡, `Z õV$uh__¡ KQL$hp dpV¡$ OÏ„ dÕep R>sp„ KQL$u i¼ep¡ _rl. õV$uh_¡ Ðepf `R>u ipmp_p buÅ D`Öhu R>p¡L$fpAp¡_¡ Aphp¡ Åvy$C `fQp¡ v$pMìep¡, A¡V$g¡ s¡ kp¥A¡ `Z s¡_¡ ksphhp_y„ b„^ L$e¯y. EgVy„$, ipmpdp„ s¡_p dp_`p_ hÝep. hjp£ bpv$ lË$pL$Ë$p V$u.hu.õV$pf_¡ A_¡ Ðepfbpv$ l¡huh¡CV$

51

bp¡[¼k„N_p hëX®$ Q¡[çè_ X¡$rhX$ l¡C__u A¡_Æ® M¢Qu gu^p bpv$ s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p L$fsp„ AX$Op hS>__p õV$uh__¡ D`pX$hpdp„ Akd\® füp lsp„.

fp¡dp„QL$pfu A_ych \ep bpv$ õV$uh_ ä¡C_ Åvy$_p„ frkep bÞep. azfkv$_p L$gpL$p¡ v$fçep_ N„Æ`p_u Å¡X$ `f â¡[¼V$k D`fp„s âep¡Np¡ L$fsp„ lsp. S>dZp lp\dp„ `L$X¡$gu Å¡X$_p v$f¡L$ `Ñp_¡ hpfpafsu S>ç` dfphu kl¡S> v|$f_u X$pbu l\¡mu kyû `lp¢QpX$u Ðep„ \àù b_phhp_p¡ L$kb s¡Z¡ fp¡tS>v$u â¡[¼V$k Üpfp iuMu gu^p¡. `Ñp_p„ Ah_hp„ Åvy$ `Z s¡Z¡ AS>dpìep„, S>¡dp„ AdyL$ Myv$ s¡_p c¡Å_u D`S> lsp„, N„Æ`p `R>u rk½$p_p Åvy$ `Z AS>dpìep.

õV$uh_ 17 hj®_p¡ \ep¡ Ðep„ kyûdp„ s¡_u d¡rS>riA_ sfuL¡$_u ipM L$dk¡L$d s¡_p b°¡X$ap¡X®$ il¡f `|fsu

Ådu. b\® X¡$ `pV$}dp„ M¡g bsphhp dpV¡$_p Ap¡X®$f s¡_¡ dmhp gpÁep. õV$uh__y„ dp_hy„ lsy„ L¡$ Åvy$ sp¡ f„Nd„Q_¡ bv$g¡ fõsp `f â¡nL$p¡_u hÃQ¡ flu_¡ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡. Qpf¡e qv$ipAp¡ âÐen Ahgp¡L$_ L$fhp dpNsp â¡nL$p¡ dpV¡$ Myëgu fl¡hu Å¡CA¡. õV$uh_ cpfs_p dv$pfu_u S>¡d õV²$uV$ d¡rS>L$ L$fhp dpNsp¡ lsp¡, S>¡_p dpV¡$ f„Nd„Q ^fphsp Ap¡qX$V$p¡qfed_u S>ê$f _lp¡su A_¡ s¡Z¡ `p¡s¡ a¡Þku L$`X$p„ `l¡fhp_y„ S>ê$fu _lp¡sy„. Ad¡qfL$pdp„ dpÓ V$u-iV®$ A_¡ ip¡V¹®$k `l¡fu_¡ s¡ A¡L$ kpdpÞe fplv$pfu_u S>¡d aep£ A_¡ dfÆ `X$u Ðep„ gp¡L$p¡_¡ d¡rS>L$_p¡ L$dpg v$pMìep¡.

õV$uh_ ä¡C__¡ "X$pe_¡dp¡' iåv$_u dlp¡f fuskf_p kÞdp_ kdpf„c_¡ bv$g¡ dpÓ hpshpsdp„ gpNu s¡ hj® 2001_y„ lsy„. rh¿eps Åvy$kd°pV$ l¡fu lzqX$_uA¡ kp¡kpeV$u Ap¡a Ad¡qfL$_ d¡rS>riAÞk õ\pàep_¡ kp¡ hj® `|fp \sp„ lsp„. s¡ dpV¡$ b^p AN°NÎe Åvy$Nfp¡ Þe|ep¡L®$dp„ Ar^h¡i_dp„ cpN g¡hp c¡Np \hp_p lsp„.

ENsp Åvy$Nf sfuL¡$ õV$uh__¡ `Z Apd„ÓZ dp¡L$ghpdp„ Apìey„. Ar^h¡i_dp„ õV$uh_¡ `p¡sp_u A¡hu Åvy$Nfu `¡i L$fu L¡$ AÞe Åvy$Nfp¡ AQ„bp¡ `pdu s¡_u A¡L$ `R>u A¡L$ d¡rS>L$ ApCV$d Å¡sp flu Nep. \p¡X$p rk½$p s¡Z¡ ÓZ Apd„rÓs `pk¡\u s¡d_p S> lõs¡ õL¡$Q `¡_ hX¡$ r_ip_u L$fphu_¡ gu^p A_¡ `R>u A×íe L$fu

52

v$u^p. rk½$p A„s¡ `pR>gu lfp¡m_p A_y¾$d¡ ÓZ S>Zp_p NS>hpdp„\u, L$p„X$p OqX$epm_p X$peg _uQ¡\u A_¡ l¡V$ _uQ¡\u dmu Apìep. ÓZ¡e S>Zp `p¡s¡ ìehkpeu Åvy$Nfp¡ lsp. buÅ M¡g v$fçep_ õV$uh_¡ `Ñp_u Å¡X$ `p¡sp_u l\¡mu `f fpMu. A¡L$ `R>u A¡L$ `Ñp lhpdp„ Ap`p¡Ap` sfsp„ \ep„ A_¡ õV$uh__u L¡$` `f s¡d_u \àù b_hp gpNu. A¡L$ âp¡a¡i_g Åvy$Nf Ðepf¡ dp¡V$p AhpS>¡ bp¡gu EW$ép„ : "Ap R>p¡L$fp¡ sp¡ X$pe_¡dp¡ R>¡ !' b°¡X$ap¡X®$dp„ S> hjp£ kyû fl¡gp¡ A_¡ L$p¡g¡S>_y„ rinZ _ `pd¡gp¡ õV$uh_ X$pe_¡dp¡ iåv$_p¡ A\® ÅZsp¡ _lp¡sp¡. iåv$p\® s¡Z¡ qX$¼i_fudp„ hp„Ãep¡ : "A small generator that gives massive electrifying results'. X$pe_¡dp¡ _pd e\p\® ls„y. kpW$uL$X$p õV$uh__y„ d¡rS>L$ Å¡_pf_¡ kpQ¡ S> Apòe®_p¡ dp¡V$p¡ Ap„QL$p¡ dmsp¡ lsp¡.

X$pe_¡dp¡_p OZpMfp Åvy$ A¡hp R>¡ L¡$ S>¡d_¡ rhop_ L¡$ gp¡rS>L$ hX¡$ kdÅhu iL$psp _\u. L¡$V$gp„L$ sp¡ cp¥rsL$ipõÓ_p õ\pr`s d|mc|s rkÙp„sp¡_¡ qX„$Np¡ bsph¡ R>¡. Aphp¡ S> A¡L$ AQfS> `dpX$_pf âep¡N 2013dp„ g„X$__p h¡õV$rdÞõV$f rb°S> `f Qpgsp gp¡L$p¡A¡ Å¡ep¡. kpd¡\u Aphu fl¡gu X$bg X¡$L$f bk_u blpf X$pe_¡dp¡ dpÓ S>dZp lp\_p¡ `„Å¡ bk_¡ AX$L¡$gp¡ fpMu S>du_\u gNcN 4.5 duV$f KQ¡ gV$L$u füp¡ lsp¡. L$p¡C Np¡r`s àgV¡$ap¡d® _ lsy„. A_¡ L$p¡C `X$v$p¡ _ lsp¡. fplv$pfuAp¡ Nd¡ s¡ A¡ÞNg¡ s¡_u ap¡V$p¡N°p¡au L¡$ rhqX$Ap¡N°pau L$fu iL¡$ s¡d lsp.

rhop_ S>¡_¡ ârsb„r^s NZ¡ A¡hy„ buSy>„ d¡rS>L$ b°prTg_p qfAp¡ v$'Å_¡Cfp¡ il¡f_u dygpL$ps v$fçep_ kph®S>r_L$ `pL®$dp„ L$e¯y. rkd¡ÞV$ L$p¢q¾$V$_p bp„L$X$p `f a¼s S>dZp¡ lp\ V¡$L$hu ifuf_¡ ApX$uguV$udp„ AÙf L$e¯y A_¡ L¡$V$guL$hpf kyû A¡hp¡ `p¡T Åmìep¡. Ap `p¡T Ahg„b__p¡ lsp¡. Ahg„b_ hMs¡ b¡g¡Þk Åmhhp_p¡ sL$pv$p¡ lp¡e R>¡. X$pe_¡dp¡A¡ Ahg„b_ ^pfZ L$fu, A_¡ A¡hu [õ\rsdp„ Ap^pftbvy$ R>¡L$ X$pbu sfa lp¡e R>¡, Äepf¡ Nyê$Ðh dÝetbvy$ ifuf_p centre of mass sfuL¡$ hÃQ¡ lp¡e R>¡. b¸g¡Þk l„d¡ip„ Ðepf¡ S>mhpe L¡$ Äepf¡ Ap^pftbvy$_u bÞ_¡ sfa mass v$m kfMy„ lp¡e, `Z X$pe_¡dp¡_p L¡$kdp„ A¡ [õ\rs _lp¡su. "Apd L¡$hu fus¡ bÞey„ ?' A¡ âñ_p¡ Mygpkp¡ dmsp¡ _\u. Mygpkp_u bpbsdp„ Å¡k¡a X$t_S>f _pd_p Åvy$kd°pV$_p iåv$p¡ epv$ Aph¡ R>¡, "S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ Åvy$dp„ dp_¡ R>¡ s¡d_¡ Mygpkp_u S>ê$f _\u. S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ _ dp_sp lp¡e s¡d_¡ Nd¡ s¡V$gp Mygpkp Ap`p¡ sp¡ `Z s¡Ap¡ dp_hp_p _\u.

AÝep`_ k„L¡$s

âõsys L©rs_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphhp_u iê$Apsdp„ L¡$. gpg Åvy$Nf rhi¡ hN®dp„ QQp®

L$fhu. _p_p-dp¡V$p Åvy$ L$fhp_u fds OZp rhÛp\}Ap¡ fdsp lp¡e R>¡. s¡hp Å¡ L$p¡C rhÛp\}

hN®dp„ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ L$fhp_u s¡d_¡ hN®dp„ sL$ Ap`hu. `R>u "Åvy$'_u kpQu, õ`ô$ A_¡ dpÞe

k„L$ë`_p ×Y$ L$fphhu.

gOyâñp¡ `|R>u_¡ rhjehõsy_y„ õ`ô$uL$fZ L$fhy„. õV$uh__p S>Þd A_¡ s¡_p ipfuqfL$

fp¡N rhi¡ `Z QQp® L$fhu. s¡_¡ `f¡ip_ L$fsp„ rhÛp\}Ap¡_u hs®Z|„L$_¡ Aep¡Áe NZphu_¡

õV$uh_ S>¡hp L$p¡C`Z bpmL$_¡ dv$v$ L$fhp âp¡Ðkprls L$fhp. s¡d R>sp„ Al] `f_p_p N°¡çàk¡

kpd¡hpmp_u i[¼s M¢Qu g¡hp_u S>¡ Åvy$C spL$ps v$ip®hu R>¡ s¡_p¡ rhh¡L$byqÙ`|h®L$ Dëg¡M

L$fu_¡ Aphy„ ¼epf¡e _ L$fhp dpV¡$ Q¡shZu `Z Ap`hu. õV$uh__¡ `f¡ip_ L$fsp„ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡

L$pbydp„ g¡hp_p AÞe r_v$p£j D`pep¡ rhi¡ `Z QQp® L$fhu.

53

õhpÝepe

k. 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L©$rsdp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡ :

(1) AQp_L$ (2) _pd_p (3) L$pby (4) kpd_p¡

(5) l¡fp_ (6) _hfpi (7) Apbê$ (8) Npeb

k. 2. "hS>_v$pf' iåv$_p Anfp¡ gC_¡ b_u iL¡$ s¡V$gp h^pf¡ iåv$p¡ b_php¡.

k. 3. _d|_p âdpZ¡ iåv$ b_php¡ : v$p.s. ÅXy„$ - ÅX$pC

(1) d|M® (2) kNy„ (3) gp„by (4) cgy„ (5) Sy>vy„$ (6) L„$S|>k

k. 4. A„s¡ "v$pf' âÐee gMu s¡hp iåv$p¡_u epv$u b_php¡. v$p.s. lhpgv$pf

k. 5. Ap¡mMp¡ :

(1) X$pe_¡dp¡_u S>Þdc|rd - ---------

(3) õV$uh__¡ \e¡gp¡ fp¡N - ---------

(4) õV$uh__p `f_p_p - ---------

(5) rh¿eps Åvy$ kd°pV$ - ---------

k. 6. L$lp¡.

(1) Ad¡qfL$pdp„ Åvy$ bsphsu hMs¡ õV$uh_¡ `l¡f¡gp L$`X$p„ -

(2) rb°V$__p„ b¡ il¡fp¡ -

(3) `pW$dp„ Dëg¡M \e¡gp Åvy$kd°pV$p¡ -

(4) õV$uh_ Å¡sp¡ s¡ rhqX$ep¡ qaëd_p `pÓp¡ -

k. 7. Mpgu S>Áep `|fp¡ :

(1) dpÓ s¡_p¡ ----------------------

cpN `pZudp„ X|$b¡gp¡ lsp¡.

(2) gp¡L$p¡dp„ tQsp_¡ bv$g¡ ----------------------

dp¡Sy>„ afu hýey„.

(3) bpL$u_p ifuf `f ----------------------

Å¡f hsp®s„y lsy„.

(4) Åvy$dp„ dp_sp gp¡L$p¡_¡ ----------------------

S>ê$f _\u.

k. 8. ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡ :

(1) dp¡V$p \ep `R>u `Z Jdf_p âdpZdp„ õV$uh__p¡ bp„^p¡----------------

.

(A) Arsie _bmp¡ lsp¡ (Ap) Arsie `lp¡mp¡ lsp¡ (B) kyX$p¡m A_¡ ep¡Áe lsp¡

(2) fp¡dp„QL$pfu A_ych \ep bpv$ õV$uh_----------------

.

(A) blpvy$f bÞep¡ (Ap) MyiMyipg \ep¡ (B) Åvy$_p¡ frkep¡ bÞep¡

54

(3) N„Æap `R>u õV$uh_¡----------------

.

(A) v$X$p_p Åvy$ L$ep¯ (Ap) rk½$p_p Åvy$ AS>dpìep (B) L$`X$p„_p Åvy$ AS>dpìep

(4) õV$uh_ cpfs_p dv$pfu_u S>¡d----------------

.

(A) õV²$uV$ d¡rS>L$ L$fhp dp„Nsp¡ lsp¡ (Ap) v$p¡fX$p `f Qpghp dp„Nsp¡ lsp¡

(B) hp„v$fp_p M¡g L$fhp dp„Nsp¡ lsp¡

k. 9. ApX$pAhmp iåv$p¡_¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hu A\®`|Z® hp¼e b_php¡ :

(1) bsphy„ s_¡ L„CL$ lz„ Qpg

(2) rk½$p_p AS>dpìep `Z `R>u N„Æap âep¡Np¡

(3) Æshy„ R>¡ kpd¡ spf¡ L$fsp, Mfy„ Å¡fphf R>p¡L$fpAp¡ `f¡ip_

(4) R>¡ Ap X$pe_¡dp¡ sp¡ R>p¡L$fp¡

k. 10. "ipfuqfL$ _bmpC lp¡hp R>sp„ dpZk ^pf¡ s¡ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.' õV$uh__p Dv$plfZ_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„

kdÅhp¡.

k„cpjZ * sd¡ Å¡e¡gp Åvy$_p âep¡Np¡ rhi¡ hN®dp„ kd|l QQp® L$fp¡.

âL$ë` * cpfsue Åvy$Nfp¡ rhi¡ dprlsu d¡mhu_¡ A¡L$ âp¡S>¡¼V$ s¥epf L$fp¡.

cprjL$ kdS>

* rhi¡jZ Ap¡mMu f¡Mp„qL$s L$fp¡ :

(1) _ugpA¡ Qpf fdLX$p„ MfuÛp. (2) TpX$ `f OZp„ `„Mu lsp„.

(3) Ap ky„v$f Op¡X$p¡ R>¡. (4) fplzg sp¡ap_u R>p¡L$fp¡ R>¡.

* ep¡Áe rhfpdrQŒp¡ d|L$p¡.

(1) `f¡ip_ L$fsp„ Å¡fphf R>p¡L$fpAp¡ kpd¡ spf¡ Æshy„ R>¡ Mfy„

(2) Af¡ Ap sp¡ X$pe_¡dp¡ R>¡

(3) Apd L¡$hu fus¡ bÞey„ A¡ âñ_p¡ Mygpkp¡ dmsp¡ _\u

* L$pm Ap¡mMp¡ :

(1) Åvy$Nf Åvy$_p M¡g bsph¡ R>¡.

(2) sd¡ Åvy$_p M¡g L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fip¡ Mfp„ ?

55

lz„ hp„Qy„ ......... sd¡ `Z hp„Qp¡.

L$W$`|smu

â¡nL$p¡_u _S>f¡ _ `X¡$ A¡ fus¡ `pR>m\u v$p¡fuk„Qpf L$fu dp_h L¡$ âpZu`pÓp¡_p„ k„Qpg_\u L$\p-âk„Np¡_u d_p¡f„S>L$ fS|>Aps L$W$`|smuAp¡ Üpfp L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

v$f¡L$ eyNdp„ rhð_p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p v¡$ip¡dp„ L$W$`|smu fpÅ s\p f„L$, bpmL$ s\p h©Ù, kh£_y„ d_p¡f„S>_ L$fsu Aphu R>¡. k„`|Z® rhðdp„ Ap gp¡L$L$mp_p¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p õh{$`¡ rhL$pk \ep¡ R>¡. kpdpÞe fus¡ L$W$`|smuAp¡_p¡ D`ep¡N gp¡L$L$\p, ^prd®L$ L$\p A_¡ bpmL$p¡_¡ Ndsu hpsp®Ap¡ âÐen fS|> L$fhpdp„ \pe R>¡.

Apd sp¡ gpL$X$p_u b_ph¡gu `|smuAp¡_¡ S> "L$W$`|smuAp¡' L$l¡hpe. `f„sy lh¡ sp¡ gpLX$p rkhpe Q]\fp A\hp L$pNm_p dphpdp„\u `|smp„ b_phhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. R>pep`|smu b_phhp L$pNm, QpdXy„$, hN¡f¡ h`fpe R>¡ sp¡ âpZu_p `|smp„ b_phhp dpV¡$ L$p`X$, ê$ hN¡f¡ hp`fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L$W$`|smuAp¡_p lg_Qg_, lphcph, L$\_ âNV$ L$fhp dpV¡$ `©›$c|rddp„ flu_¡ k|Ó^pf s¡d_y„ k„Qpg_ L$f¡ R>¡. `|smuAp¡_p `fõ`f õ_¡l, hpv$rhhpv$, k„Oj® hN¡f¡ s¡dS> Sy>v$p-Sy>v$p AhpÅ¡ A_¡ k„Nus `Z k|Ó^pf S> `X$v$p `pR>m\u `|fp„ `pX¡$ R>¡.

L$W$`|smu_p OZp âL$pfp¡ R>¡; S>¡dp„ dy¿eÐh¡ Ap„Nmu-``¡V$ (finger puppet) lp\ hX¡$ Qpgsp„ Ágh ``¡V$, v$p¡fu hX¡$ k„Qprgs L$W$`|smu, R>pep`|smu A_¡ Å`p_u by_fpLy$ R>¡.

- A„S>_p cNhsu

AM„X$ `yfyjp\}Ap¡ S> _hu L¡$X$u L„X$pfu iL¡$.

56

* _uQ¡_p rQÓ_y„ r_funZ L$fu_¡ hZ®_ L$fp¡.

57

AÝee_ - AÝep`_ âq¾$ep AÝee_ r_ó`rÑ

v$f¡L$ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ (Sy>v$u fus¡ knd rhÛp\}Ap¡

krls) ìe[¼sNs A\hp kpd|rlL$ õhê$`¡ _uQ¡_u

bpbsp¡ dpV¡$ âp¡Ðkprls L$fhp.

y `p¡sp_u cpjpdp„ bp¡ghp_u s¡dS> QQp® s\p

rhïg¡jZ L$fhp_u sL$ Ap`hu.

y S|>\dp„ L$pe® L$fsu hMs¡ A¡L$buÅ_p L$pdp¡

rhi¡ QQp® L$fhu, ds g¡hp¡ - Ap`hp¡, âñ

`|R>hp_y„ õhps„Ôe Ap`hy„.

y NyS>fpsu_u kp\¡ `p¡sp_u cpjp_y„ kprlÐe

hp„Qhp_y„ õhps„Ôe Ap`hy„.

y `p¡sp_p `qfhpf A_¡ kdpS> kp\¡ k„b„r^s

rhrh^ kprlÐe_y„ hp„Q_ A_¡ s¡_p rhi¡ QQp®

L$fhp_u sL$ Ap`hu.

y `p¡sp_u cpjp hp„Qsu hMs¡ gMhp_p

k„v$c®dp„ L©$rsAp¡ Apep¡rS>s L$fhu. S>¡d L¡$ -

iåv$ fds, L$rhsp, Nus, `Ó hN¡f¡.

y rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ kq¾$e A_¡ ÅN©s b_phhp

dpV¡$ s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Aphsy„ kprlÐe S>¡dL¡$-

hs®dp_`Ó, `rÓL$p, QgrQÓ, ×íeîpìe

kprlÐe hN¡f¡) Å¡hp_u, kp„cmhp_u,

hp„Qhp_u, gMhp_u sL$ Ap`hu.

y L$ë`_pi[¼s A_¡ kS>®_pÐdL$sp_p¡ rhL$pk

L$f_pfu q¾$ep S>¡dL¡$ - Arc_e, d|L$ Arc_e,

L$rhsp, `pW$, kS>®_pÐdL$ g¡M, rhrh^

`qfrõ\rsAp¡dp„ k„hpv$ hN¡f¡_y„ Apep¡S>_ L$fhy„

A_¡ s¡_u s¥epfu k„b„r^s g¡rMs kprlÐe `|fy„

`pX$hy„.

rhÛp\}Ap¡

08.19.01 rhrh^ âkpf dpÝedp¡ Üpfp âkpqfs \su QQp®, k„hpv$

bpbs `p¡sp_p¡ Arcâpe Apù iL¡$ R>¡.

08.19.02 kph®S>r_L$ õ\mp¡ `f_u k|Q_p kdS>`|h®L$ kp„cm¡ R>¡.

08.19.03 Ap¥`QpqfL$ A_¡ A_p¥`QpqfL$ k„hpv$, k„cpjZ kp„cmu_¡

s¡dp„ cpN g¡ R>¡.

08.19.04 rhrh^ âk„N¡, rhrh^ DØ¡i dpV¡$ gMsu hMs¡ iåv$,

hp¼e, ê$qY$âep¡N, L$l¡hsp¡_p¡ ep¡Áe Dèp¡N L$f¡ R>¡.

08.19.05 L$rhsp, Nus hN¡f¡ ep¡Áe Apfp¡l, Ahfp¡l krls Npe R>¡,

s¡_u Ap¡qX$ep¡ kuX$u kp„cm¡ R>¡.

08.19.06 `pW$é`yõsL$ A_¡ `yõsL¡$sf AÞe kprlÐe_¡ kdÆ_¡ s¡_y„

âNV$ hp„Q_ L$f¡ R>¡.

08.19.07 rhfpdrQŒp¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ âL$V$ hp„Q_ L$f¡ R>¡.

08.19.08 k„v$c® dpV¡$ iåv$L$p¡i_p¡ Dèp¡N L$f¡ R>¡.

08.19.09 Ap`¡gp rhje_p¡ KX$pZ`|h®L$ Aæepk L$fu_¡ p¡sp_p¡ õ`ô$

Arcâpe Ap`¡ R>¡.

08.19.10 iåv$kd|l, ê$qY$âep¡N, L$l¡hsp¡_p¡ g¡M_ A_¡ cpjZ-

k„cpjZdp„ AkfL$pfL$ fus¡ Dèp¡N L$f¡ R>¡.

08.19.11 rhrh^ kpdprS>L$ kdõepAp¡ rhi¡ `p¡sp_p rhQpfp¡ õ`ô$

`Z¡ fS|> L$f¡ R>¡.

08.19.12 gMsu hMs¡ iyÙg¡M__p r_edp¡_y„ `pg_ L$f¡ R>¡.

08.19.13 kp„cm¡gu, A_ych¡gu dprlsu `p¡sp_p iåv$p¡dp„ gM¡ R>¡.

08.19.14 NyS>fpsu cpjp_y„ rhrh^ âL$pf_y„ kprlÐe (hs®dp_`Óp¡,

dprkL$p¡, hpsp®, BÞV$f_¡V$ `f ârkÙ \sy„ kprlÐe)

kdÆ_¡ hp„Q¡ R>¡.

08.19.15 hp„Q¡gp kprlÐe_y„ tQs_ L$fu_¡ ApL$g_ dpV¡$ âñ `|R>¡ R>¡.

08.19.16 `p¡sp_p iåv$p¡dp„ rQÓhZ®_ L$f¡ R>¡.

08.19.17 ìepL$fZ_p OV$L$p¡_u dprlsu d¡mh¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p¡ ep¡Áe

Dèp¡N L$f¡ R>¡. v$p.s. - k„r^, Års, hQ_, _pd,

kh®_pd, rhi¡jZ, q¾$ep`v$, L$pm, rhfpdrQŒp¡,

Å¡X$Zu_p r_edp¡.

^p¡fZ : ApW$dy„ - Nfhu NyS>fpsu - AÝee_ r_ó`rÑ

b^p l½$ fl¡i¡. ap `yõsl$ p¡ l$p¡c`z cpn k„qpgl$, dlpfpô²$ fpÄe...

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