brain areas - location and function.doc
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TelencephalonThe Cortex
Location Functional Area FunctionPrecentral gyrus Primary somatosensory
cortexTouch, body awareness
Postcentral gyrus Primary motor cortex Voluntary movement control
Superior parietal lobule Posterior parietal association area, tertiary somatic sensory cortex
stereognosia
Precentral gyrus and rostral adjacent cortex
Supplementary motor cortex, supplementary eye fields, premotor area, frontal eye fields
Limb and eye movement planning
Superior parietal lobule Posterior parietal association area
Visuomotor, perception
Superior, middle frontal gyri, medial frontal lobe
Frontal eye fields Saccadic eye movements
Superior, middle frontal gyri, medial frontal lobe
Prefrontal association cortex, frontal eye fields
Thought, cognition, movement planning
Banks of calcarine fissure Primary visual cortex VisionMedial and lateral occipital gyri
Secondary visual cortex Vision, depth perception
Inferior temporal gyrus Visual inferotemporal area Form visionMiddle temporal gyrus Visual inferotemporal area Form vision
Superior temporal gyrus Higher order auditory cortex
Hearing, speech
Cingulate gyrus, subcallosal area, retrosplenial area, parahippocampus gyrus
Limbic association cortex Emotions
Parahippocampus gyrus Primary olfactory cortex, limbic association cortex
Smell, emotions
Middle and inferior temporal gyri at junction between temporal and occipital lobes
Parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex; middle temporal visual area
Perception, vision, reading, speech
Temporal pole Primary olfactory cortex, limbic association cortex
Smell, emotions
Inferior parietal lobule (angular gyrus)
Parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex
Perception, vision, reading, speech
Inferior parietal lobule (supramarginal gyrus)
Parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex
Perception, vision, reading, speech
Heschl’s gyri and superior temporal gyrus
Primary auditory cortex Hearing
Heschl’s gyri and superior temporal gyrus
Secondary auditory cortex Hearing
Insular cortex, frontoparietal operculum
Gustatory cortex Taste
Inferior frontal gyrus (frontal operculum)
Broca’s area, lateral premotor cortex
Speech, movement planning
Inferior frontal gyrus (frontal operculum)
Prefrontal association cortex
Thought, cognition, planning behavior
Middle frontal gyrus Prefrontal association cortex (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)
Thought, cognition, planning behavior, aspects of eye movement control
Inferior frontal gyrus (frontal operculum)
Prefrontal association cortex
Thought, cognition, planning behavior
Diencephalon – location and function
Location Functional Area FunctionJust below corpus callosum Thalamus Transmits information from
subcortical structures to cerebral cortex
Beneath thalamus Hypothalamus Integrates functions of autonomic nervous system an controls endocrine hormone release from pituitary gland
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
1: dotted line encircles tegmentum2. basis pedunculi/corticospinal tract3. substantia nigra4. central tegmental tract5. tectum (superior colliculus)
Location Functional Area FunctionDorsal region of mesencephalon
Tectum Superior colliculus
Visual receptors - regulate the reflexive movement of the Eyes and Head, in response to a number of different stimuli
Inferior colliculus
Auditory receptors - Neurons conducting impulses from the structures of the Inner Ear to the Brain, all synapse in the Inferior Colliculi.
Ventral region of mesencephalon
Tegmentum Ascending Tracts from the Spinal Cord to the Brain and also contains the paired Red NucleiControls motor functionsRegulates awareness and attentionRegulates some autonomic functions
Red nucleus Unconscious Regulation and Coordination of
Motor Activities.Substantia nigra coordinating muscle
tone and movement
Metencephalon
Location Functional Area FunctionVentral pons pons relays messages to and
from the myelencephalon and cerebrum. It also sends messages to the cerebellum and regulates the rate of breathing.
Above the basilar Pontine tegmentum Regulation of bladder
region that forms the floor of the fourth ventricle
functionRegulates consciousness
Base of brain cerebellum regulates movements of eyes and limbshelps us to maintain posture and balancestereotyped movements
Inferior peduncles
Conducts information regarding the position of body parts to the cerebellum
Middle peduncles
Conducts information from the cerebral cortex regarding the desired position of these parts to the cerebellum
Superior peduncles
Conducts impulses regarding the aforementioned data to the mesencephalon
Brain Stem
Location Functional Area Functionmidbrain Tectum/tegmentumJust above enlargement of spinal cord
pons contains centers for the control of vital processes, including respiration and cardiovascular functions. It also is involved in the coordination of eye movements and balance.
Enlargement at top of spinal cord medulla contains centers for the control of vital processes such as heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and swallowing.
Myelencephalon
Location Functional Area FunctionEnlargement at top of spinal cord Medulla oblongata Cardiac center – controls heart
rateRespiratory center - Helps regulate rhythm, rate, and depth of breathing with the pons.Vasomotor center - Controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation (the contraction and dilation of blood vessels, respectively).
Ventricles
Cingulate gyrus – part of the limbic system (emotion)