brain imaging and education john gabrieli department of brain and cognitive sciences & martinos...
TRANSCRIPT
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Brain Imaging and Education
John Gabrieli Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences &
Martinos Imaging Center at theMcGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT
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High-Stakes Statewide Standardized Tests
Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment SystemMCAS – Math & ELA
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Cognitive Skills
• Crystallized Skills
acquired knowledge (vocabulary & arithmetic)
focus of schools & state testing
• Fluid Skills
speed of processing
working memory
abstract reasoning
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Processing Speed
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Working Memory• count span (Conway, Bunting, Hambrick, Wilhelm & Engle, 2005)
Your job is to count the BLUE CIRCLES in each display.Ignore red circles and blue triangles.From each of 3 successive displays, remember the number of BLUE CIRCLES
in each display, and report those 3 numbers after the third display.
For example,display 1 = 1 BLUE CIRCLE (keep “1” in mind)display 2 = 2 BLUE CIRCLES (keep “1” and “2” in mind)display 3 = 3 BLUE CIRCLES (keep “1” and “2” and “3” in mindreport, “1, 2, 3”
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Working Memory
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Working Memory
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Working Memory
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Working MemoryAnswer?
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Working MemoryAnswer?
6 7 4
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Fluid Reasoning
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Research Study
• 1,367 8th graders
- 47% male, 77% free-lunch eligible
- 41% African- American, 36% Hispanic, 12% White
• 32 middle schools
- traditional, exam, 5 oversubscribed charter (of 8)
• MCAS scores (Math & ELA), fluid cognitive measures
Finn et al., Psychological Science, 2014
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Higher Fluid Skills Are Associated With Higher MCAS Scores
Fluid Skill MCAS Math MCAS ELA Processing Speed .46 .38
Working Memory .27 .18
Fluid Reasoning .53 .40
all p < .001
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Higher Fluid Skills Are Associated With Higher Gains in MCAS Scores
Fluid Skill MCAS Math MCAS ELA Processing Speed .29 .21
Working Memory .12 .04
Fluid Reasoning .32 .19
4th-8th grade gains
p < .001 except Working Memory and MCAS ELA
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MCAS Test Scores
Finn et al., Psychological Science, 2014
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Schools Vary In Raising Test Scores • student growth percentile
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Finn et al., Psychological Science, 2014
Schools Influence Test Gains, But Not Fluid Cognitive Skills
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From Correlation to Causation:Randomized Controlled Trial
(RCT) • lottery for 5 oversubscribed charter schools
• 143 winners, 53 losers (quasi-experimental analysis)
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Schools Influence Test Gains, But Not Fluid Cognitive Skills
Finn et al., Psychological Science, 2014
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Working Memory, Brain, & MCAS
• diverse sample of 53 8th graders
• N-Back test of working memory capacity
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N-Back Performance
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Greater Activation in Prefrontal & Parietal Neocortices with Greater
Working Memory Demand
left hemisphere right hemisphere
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Greater Working Memory Activation Associated With
Higher MCAS Math Test Scores
left hemisphere right hemisphere
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Cortical Thickness Analysis
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Cortical Thickness Correlates with Standardized Test Scores
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Schools, Test Scores, & Fluid Cognitive Skills
• some schools can raise test scores
• gains in crystallized cognitive skills• such test scores correlate with future gains on SAT, AP, and life outcomes like educational attainment & income (Angrist et al., 2013; Ritchie & Bates, 2013)
• gains achieved without commensurate gains in fluid cognitive skills
(does that matter?)
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Decline of Fluid Skills and Preservation of Crystallized Skills across the Life Span
FLUID
CRYSTALLIZED
Park et al., 2002, Psychology and Aging
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College Persistence
• 1,589 12th graders in PA and MA– 51% male– 56% free-lunch eligible– 34% African- American, 13% Hispanic,
31% White
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College Persistence
Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP charter schools; www.kipp.org
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College Persistence
(non-cognitive)cognitive
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Collaborators & Support• Schools & Cognitive Skills
Amy FinnChris GabrieliMartin WestMathew KraftBill & Melinda Gates Foundation