brain overview - sub cortical
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Overview of Gross Neuroanatomy
References:
DeArmond, S.J., Fusco, M.M., Dewey M.M., (1988), Structure of the
Human Brain, 3rd Ed., Oxford, NY
Warner J.J., Atlas of Neuroanatomy with Systems Organization and
Case Correlations, 2001
University of Florida class notes on Medical Neuroscience
Carpenter,Human Neuroanatomy, 7th ed., 1976
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Directional Terms
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Rostral (beak) Caudal (tail)
Anterior (front) Posterior (back)
Dorsal (top) Ventral (belly)
Superior (top) Inferior (bottom)
Medial (midline) Lateral (side)
Axes on the brain
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Planar cuts
Coronal
(parallel to face)
Axial
(parallel to ground)
Sagittal
(parallel to ears)
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Parts of the brain
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Interhemispheric fissure
- visible on coronals and axials
- separates R and L hemispheres
Fissures
Sylvian fissure
- present on both R and L
- separates the temporal lobe
- commonly asymmetric (L>R)
Sylvian
Interhemispheric
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insula
Sylvian
Fissure
insula
Sylvian
Fissure
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Layers inside the skull
R hemisphere
cerebellum
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Meninges:- Dura mater: Opaque, tough, follows skull boundary and major fissures.
Consists of 2 parts: falx cerebri, falx cerebelli
- Arachnoid mater: Web-like, white, bridges over major folds
- Pia mater: Transparent, follows brain surface continuously- pial surface
dura
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Gray Matter (GM): White Matter (WM):(functions of the brain) (connectivity of the brain)
- Neo-cortex: sulci, gyri - Association fibers
- Sub-cortical structures - Midline structures
neo-cortex sub-cortical
midline WM association fibers
neo-cortex
association fibers
sub-cortical
Tissue classes
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Lobes
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Lobes
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Frontal Lobe: motor, executive learning, semantic processing, emotion
Boundaries: central sulcus, Sylvian fissure
Temporal Lobe: auditory processingBoundaries: Sylvian fissure
Parietal Lobe: somatosensory
Boundaries: central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus (imaginary projection)
Occipital Lobe: vision
parieto-occipital sulcus
Limbic Lobe: emotion, memory, learning
Boundaries: paracingulate sulcus, hippocampus, amygdala
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Bottom view
Top view
Brain stem
Top
View
BottomView
Cerebellar peduncles
Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi
Pons
Thalamus
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Cerebellum
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Blood and water supply
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Blood-brain barrier:
Substances navigating inside the blood do not penetrate
into brain as in other organs. There is a selective penetration
Blood-CSF barrier:
Substances navigating inside the blood do not penetrate into
ventricles
Note:No CSF-brain barrier. When dyes are injected into ventricles,
the brain is stained.
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Veins
Veins run in sub dural space
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Arteries
Arteries run in sub arachnoid space
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Ventricles
- CSF runs in ventricles, and subarachnoid space
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Ventricles
Anterior Posterior
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Choroid plexus:
Produces CSF
Septum pellucidum
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Interhemispheric structures
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WM: Anterior Comissure (AC) GM: Massa IntermediaPosterior Comissure (PC) (or interthalamic adhesion)
Corpus Calossum
anterior posterior
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AC
PC
genu
splenium
body
septum pellicidummassa intermedia
rostrum
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anterior
comissure
corpus
calossum
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Subcortical structures
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Subcortical GM:
Basal ganglia: caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, claustrum (initiating behavior)
Thalamus: Sensory gateway to the cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus: Autonomic nervous system (motivated behaviour)
Basal forebrain: Amygdala (emotion)
Hippocampal formation: (memory)
Adjacent WM:
Internal capsule
External capsule
Extreme capsule
Fornix
Ant
Post
Basal
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Basal
Ganglia
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Internal capsule
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Internal capsule
Sk t h
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Basal ganglia
Thalamic nuclei
Hippocampus and fornix
Temporal Lobe
Sketches
Posterior Anterior
fornixSections
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insula
accumbens
uncus
3rd ventricle
internal capsule
external capsule
claustrum
hippocampus
globus palliduscorpus callossum
Sylvian fissure
interhemispheric fissure
fornix
hippocampus
putamen
caudate putamen caudate
thalamus
thalamus
corpus callossum
3rd ventricle
septum
pellucidum
Sections
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Amygdala and hippocampus
amygdala
hippocampus
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Fornix
fornixfornix
fornix
Anterior
comissureMamillary
Body
Ant
Post
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Thalamus and Hypothalamus
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Hints for identifying subcortical structures
Caudate: always on the walls of lateral ventricle
frontally, it is located superior to internal capsule
Putamen:runs on the inferior part of internal capsule
Globus pallidus: next to putamen seperated by wm tracts
Thalamus: on the walls of third ventricle
Hippocampus: inferior to the inferior horn of lateral ventricle
Amygdala: Inside part of uncus
Anterior Comissure: Close to the frontal horns of fornix
Claustrum: skinny GM between extreme capsule and insula
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Developmental
and aging processes
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3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
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12 week fetus
7 month fetus
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healthy 3 year-old, male
healthy 36 year-old female
healthy 73 year-old female
V l t i h
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Courchesne E. et.al., “Normal brain development and aging: Quantitative analysis atin Vivo MR imaging in healthy volunteers”, Radiology, 2000, 216: 672-682
Volumetric changes across ages
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Courchesne E. et.al., “Normal brain development and aging: Quantitative analysis atin Vivo MR imaging in healthy volunteers”, Radiology, 2000, 216: 672-682
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Volumetric changes vs performance in aging
reference
n=73
Walhovd et.al., 2005
S
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Summary
• Whole brain and intracranial space grows about 25% between early
childhood and adolescence
• By age 80 this growth is reversed such that whole brain of agedpeople are about the same size of young children
• Between early to late childhood, GM increases about 13%.
• After the 4th decade of life, GM decreased about 13% until age 80.
• Increase in CSF between adolescence and old age is about 100%
• GM loss is not always bad. Effective pruning occurs twice: at 8
months old and at adolescence