Brain&Bee&Boot&Camp&2015&

Rae&Nishi,&PhD&Professor,&Neurological&Sciences&

Member,&Dana&Alliance&for&the&Brain&IniBaBves&

Resources&for&You&

•  This&presentaBon&(will&post&on&VBB&website)&•  Brain&Facts&Website:&

–  h"p://www.brainfacts.org3

•  Brain&Facts&2012&booklet&(can3be3downloaded3as3a3pdf3from3the3brainfacts.org3website)3

•  Neuroscience&for&Kids&website&&–  h"p://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html33

Vermont&Brain&Bee&2015&

•  Sat&Feb&7&UVM&College&of&Medicine&•  MedEd&200&(enter&through&HSRF/Given)&•  Prelim&Round&1:&WriVen&quiz&•  Prelim&Round&2:&PracBcal&quiz&•  Oral&Round&I&•  Oral&Round&II&

– 8&students&with&the&top&scores&on&2&prelim&rounds&plus&oral&round&I&will&advance&to&oral&round&II&&

Neuroscience:&the&Study&of&the&Nervous&System&

•  Central&nervous&system&– Brain&– Spinal&cord&

•  Peripheral&nervous&system&– Autonomic&ganglia&– Sensory&ganglia&– Special&sensory&organs&– Enteric&ganglia&

Spinal&cord&

Figure 13-2

Spinal Cord&&

©&2005&Pearson&EducaBon

The$spinal$nerves$form$the$

cauda$equina$(�horse�s$tail�)!

Brain&Stem&

The Brainstem&

©&2005&Pearson&EducaBon&

pons

medulla

midbrain

Brain&

cerebellum$

brain$stem$

cerebral$cortex$

subcor9cal$$

structures$

Brain&Anatomy:&Cerebral&Cortex&

h"p://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg5/CNS014.jpg3

frontal&lobe&

parietal&&lobe&

occipital&&lobe&&

temporal&lobe&

Cranial&Nerves&

Cranial Nerves&•  Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very green vegetables…. Ah, Heaven!•  Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More&

I$$ $Olfactory $Sensory $Smell$

II $Op9c $Sensory $Sight$

III $Oculomotor $Motor $Eye$movement$

IV $Trochlear $Motor $Eye$movement$

V $Trigeminal $Both $Face$sense,$chew$

VI $Abducens $Motor $Eye$movement$

VII $Facial $Both $Face$movement,$taste$$

VIII $Ves9bulocochlear$Sensory $Balance/hearing$

IX $Glossopharyngeal$Both $Taste,$swallow$

X $Vagus $Both $Taste,$heart$rate$

XI $Accessory $Motor $Swallow,$turn$head$

XII $Hypoglossal $Motor $S9ck$out$tongue&

Autonomic&Nervous&System&

Senses&and&PercepBon&

•  Visual&system:&&&&&&hVp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajnsDVsP0Uk&&

•  Auditory&system:&hVp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahCbGjasm_E&&

•  Taste&and&smell:&hVp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N42c52lCQNc&playnext=1&list=PL5CF6B36F5BFD5DB6&feature=results_main&&

•  Sensory&system:&•  hVp://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=TAzTFgPSPiU&playnext=1&list=PL21176A6D4AA873DC&feature=results_main&&

What’s&in&Gray&MaVer?&

Nissl Stain (RNA)

reGna.umh.es/Webvision/3VisualCortex.html3

Silver Stain

h"p://www.madrimasd.org/cienciaysociedad/patrimonio/personajes/sanGago_ramon_ycajal/Default.asp3

Santiago Ramon y Cajal 1854-1934&

Josh&Sanes&

Jeff&Lichtman&

h"p://golgi.harvard.edu/NewsEvents/News/SanesLichtman.html3

Brainbow&Transgenic&Mice&

Neurons&&

Dendrite$–$receives$input$

Soma$(cell$body)$–$cell$organelles$

Axon$–$conducts$electrical$impulse$

(ac9on$poten9al)$

Myelin:$“insula9on”$for$axon$

Node$of$Ranvier$=$gap$in$myelin$$

Nerve$terminal$–$contains$

neurotransmiTer$vesicles$

Synapse$–$communica9on$with$next$neuron$$

Neurons$

Look$different$based$on$where$they$are$and$what$they$do!

Spinal&cord&

Motor&&neuron!

Cerebellum! Purkinje! neuron!

Cerebral&Cortex&

Pyramidal&&&neuron!

Non-neuronal Cells&

Schwann&cells/Oligodendrocytes&(myelin)&

Astrocytes!

Microglia! Ependymal cells!

Neuron&connecBons&

SYNAPSE$

hVp://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animaBons/synapBc.swf&&

Each&neuron&in&the&brain&receives&thousands&of&synapses!&

NeurotransmiVers&•  Small&molecules&

–  Acetylcholine&–  Biogenic&amines&

•  Norepinephrine&•  Dopamine&•  Serotonin&&

–  Amino&acids&•  Glycine&•  GABA&•  Glutamate&•  Aspartate&

–  Nitric&oxide&(gas)&–  ATP,&adenosine&–  Endocannabinoids&

•  PepBdes&–  Substance&P&–  VIP&&&PACAP&–  SomatostaBn,&corBstaBn&–  NPY,&PPY&–  Opioid&pepBdes&

•  Enkephalin&•  Endorphin&•  Dynorphin&&

–  CGRP&–  CCK&–  CART&–  Galanin&–  LepBn&&

Brain&Development&

The&human&brain&doesn’t&stop&developing&unBl&you&are&in&your&20’s!&

•  Egg&m>&divides&m>&many&cells&m>&nervous&system&•  Neurons&migrate&and&differenBate&•  Axons&grow&out&•  Synapses&form&•  Important&synapses&are&kept&and&unimportant&ones&are&lost&

Childhood&Disorders&

•  AuBsm&spectrum&disorders&–  Inability&to&interact&and&communicate&effecBvely&

•  AVenBon&deficit&hyperacBvity&disorder&–  Impulsivity;&inability&to&focus;&lack&of&aVenBon&

•  Down&syndrome&– Learning&disability&(3&copies&of&chromosome&21)&

•  Dyslexia&–  Inability&to&read;&lack&of&phonology&(can’t&recognize&phonemes&from&wriVen&words)&

NeurodegeneraBve&Disorders&

•  Alzheimer’s&Disease&&–  age&related&loss&of&short&term&memory&followed&by&demenBa;&neurons&

die&in&hippocampus&and&cortex&

•  Parkinson’s&Disease&–  Loss&of&iniBaBon&of&voluntary&movement;&dopamine&containing&

neurons&in&midbrain&die&

•  Lou&Gehrig’s&Disease&(amyotrophic&lateral&sclerosis)&–  Paralysis;&lack&of&movement,&atrophy&of&muscles;&motor&neurons&die&

•  HunBngton’s&Disease&–  Unwanted&movements;&neurons&in&caudatemputamen&(basal&

ganglia)die&

Keys&to&Success&

•  Have&fun&•  Be&curious&•  Ask&quesBons,&then&seek&answers&•  Always&want&to&learn!!&