As the world turned its gaze to Rio de Janeiro inAugust 2016 for the games of the XXXIOlympiad, it encountered a far less optimistic

Brazil than the one that joyously greeted Rio’s selectionin October 2009 as the first South American city to hostthe Summer Olympics. As the Summer Games began,Pres. Dilma Rousseff had been suspended from office (shewould be impeached and removed from the presidency byend of the month); Brazil remained in the grip of thePetrobras corruption scandal (the worst in Brazilian his-tory); the economy was mired in the worst recession insome 100 years; and the country was plagued by the mos-quito-borne Zika virus. (See Special Reports on pages 196,262, and 312.)

DemographyPopulation (2016): 207,345,000.Density (2016)1: persons per sq mi 63.1,persons per sq km 24.3.

Sex distribution (2014): male 49.40%;female 50.60%.

Population projection: (2020) 213,281,000;(2030) 225,546,000.

Major cities2 (and metropolitan areas;2015): São Paulo 11,860,240 (21,090,791);Rio de Janeiro 6,476,630 (12,166,798);Belo Horizonte 2,502,560 (5,813,410); .Brasília 2,815,090(4,201,737); Porto Alegre 1,476,870 (4,179,197); Salvador 2,920,290

(3,953,288); Recife 1,617,180 (3,914,317);Fortaleza 2,591,190 (3,852,705); Curitiba1,879,360 (3,449,491); Campinas 1,144,080(3,081,247); Goiânia 1,425,290 (2,421,831);Manaus 2,047,280 (2,403,986); Belém 1,427,240(2,212,653); Vitória 355,880 (1,910,101).

Families. Average family size (2013) 3.9; (1996)1–2 persons 25.2%, 3 persons 20.3%, 4 persons22.2%, 5–6 persons 23.3%, 7 or more persons9.0%.

Emigration (2000): Brazilian emigrants livingabroad 1,887,895; in the U.S. 42.3%, inParaguay 23.4%, in Japan 12.0%.

Immigration (2000): foreign-born immigrants liv-ing in Brazil 683,830.

Urban-rural (2014):

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 population (2015):14.2 (world avg. 19.5).

Death rate per 1,000 population(2015): 6.1 (world avg. 8.1).

Natural increase rate per 1,000 popu-lation (2015): 8.1 (world avg. 11.4).

Life expectancy at birth (2014): male71.6 years; female 78.8 years.

Adult population (ages 15–49) livingwith HIV (2014): 0.5% (world avg.0.8%).

Brazil

Official name: República Federativa do Brasil(Federative Republic of Brazil).

Form of government: multiparty federal republicwith two legislative houses (Federal Senate [81];Chamber of Deputies [513]).

Head of state and government: President MichelTemer.

Capital: Brasília.Official language: Portuguese.Official religion: none.Monetary unit: real (R$; plural reais); valuation(Sept. 1, 2016) 1 U.S.$ = R$3.25; 1 £ = R$4.33.

Area and populationarea population

2015States Capitals sq mi sq km estimate

Acre Rio Branco 63,368 164,123 803,513Alagoas Maceió 10,725 27,779 3,340,932Amapá Macapá 55,146 142,829 766,679Amazonas Manaus 601,995 1,559,159 3,938,336Bahia Salvador 218,045 564,733 15,203,934Ceará Fortaleza 57,499 148,920 8,904,459Espírito Santo Vitória 17,798 46,096 3,929,911Goiás Goiânia 131,318 340,111 6,610,681Maranhão São Luís 128,162 331,937 6,904,241Mato Grosso Cuiabá 348,792 903,366 3,265,486Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande 137,895 357,146 2,651,235Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte 226,457 586,522 20,869,101Pará Belém 481,838 1,247,955 8,175,113Paraíba João Pessoa 21,803 56,470 3,972,202Paraná Curitiba 76,953 199,308 11,163,018Pernambuco Recife 37,895 98,148 9,345,173Piauí Teresina 97,135 251,578 3,204,028Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 16,904 43,780 16,550,024Rio Grande do Norte Natal 20,390 52,811 3,442,175Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre 108,777 281,730 11,247,972Rondônia Porto Velho 91,734 237,591 1,768,204Roraima Boa Vista 86,603 224,301 505,665Santa Catarina Florianópolis 36,964 95,736 6,819,190São Paulo São Paulo 95,839 248,223 44,396,484Sergipe Aracaju 8,461 21,915 2,242,937Tocantins Palmas 107,228 277,721 1,515,126Federal DistrictDistrito Federal Brasília 2,232 5,780 2,914,830TOTAL 3,287,9563 8,515,7673, 4 204,450,649

Other principal cities2 (metropolitan areas) (2015)population population

Santos 433,640 (1,797,500)Natal 869,950 (1,492,990)São Luís 1,014,300 (1,417,451)Guarulhos 1,324,7805

João Pessoa 788,450 (1,298,299)Maceió 1,013,100 (1,256,892)Joinville 543,130 (1,210,940)Teresina 795,850 (1,194,911)Florianópolis 451,900 (1,131,981)São Gonçalo 1,037,3206

Aracaju 632,740 (925,744)Cuiabá 569,660 (879,733)Duque de Caxias 879,7206

Campo Grande 842,170Londrina 533,990 (825,936)

São Bernardo do Campo 803,2605

Nova Iguaçu 798,6806

Blumenau 323,260 (770,329)Petrolina 247,540 (761,733)Campina Grande 386,140 (720,280)Santo André 710,2105

Osasco 694,8405

São José dos Campos 674,590Maringá 390,290 (672,575)Jaboatão 671,1907

Ribeirão Preto 664,430Ipatinga 254,660 (654,721)Contagem 646,5708

Uberlândia 644,000Arapiraca 195,940 (640,021)

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Social indicatorsQuality of working life. Proportion of employed pop-ulation receiving minimum wage (2002): 53.5%.Number and percentage of children (age 5–17)working: 5,400,000 (12.6% of age group).

Access to services. Proportion of households havingaccess to (2014): safe public (piped) water supply85.4%; public (piped) sewage system 76.8%; garbagecollection 89.8%.

Social participation. Voter turnout at last (October2014) presidential election: 73.9%. Trade unionmembership in total workforce (2001): 19,500,000.Practicing Roman Catholic population in total affili-ated Roman Catholic population (2000): large cities10–15%; towns and rural areas 60–70%.

Social deviance. Annual murder rate per 100,000 pop-ulation (2005): Brazil 29.6; Rio de Janeiro only(2002) 56; São Paulo only (2002) 54.

Leisure. Favourite leisure activities include: playingand watching football (soccer), dancing, practicingcapoeira, rehearsing all year in neighbourhoodsamba groups for celebrations of Carnival, and com-peting in water sports, volleyball, and basketball.

Material well-being. Urban households possessing(2009): electricity 99.9%; colour television receiver97.2%; refrigerator 96.1%; washing machine 49.3%;telephone 49.1%; computer 39.3%; Internet access31.5%; freezer 14.5%.

National economyBudget (2010). Revenue: R$919,772,000,000 (tax revenue59.4%, social security contributions 23.0%, transfers to stateand local governments 15.3%, other 2.3%). Expenditures:R$700,129,000,000 (current expenditures 39.2%, social secu-rity and welfare 36.4%, wages and salaries 23.8%, other 0.6%).

Gross national income (GNI; 2014): U.S.$2,735,267,000,000(U.S.$11,530 per capita); purchasing power parity GNI(U.S.$15,590 per capita).

Public debt (external, outstanding; 2014): U.S.$174,275,532,000.Production (’000 metric tons except as noted). Agriculture,

forestry, fishing (2014): sugarcane 737,156, soybeans 86,761, corn (maize) 79,878, cassava 23,242, oranges 16,928, rice 12,176,bananas 6,947, wheat 6,262, tomatoes 4,303, seed cotton 4,289, potatoes 3,690, dry beans 3,295, coconuts 2,919, coffee 2,804,pineapples 2,48412, sorghum 2,279, cashew apples13 1,80512, papayas 1,58312, grapes 1,44012, oil palm fruit 1,394, apples 1,23112,mangoes, mangosteens, and guavas 1,132, lemons and limes 1,102, tangerines, mandarins, and clementines 965, tobacco 85112,maté 51512, peanuts (groundnuts) 403, cacao 274, natural rubber 18612, persimmons 17312, sunflower seeds 159, garlic 10212, Brazilnuts 3912; livestock (number of live animals) 212,343,932 cattle, 37,929,357 pigs, 17,614,454 sheep, 8,851,879 goats, 5,450,601 hors-es; roundwood (2013) 292,803,285 cu m, of which fuelwood 50%; fisheries production (2013) 1,238,716 (from aquaculture 38%);aquatic plants production (2013) 730 (from aquaculture 100%). Mining and quarrying (metric tons; 2015): columbium (niobium)50,000 of pyrochlore in concentrates14 (world rank: 1); iron ore (metal content) 428,000,000 (world rank: 3); bauxite 35,000,000(world rank: 3); asbestos fibre 311,000 (world rank: 3); graphite 80,000 (world rank: 3); tantalum 150 (world rank: 3); manganese(metal content) 1,000,000 (world rank: 5); silicon 150,000 (world rank: 5); gypsum 3,300,000; kaolin clay (marketable product)1,700,000; nickel (metal content in ore) 110,000; gold 80,000 kg; diamonds 60,000 carats. Manufacturing (value added inU.S.$’000,000; 2013): food products and beverages 89,076; transportation equipment 51,031; chemicals and chemical products47,980; mineral fuels 43,498; base and fabricated metals 41,545; machinery and apparatus 30,653.

Age breakdown (2010):

Racial composition (2010): Religious affiliation (2010):

Foreign-born immigrants (2000):

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2013

in value % of total labour % of labourR$’000,000 value force9 force9

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 234,594 4.8 13,568,000 13.2Mining and quarrying 168,883 3.5 736,000 0.7Public utilities 96,305 2.0Manufacturing 539,673 11.1 12,170,000 11.9Construction 221,763 4.6 8,848,000 8.6Transp. and commun. 218,117 4.5 5,393,000 5.3Trade, hotels 522,789 10.8 21,469,000 21.0Finance, real estate 734,086 15.2 … …Pub. admin., defense 1,374,168 28.3 5,353,000 5.2Services 20,104,000 19.6Other 734,43810 15.210 14,876,00011 14.511

TOTAL 4,844,8154 100.0 102,517,000 100.0

}

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National economy (continued)Population economically active (2015): total 102,900,000; par-ticipation rates: ages 15–64, male 64.8%; female 48.1%;unemployed 6.9%, of which youth (ages 15–24) 18.2%.

Average household size (2013): 3.9.Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2013) 570,025,000,000 ([2012] 472,050,000,000), by source (2012): fos-

sil fuels 13.2%; nuclear 2.8%; renewable energy 84.0%; hard coal (metric tons; 2012) 6,350,000 (26,400,000); crude petro-leum (barrels; 2015) 891,600,000 ([2011] 595,800,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2011) 82,651,000 (83,910,000);natural gas (cu m; 2013) 21,080,000,000 (38,400,000,000); ethanol (litres; 2013–14) 28,960,000,000 (26,080,000,000).

Land use as % of total land area (2009): in temporary crops or left fallow 7.2%, in permanent crops 0.9%, in pasture23.2%, forest area 61.7%.

Foreign tradeImports (2013): U.S.$239,620,900,000 (machinery and apparatus26.7%, of which general industrial machinery 14.9%, electricalmachinery 11.8%; mineral fuels 19.1%, of which refined petroleumproducts 10.7%, crude petroleum 6.8%; chemicals and chemicalproducts 16.0%, of which organic chemicals 4.5%, fertilizers 3.7%,medicines and pharmaceuticals 3.1%; transportation equipment11.1%, of which motor vehicles and parts 9.4%; base and fabricat-ed metals 5.7%; rubber and plastic products 5.7%). Major import sources:

Exports (2013): U.S.$242,178,600,000 (food and food products34.3%, of which soybeans 9.4%, meat 6.1%, raw sugar 4.9%, coffee1.9%; iron ore and concentrates 13.4%; transportation equipment11.0%, of which motor vehicles and parts 5.8%; mineral fuels 7.4%,of which refined petroleum products 5.4%; machinery and appara-tus 7.3%, of which general industrial machinery 5.3%; base andfabricated metals 6.1%; chemicals and chemical products 4.6%). Major export destinations:

China

U.S.

Argentina

Germany

Nigeria

4.0%

2.8%

4.0%

6.9%

6.3%

39.6%

15.6%

3.0%

2.7%

South Korea

Japan

Italy

France(incl. Monaco)

other

15.1%

Education and healthLiteracy (2015/2009): percentage of totalpopulation age 15 and over literate/func-tionally literate 92.6%/79.7%; males liter-ate/functionally literate 92.2%/79.1%;females literate/functionally literate92.9%/80.2%.

Health: physicians (2013) 375,654 (1 per529 persons); hospital beds (2014) 443,478(1 per 455 persons); infant mortality rateper 1,000 live births (2015) 13.8; under-nourished population (2006–08)11,700,000 (6% of total population basedon the consumption of a minimum dailyrequirement of 1,860 calories).

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads (2013): route length (2014) 18,721mi, 30,129 km; passenger-km 392,145,00018; metric ton-km cargo 297,359,000. Roads (2014)19: total length973,326 mi, 1,566,419 km (paved 14%). Vehicles(201320): passenger cars 42,682,111; trucks and buses9,907,863.

1Land area only. 2Urban populations of municípios. 3Total area includinginland water (5,004 sq mi [12,964 sq km]). 4Detail does not add to total givenbecause of rounding. 5Within São Paulo metropolitan area. 6Within Rio deJaneiro metropolitan area. 7Within Recife metropolitan area. 8Within BeloHorizonte metropolitan area. 9Excludes some rural areas of Acre, Amapá,Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, and Roraima. 10Taxes on products less subsi-dies. 11Includes 6,637,000 unemployed. 122013. 13Edible stalks to whichcashew nuts are attached. 14Niobium oxide content. 15End-of-period figures.16Period average. 17Includes pensions. 18Long-distance service only.19Excludes urban roads. 20January 1. 21Subscribers.

Internet resources for further information:• IBGE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

www.ibge.gov.br/english/default.php• Central Bank of Brazil www.bcb.gov.br/?english

MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (November 2015): 334,500(army 59.2%, navy 20.6%, air force 20.2%); paramili-tary (public security forces) 395,000; reserve1,340,000. Military expenditure17 as percentage ofGDP (2015): 1.4%; per capita expenditure U.S.$119.

Breakdown of 84.0% renewable energy (2012):

Financial aggregates152007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Exchange rate, R$ per:U.S. dollar 1.77 2.34 1.74 1.69 1.86 2.04£ 3.55 3.41 2.82 2.64 2.87 3.22SDR 2.80 3.60 2.73 2.60 2.85 3.14

Interest and pricesCentral bank discount (%) 17.85 20.48 15.17 17.30 17.55 13.59Govt. bond yield (%) … … … … … …Industrial share prices

(2005 = 100)16 193.2 200.7 191.6 244.2 223.3 216.1

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2015 257,81421 1,26621

Landline 2015 43,677 215

Internet users 2009 75,944 392Broadband 2015 24,92221 12221

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