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BREAKING BAD – CRYSTAL METH & OTHER LABS OF INTEREST –AVOIDING CHEMICAL BULLETS
2017 INOA CONFERENCE
West Des Moines, Iowa
REMEMBER !!
“ If you can’t recognize a
hazard, how do you protect
yourself ”
AVOIDING CHEMICAL BULLETS
• USA Meth Manufacturing
• Recovery and Recrystallization Labs
• BHO Manufacturing
• Meth Manufacturing in Mexico
• Indoor / Outdoor Grow Ops
• Fentanyl
• PCP & Other Labs
• FACILITATION
• MANUFACTURING
• DISTRIBUTION
THE DRUG
CYCLE
Ephedrine/Pseudoephedrine Reduction
HI / Red Phosphorus
Red Phosphorus / Iodine / Water
Hypophosphorous Acid / Iodine
Phosphorous Acid / Iodine
BIRCH (NAZI)
HYDROGENATION (LOW/HIGH)
HI
MEXICO
P-2-P / Methylamine + TARTARIC ACID
Benzaldehyde + nitroethane --> intermediate
Intermediate + iron + hydrochloric acid - > P2P
4.14
9
• PRIMARY CHEMICAL THAT IS CHANGED INTO THE FINISHED PRODUCT.
– EPHEDRINE (d-Methamphetamine)
– PSEUDOEPHEDRINE (d-Methamphetamine)
– P-2-P (dl-Methamphetamine)
– SASSAFRAS OIL (MDMA)
10
• Chemicals used in reactions to convert the precursor into the finished product.
– Iodine Crystals
– Red Phosphorus
– Lithium Metal
– Anhydrous Ammonia 11
REAGENTS
12
Chemicals used to separate or purify chemicals in a reaction.
• Most are highly flammable
• Some are highly toxic or combustible
Interchangeable
• Coleman Fuel
• Lighter Fluid
• Ether
SOLVENTS
FIRES
EXPLOSIONS
YOU ARE WHAT
YOU ABSORB, INGEST
OR INHALE !!
16
RED P / IODINE METHOD
18
RXN
VESSEL
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE
RED PHOSPHORUS
IODINE / WATER
HEAT SOURCE
METHAMPHETAMINE VIA “NAZI” METHOD
AKA: DISSOLVING METAL METHODAKA: BIRCH METHODAKA: METAL / AMMONIA
MDTO METH PRODUCTION IN USA
USA RECOVERY / RECRYSTALLIZATION LABS
Definitions
• Recovery:
– To recover methamphetamine hydrochloride
(salt) from the water solution
• Recrystallization: (1 or more solvents)
– Technically a purification step to separate
solute(s) from impurity(ies) - misnomer
– Less-Technically to change the visible form from
powder to shards of crystals
MEXICO
Methamphetamine Manufacturing
MX Meth Manufactur
ing Methods
• E/PSE Method
• Phenylacetic Acid (PAA) used to manufacture
P-2-P
• Salts, esters and derivatives of PAA used for P-
2-P manufacturing. – Ethyl Phenyl Acetate
– Phenylacetamide
• Nitroethane and Benzaldehyde used for P-2-P
manufacturing.
Mexican Cartels U.S. Areas of
Influence
PRECURSOR DIVERSION MEXICO
MEXICO CITY MEXICOGOVERNMENT OF MEXICO
Chemical Routes to Mexico
PRECURSOR CHEM ROUTES
• Originate in:
– India
– China
• Enter MX through ports:
– Veracruz, Veracruz
– Manzanillo, Colima
– Lazaro Cardenas, Michoacan
• Mexico City Airport and Cancun, Quintana Roo
• Guatemala, Belize and Honduras via land
• Often shipped with stop-overs, mainly in the Netherlands, Germany, France and Spain
Methods of Diversion
• Mislabeling
• Concealment
• Ordering through fictitious companies
• Smuggled from Central America into
Mexico
• Manufacturing their own precursor
chemicals (Phenylacetic Acid)
• Domestic Diversion
MDTO’s respond with“Isomer Enrichment”
d-m
eth
am
pheta
min
e
l-m
eth
am
pheta
min
e
50% 50%
Before Enrichment 50/50 (d,l) isomers
Enrichment
(Tartaric Acid)
d-m
eth
am
pheta
min
e
l-m
eth
am
pheta
min
e
99% (or>) 1% (or<)
(D) Enriched Product
Remember these definitions:
• Purity: the quality or state of being pure. (Usually expressed in a %)
• *Potency: the ability or capacity to achieve or bring about a particular result; bioactivity (the body’s reaction to the drug).
*depends on the isomer (d or l)
POTENTIAL IMPURITIES
REMOVED:
• PHENYL ACETONE (self-condenses to)
• DIBENZYL KETONE
• (α-Benzyl-N-Methylphenethylamine
(BNMPA), an Impurity of Illicit
Methamphetamine Synthesis
• KETONES CAUSE DARKER/AMBER
COLOR.
• ACETONE WASHES OUT/SEPARATES
METH FROM KETONES/COLOR
• REMOVES WATER
SPICE LABS
Filling dirty cement mixers with dry-grass or barley, adding acetone, hallucinogenic
and a variety of fruity flavoring
36
• Air monitoring atmospheres is critical
especially for the larger operations.
• Ensure plenty of ventilation to dilute and
remove the solvent vapors if the
manufacturers are actively spraying the plant
base upon arrival,
• Once the atmosphere is clear the scene can be
processed in the standard clan lab PPE
– Chemical suit, nitrile gloves, boots, and respirator.
Synthetic Cannabinoids / Level A
KRATOM
KRATOM ABUSE / HEALTH
RISKS
• AGITATION
• IRRITABILITY
• TACHYCARDIA
• NAUSEA
• DROWSINESS
• HYPERTENSION
• HEPATOTOXICITY
• PSYCHOSIS
• SEIZURE
• INSOMNIA
• WEIGHT LOSS
• HALLUCINATIONS
• POOR CONCENTRATION
• VOMITING
• DEATH
• 15 KRATOM RELATED 2014 - 2016
DMT
DIMETHYLTRIPTAMINE
41
ACID / BASE RXN
• 1. Soak the plant material in a diluted
acid such as pool acid solution. Vinegar
(acetic acid) can also be used.
• 2. Filter off the fibrous materials and
collect the liquid.
• 3. Add an organic solvent (naptha) to
form a bi-layered solution
• Recipes begin to vary.
• Use the organic solvent as a means to
wash the acid solution and remove the
naturally occurring fatty acids or NaOH.
42
Fentanyl Facts
• Fentanyl is transdermal and can enter your body if it comes in contact with skin. It can also enter the body through inadvertent touching of the mouth, nose, or other mucous membranes.
• The onset of adverse health effects, such as disorientation, coughing, sedation, respiratory distress or cardiac arrest, is very rapid and profound, usually occurring within minutes of exposure. If these symptoms are experienced, seek immediate medical attention.
Fentanyl Details
• Lethal Dose could be as small
as 250 micrograms
• Many “non-pharmaceutical”
fentanyl's encountered
• Dose effects
– Nausea, drowsiness,
dizziness, vomiting, and
fatigue
• Counter fentanyl with
Naloxone, ‘Narcan’
Do Not Field Test
• If you encounter or suspect the presence of fentanyl,
contact the nearest DEA Field Office; DO NOT HANDLE OR
ATTEMPT TO TEST THE SUBSTANCE unless absolutely
necessary. Law enforcement officials should submit the
substance (exhibit) directly to the laboratory for analysis
and clearly indicate that the exhibit is suspected of
containing fentanyl. By alerting the laboratory of the
suspected fentanyl exhibit, laboratory personnel will take
necessary safety precautions during the handling,
processing, analysis, and storage of the exhibit.
Packaging to labs
Always wear Nitrile or Latex Gloves-Respiratory Protection
How to Keep
Yourself from
Accidental Exposure to
Fentanyl
• Understand that fentanyl can kill you
• Know that fentanyl is transdermal
• Wear proper protective gear
• Do not field test suspected fentanyl
• Implement a naloxone program in
your agency
FENTANYL ANALOGS
Dangers to First Responder
• Absorbed or inhalation of airborne powder
• Exercise EXTREME caution ,only properly trained personnel should handle any
substance that fentanyl or related compound
• Be aware of any signs of exposure. Respiratory depression or arrest,
drowsiness, disorientation, sedation, pinpoint pupils and clammy
• SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION. CF and fentanyl work very quickly,
call EMS immediately. If inhaled, move victim to fresh air. If ingested and
victim is CONSCIOUS, wash out the victim’s eyes and mouth with cool water
• Be ready to administer multiple NALOXONE (Narcan), remember, multiple
doses may be required
If Exposed
• If Fentanyl is inhaled:
– Move to fresh air
If Ingested:
Wash out mouth with water,
provided the person is conscious,
and seek immediate EMS attention
Start Narcan (Naloxone)
treatment, continue to administer
multiple doses until victim
responds favorably
Always monitor airway
Narcan Kits
U-47700
• Developed in 1970 by
Upjohn
• 7.5 Times more powerful
than morphine
• 60$-70$ a gram
• Internet purchased
• Manufactured in China
• Field test no reagent color
change. Lack of change
may help field testers
differentiate between
fentanyl and U-47700
Indoor Marijuana
Hazards
Pesticides come into contact with the body in four ways:
Oral (when you swallow a pesticide)
Inhalation (when you inhale a pesticide)
Ocular (when you get a pesticide in your eyes)
Dermal (when you get a pesticide on your skin)
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
Anatomy Absorption
• Forearm 8.6%
• Palm of hand 11.8%
• Ball of feet13.5%
• Abdomen 18.4%
• Scalp 32.1%
• Forehead 36.3%
• Ear canal 46.5%
• Scrotum 100%
HOW PESTICIDES ENTER THE BODY
What are CLEAR examples of Hazardous
Materials at Grow Sites?
• Pesticides
• Organophosphates
• Carbamates
• Rodenticides
• Molluscicides
• Herbicides
• Batteries
• Car and personal
How do you Treat an Individual Exposed to
Selected Pesticides (OPs or Carbamates) ?
1. Supportive care for the individual (Protocol/Guidelines)
2. Two drugs that medical professionals may use to reverse
the pesticide effects
• Drug that targets Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
• Drug that targets Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Before Eradication Season Begins
• Does your Operational Plan have the nearest medical
center trained for pesticide poisoning?
• Do you have the #’s for Poison Control Centers?
• Does that medical center carry on hand Atropine, 2-PAM
or other treatments necessary to reverse or alleviate
symptoms?
• What about K9 units, what centers are open 24hrs, are
they equipped to handle toxicosis cases?
Field Safety
Clothing and Gear Concerns
Gloves
Pants, shirts, gear
Clothing and Gear Concerns
Follow Agency Protocols for Decontamination
Some Suggestions and confirm with Safety Officer
K9 Health: Can Grow Site Hazards Pose a Risk
to K9 Officers
• Toxicants at sites?
• Pad exposure
• Olfactory use?
• Water sources?
• Bring fresh water for you and K9 unit. Don’t let
them drink from nearby water sources
Some Recommendations
• Monitor your K9 for possible exposure and
remove potential contaminates via protocol.
• Develop a baseline foundation of
health parameters BEFORE grow
site ERAD season
INDOOR MGO
INITIAL RESPONDERS
• ENTRY TEAMS / TACTICAL TEAMS /
UNIFORMED PERSONNEL ASSISTS
– SHORT EXPOSURE DURATION
PREMISE
– ENTRY / ARREST / SECURE SCENE
• PRIME IMPORTANCE
– VISIBILITY
– MANEUVERABILITY
– BALLISTIC PROTECTION
– DUTY WEAPON ACCESSABILITY
EXPOSURE TO
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
• SUSPECTS
• TRIP AND FALL
• ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
• BOOBY TRAPS
• FIREARMS
• FIRE HAZARDS
• TURN OFF ALL WATER SOURCES.
• DO NOT CUT OR UNHOOK ANY WATER LINES UNTIL YOU’VE
ADDRESSED ALL ELECTRICAL ISSUES.
• ALLOW LIGHTS, BALLASTS, ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES TO COOL DOWN
– USE THE TIME TO PHOTOGRAPH, VIDEO, ETC
• DISCONNECT BALLASTS FROM LIGHT FIXTURES
– MAKE SURE COVERS ARE ON
– DON’T TOUCH INTERIOR CONPONENTS (CAPACITORS / COPPER WIRES)
PLANT REMOVAL /
DESTRUCTION
• CHEMICAL AND FIRE RESISTANT
OUTER GARMENTS
• FULL FACE AIR PURIFYING
RESPIRATOR
• BEARDS? (REQUIRE A POWERED APR
OR “PAPR”)
• WATER, SLIP AND PUNCTURE
RESISTANT BOOTS
• WATER AND CHEMICAL RESISTANT
GLOVES (NITRILE)
• MULTI-GAS METER
– OXYGEN / CARBON MONOXIDE /
EXPLOSIVE, FLAMMABLE
ENVIRONMENTS
REMEMBER, THESE ARE MINIMUM PPE
RECOMMENDATIONS
• WE GENERALLY “GO
HIGH” AND
DOWNGRADE PPE
PHENCYCLIDINE(PCP)
71
CHEMICALS USED TO MAKE PHENCYCLIDINE
• BROMOBENZENE
• CYCLOHEXANONE
• ANHYDROUS ETHER
• HYDROCHLORIC ACID
• IODINE
• MAGNESIUM TURNINGS
• PETROLEUM ETHER
• PIPERIDINE
• PYRIDINE
• RUTHENIEM DIOXIDE
• SODIUM BISULFITE
• SODIUM HYDROXIDE
72
MAKING
1-PIPERIDINOCYCLOHEXANE CARBONITRILE
“PCC”
Chemicals used :
Piperidine
Sodium Cyanide
Cyclohexanone
Sodium Bisulfite
73
STEP 2• PHENYL MAGNESIUM BROMIDE
(PMB)
74
What Up?
STEP 2: MAKING
PHENYL MAGNESIUM BROMIDE
“GRIGNARD”“PMB”
Chemicals Used :
Bromobenzene
Iodine
Magnesium Turnings
Anhydrous Ether
75
STEP 3A: MAKING
PCP HYDROBROMIDE
“PCP POWDER”“PCC” (from step 1)
“Grignard” (from step 2)
Petroleum Ether
Hydrochloric Acid
76
STEP 3B: MAKING LIQUID
PHENCYCLIDINE(PCP)
PCP Hydrobromide (from step 3a)
Anhydrous Ether
Sodium Hydroxide (lye)
Water
77
PCP CHEMICALS
• Two immediate dangers!!
– Heat or flames will cause ignition!
– Water (a handful will do) will cause detonation and ignition!
• In second stage the obvious flammability danger is superseded by the
toxic danger from PCC and PCP which can be absorbed through skin
or inhalation
78
PCP Contamination
• Virtually uncleanable
• Contamination can persist for weeks,
months or years
• Pose risk to law enforcement and
citizens long after lab seizure
79
