breakwaters: chapter 7
TRANSCRIPT
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April 12, 2012
Vermelding onderdeel organisatie
1
Chapter 7: Stability of randomly placed rock mounds
ct5308 Breakwaters and Closure Dams
H.J. Verhagen
Faculty of Civil Engineering and GeosciencesSection Hydraulic Engineering
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History
•Iribarren * Equilibrium of forces on a block•Hudson * Experiments and curve fitting•Van der Meer * More experiments, analysis, curve fitting•Van Gent * Shallow water conditions
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Equilibrium after Iribarren
2wave w nF g D Hρ=
( ) 3r w nW B g Dρ ρ− = −
3r nW g Dρ=
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Equations for uprush and downrush
( )
3
33 cos sinrN gHW ρ
μ α α≥Δ −( )
3
33 cos sinrN gHW ρ
μ α α≥Δ +
type of block downward stability(μ cos α - sin α) 3
upward stability(μ cos α + sin α) 3
transition slopebetween upward anddownward stability
μ N μ N cot αrough angularquarry stone
2.38 0.430 2.38 0.849 3.64
cubes 2.84 0.430 2.84 0.918 2.80tetrapods 3.47 0.656 3.47 1.743 1.77
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Hudson
structure trunk structure headKD KD
type of blocknumberof layers
(N)breaking
wavenon
breakingwave
breakingwave
nonbreaking
waverough angular quarry stone 1 ** 2.9 ** 2.3rough angular quarry stone 2 3.5 4.0 2.5* 2.8*
rough angular quarry stone 3 3.9 4.5 3.7* 4.2*
tetrapod 2 7.2 8.3 5.5* 6.1*
dolos 2 22.0 25.0 15.0 16.5*
cube 2 6.8 7.8 5.0
3
3 cotr
D
g HWKρ
α≥Δ
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structure trunk structure headKD KD
type of blocknumberof layers
(N)breaking
wavenon
breakingwave
breakingwave
nonbreaking
waverough angular quarry stone 1 ** 2.9 ** 2.3rough angular quarry stone 2 3.5 4.0 2.5* 2.8*
rough angular quarry stone 3 3.9 4.5 3.7* 4.2*
tetrapod 2 7.2 8.3 5.5* 6.1*
dolos 2 22.0 25.0 15.0 16.5*
cube 2 6.8 7.8 5.0
spm 1984rough angular quarrystone
1 ** 2.9 ** 2.2
rough angular quarrystone
2 2.0 4.0 1.6* 2.8*
rough angular quarrystone
3 2.2 4.5 2.1* 4.2*
tetrapod 2 7.0 8.0 4.5* 5.5*
dolos 2 15.8 31.8 8.0 16.0*
cube 2 6.5 7.5 5.0akmon 2 8 9 n.a. n.a.Accropod ® (1:1.33) 12 15
* There is a slight variation of recommended KD value for different slopes** Use of single layer is not recommended under breaking waves
spm 1977
Hs
H10 = 1.27 Hs
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Damage multiplier for Hudson
Unit Damage (D) in % 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-30 30-40 40-50Quarry stone (smooth)
1.00 1.08 1.14 1.20 1.29 1.41 1.54
Quarry stone (rough)
1.00 1.08 1.19 1.27 1.37 1.47 1.56
Tetrapod 1.00 1.09 1.17 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.50 Dolos 1.00 1.10 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.24 1.27
Damage due to overloading (H/Hno damage)
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comparison of Hudson and Iribarren
3 cotDH KD
α=Δ
( )13cos sinH N
Dμ α α −= ±
Δ
• shape of block• layer thickness• placing manner• roughness, interlock• type of wave attack• head/trunk• angle of incidence• size/porosity underlayer• crest level• crest type• wave period• foreshore shape• reflection
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application of Hudson
• increase of block density• increase of block weight• decrease slope• grout smaller blocks• increase KD by special shaped blocks
3 cotDH KD
α=Δ
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Optimal angle and interlock of blocks
ongoing MSc work by Bart van Zwicht
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Hudson and measurements
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Damage according to Van der Meer
250n
ASD
=
A - erosion areaDn50 - nominal diameter ( = W50 /gρ)1/3
W50 - “mean” weight of the armour stones
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Damage(S) based on erosion area (A)
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classification of S-values
Slope Initial Damage(needs no repair)
Intermediate Damage(needs repair)
Failure(core exposed)
1:1.5 2 3 – 5 81:2 2 4 – 6 81:3 2 6 – 9 121:4 3 8 – 12 171:6 3 8 – 12 17
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wave period
tansαξ =
Van der Meer uses deep water values:ξs0m
thus:significant wavedeep waterperiod based on Tm
2
2 HsgTπ
=
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Permeability coefficients
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Van der Meer
Hd
P SN
Hd
P SN
sc
n
sc
n
P
Δ
Δ
50
0180 2
0 5
50
0130 2
62
10
=FHGIKJ
=FHGIKJ
−
−
.
. cot
..
.
..
ξ
ξ α
(plunging breakers)
(surging breakers)
ξ αtransition = +FHGIKJ62 0 31
10 5. tan. .P P
ξ > ξtransition surging breakers
ξ < ξtransition plunging breakers
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reference case
sign. wave height Hs 2 mslope of revetment cotα 3“Permeability” P 0.5mean period Tm 6 snumber of waves N 3000rock size dn50 0.6 m (300-1000 kg)relative density Δ 1.65damage level S 2Hudson coefficient KD 2
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Wave period
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permeability
P = notional permeability factornotional:belonging to the realm of ideas, not of experience; existing only in the mind(denkbeeldig; begrips-)
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number of waves
maximum number of waves: 75003000 waves of 6 s is 5 hours
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damage level
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slope angle
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damage development
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mild slopes
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measured values for plunging breakers
coefficients can be considered as stochastic parameters:σ6.2 = 0.5σ1.0 = 0.08
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Hudson and Van der Meer
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shape of quarry stone
Rock shape Plunging waves Surging wavesElongate/Tabular 6.59 1.28
Irregular 6.38 1.16Equant 6.24 1.08
Standard v.d. Meer 6.2 1.0Semi-round 6.10 1.00Very round 5.75 0.80
coefficients in the Van der Meer equation
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visual comparison of block shapes
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Shallow water conditions (wave height)
• Rayleigh distribution no longer valid• in deep water H2% = 1.4 Hs
• in shallow water H2% = (1.2 - 1.3) Hs
• So, use adapted design formula (you may use H2%instead of Hs)
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Shallow water conditions (wave period)
• When waves come in shallow water, wave spectrum changes• in shallow water longer periods are more relevant• recommended to use Tm-1,0
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Stone stability (vdMeer vs. vGent)
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
Hs/ΔDn50 . tanα0.5 . ( 1/(1+Dn50-core/Dn50) ) (-)
S / N
0.5 (-
)Van Gent et al (2003)
Van der Meer (1988): Permeable core
Van Gent et al (2003); Permeable core
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The original van der Meer equation
5
0.182%
50
1 sm
pl s n
H HS Pc H DN
ξ⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞
= ⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟ Δ⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦
Values of the coefficient cpl:Original Van der Meer: 8.68Transformation to Tm-1,0: 9.13Recalibration on data Van Gent: 8.40
For deep water: H2%/Hs = 1.4
(for plunging breakers)
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Data of Van Gent and original Van der Meer equation
correct factor H2%/Hs
incorrect conversion from Tm to Tm-1,0
Van Gent: Tm= 0.957 Tm-1,0Van der Meer: Tm=0.904 Tm-1,0
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Data of Van Gent and original Van der Meer equation
1.4 used as fixed factor for ratioH2%/Hs
incorrect conversion from Tm to Tm-1,0
Van Gent: Tm= 0.957 Tm-1,0Van der Meer: Tm=0.904 Tm-1,0
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Data of Van Gent and original Van der Meer equation
Data of Van Gent, recalibrated formulaPlunging waves
cpl changed from 8.68 to 8.4
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Data of Van Gent and original Van der Meer equation
Data of Van Gent, recalibrated formulaSurging waves
csu changed from 1.4 to 1.3
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Datasets of Van der Meer
• 309 tests• slope of foreshore: horizontal
(47 tests with 1:30)• slope of structure: 1:1.5 to 1:6• core: permeable and
impermeable• ratio Hs/d: 0.12 - 0.26 (deep
water)
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Datasets of Van Gent
0.34-0.510.34-0.520.31-0.510.23-0.780.34-0.730.15-0.480.27-0.53
1:21:21:41:21:41:21:2
1:1001:1001:1001:301:301:301:30
37343126243421
PermeablePermeablePermeablePermeablePermeableImpermeableImpermeable
Hs/dslopeforeshore# of testscore
0.12-0.261:2to 1:6
mainly horizontal
309Permeable & impermeable
VdMeer
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Observations
• In paper significant difference between results of Van Gent and of Van der Meer
• In paper Van Gent erroneously assumed a conversion factor of 0.957, while it had to be 0.904 (because Van der Meer did not use in his original test a standard spectrum)
• Largest part of the Van Gent data are different from the original deep water situation of Van der Meer; also the slope of the foreshore was different for most tests
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Conclusions• For the period one should use Tm-1,0
• In case of standard (deep water) spectrum one may use Tm= 0.957 Tm-1,0
• But be careful: the spectrum used in the tests of Van der Meer gave a conversion of Tm=0.904 Tm-1,0
• The recalibration of Van Gent should not be applied for deep water
• For the time being the following coefficients are recommended:
8.41.3
9.131.33-1.39
cplcsu
shallowdeep
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Comparison after all corrections
Marcel Mertens, 2007
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inconsistency
5
0.182%1,0
50
1 ξ −
⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= ⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟ Δ⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦
sm
pl s n
H HS Pc H DN
ξm-1,0 is a function of Hs
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General equations (deep & shallow)
( )0.2
0.250.182%1,0
50cotpl m
n
H Sc P sd N
α−⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟Δ ⎝ ⎠ for plunging waves
for surging waves
transition
( ) ( )0.2
0.25 0.50.132%1,0 1,0
50
Ps m s
n
H Sc P sd N
ξ− −−
− −⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟Δ ⎝ ⎠
10.31 0.5tanpl P
crs
cP
cξ α +⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦
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A new formula by Van Gent5
505050
10.57 tan1
s
n corenn
HSDDN
D
α⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ ⎟Δ +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
Extra in this formula:Dn50core
Not in this formula:Pperiod or steepness
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Results of the Van Gent formula
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Reliability of the various equations
0.109allVan Gent
0.1030.121
permeableimpermeable
Van GentVan Gent
0.109allModified vdM
0.0980.133
permeableimpermeable
Modified vdMModified vdM
σStructure typeEquation
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Observations on the Van Gent formula
• Reliability of the Van Gent formula seems as good as the (recalibrated) Van der Meer formula
• Especially for permeable cores results are better• But Period/Steepness is not included, and is
considered as irrelevant• Reliability is only based on the Van Gent database
(shallow water, gentle foreshore)
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Conclusions on the Van Gent Formula
• Because on deep water period is relevant (see dataset of Van der Meer) and because spectrum shape is also relevant (introduction of Tm-1,0) it is not advisable to exclude the period in stability formulas
• The parameter is maybe a better
parameter for describing the permeability of a structure than the P-value of Van der Meer, because P cannot be determined objectively
50
50
1
1 n core
n
DD+
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low crested dams (1)
Reduction dRH
snc
s
p50
0
1
125 482
=
−. .π
Hd S
hh
ss
n
cpΔ 50
37 121 01
= −+FHG
IKJln
. .
Rc crest height with respect to SWLs0p (deep water) wave steepness (from Tp)h waterdepthhc height of dam
crest above water level
crest below water level
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low crested dams (2)
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low crested dams (3)
• Given formula are for the front side of the breakwater• According to Van der Meer: in case of same block size
at rear slope, no problems.• But probably over-dimensioned.• Tests performed in our lab to find out
• split research into two steps• load of plunge on inner slope• dimension of plunge
• try to understand stability process
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The overtopping process
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photo of model in lab
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what happens during a plunge
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Layer thickness as function of time
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The uchar as describing parameter
For velocity use “characteristic velocity”The characteristic velocity is the maximumdischarge divided by maximum layer thickness(and by flume width)
2
//, , ,50 50
( cos( )) sin( )c
char c
charu R i
n n
Ru igD Dαβ α α−
Θ =Δ
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Overall results
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toe stability
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Example using toe piles
Scarborough seawall improvement
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stability of toes
Hd
hh
s
n
t
mΔ 50
14
87=FHGIKJ.
. Hd
hd
s
n
t
nΔ 50 5011 024 16= +FHG
IKJ. . .
a: deep toes with small damage b: shallow toes
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typical damage pattern breakwater head