breast feeding
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Breast Feeding
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Dr. Kalpana MallaMD Pediatrics
Manipal Teaching Hospital
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1)Milk secretion initiated by prolactin
2) Oxytocin reflex (let down reflex or milk ejection reflex) from post. pit - contraction of neuroepithelial cells surrounding alveoli - ejection of milk.
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Varying composition of Breast Milk
• Colostrum• Transitional milk • Mature milk• Fore milk• Hind milk• Preterm milk
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Colostrum
• Thick, yellowish milk secreted in the first several days (5-7 days) after delivery
• Alkaline • Amount - approximately 100 cc's / 24-hour• More rich in protein (2.3gm/dl) but less CHO or
fat
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Composition
• Antibody ( Ig A) rich – protects against infection and allergy
• Purgative( Laxative effect) - enhances GIT motility - reducing enterohepatic circulation - clears meconium helps prevent NNJ
• Growth factors – help intestine to mature , prevents allergy & intolerance
• Vit A rich – reduces severity of infection
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Composition
- Antibacterial – (lactoalbumin, lactoferin ) - Rich in cholesterol , Na , K , Cl , Zinc , Copper ,
leucocytes ( macrophages , lymphocytes
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• Transitional milk - is secreted between about four days and ten days postpartum
• It is intermediate in composition in between colostrum and mature milk
• The volume increases during this time
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• Mature milk is produced from approximately ten days after delivery up until the termination of the breastfeeding
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Mature milk contains on average:
• Energy (750 kcal / liter)
• Lipids - main lipids - triacyl-glycerols, phospholipids, and fatty acids including essential fatty acids, Cholesterol
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Mature milk contains on average:
• Casein or curds - proteins with low solubility which complex with calcium - much lower concentration than in cow's milk
• Whey - The largest components are alpha-lactalbumen, lactoferrin, lyzozyme, albumen and immunoglobulins. Clear liquid left behind when clotted milk stands
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Mature milk contains on average:
• Non protein Nitrogen - Peptides, such as epidermal growth factor, somatomedin - C and insulin are present in this fraction - play an important role in the immune system and protein synthesis
• Lactose (70 g / liter) -major carbohydrate in breast milk. It is composed of galactose and glucose
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Breast milk - minerals:
• Major cations- sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium
• Iron - low amounts but the percentage of iron absorption is very high
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Breast milk - minerals:
• Zinc, selenium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum , copper and nickel are present in small amounts in breast milk
• Vit - K is low in breast milk - hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
• The vitamin D content of breast milk is less
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• Hind milk - Fats and lipids are high at the end of the feeding (hind milk)
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Preterm milk has more of the following
• Protein nitrogen• Immunologic factors• Medium chain fatty acids• Sodium• Chloride• Iron• This difference lasts approximately 4 weeks.
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Less of
• Calories• Protein• Calcium/phosphorus• Trace minerals
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Composition human milk Vs animal milk
Per 100ml Human Buffalo Cow
Energy 70 Kcal 88 Kcal 67 Kcal
Protein 1.3 gm 3.3 gm 3.4 gm
Fat 4.2 gm 6.7 gm 3.9 gm
Lactose 7gm 4.6gm 4.6 gm
Vitamin D 0.81 μg – 0.18 μg
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Composition human milk Vs animal milk
Per 100ml Human Buffalo Cow
Vit C 3.8mg 3.8mg 1.5mg
Vit B 12 0.01 μg – 0.31 μg
Calcium 35mg 210mg 124mg
Folic acid 5.2 μg 5.6 μg 5.2 μg
Iron 0.08 mg 0.05 mg 0.05 mg
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Composition human milk Vs animal milk
Per 100ml Human Buffalo Cow
Water 89.7g 83g 90.2g
Cholesterol – 275/100gm 330/100gm
Retinol 60 μg 72 μg 31 μg
Sodium 15mg 50 mg 52 mg
Potassium 60mg 150mg 155mg
Phosphorus 15 mg 90 mg 98 mg
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Breast feeding Reflexes
• Rooting reflex• Sucking reflex• Swallowing reflex
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Advantages of BF
1. Normal temperature2. Economical3. Convenient4. Balanced diet5. Anti-anaemic 6. Anti-allergic7) Anti-ricketic8) Anti-infective
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7) Anti-ricketic8) Anti-infective
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1)Balanced diet: A) Protein: 70% soluble ; easily digested.
B) Fat: essential fatty acid - for brain develop. C) High cholesterol: myelination of nervous
system brain growth E) High lactose F) Colostrum: increasing zinc - prevent NEC
G) Low phosphate - prevent neonatal hypocalcemic convulsions
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2) Anti-anaemic:
- Lower risk of iron deficiency anemia - first 6 months of life because:
A) Higher iron content (1.5 times cow's milk) B) Better iron absorption due to acidic medium and due to
presence vitamins C,E and copper
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3) Anti-allergic
It protects against - infantile eczema , allergic rhinitis , asthma and other allergies
Mechanism:• In the intestinal tract there are minute pores - high
molecular protein can directly pass into the circulation leading to antibodies formation
• Breast milk has secretory IgA - which coats the GIT – pores closed - prevents leakage of lactoproteins into the circulation and no formation of antibodies
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4) Anti-ricketic
A) higher content of biologically active vit. D.
B) Ideal Cal/phosph ratio - helps optimal absorption of both. (Ca/P ratio = 2:1)
C) higher lactose content enhances calcium absorption from the gut
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• Biochemical aspect-- Protein
Whey protein (80%)
Casein (20%)
Lactalbumin
Lactoferrin
-Non protein nitrogen level is high - immunity-Solutes load is low.-Lactose promotes Ca & Mg absorption
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Microbiological aspect
- Sterile milk with less chance of contamination- Lactoferrin (iron-binding protein) absorbs iron from
bacteria - inhibits growth of E. coli by depriving it from iron.
• B.S.S.L( bile salt stimulated lipase) kills amoeba and giardia
- Lactose and bifidus factor promote growth of protecting flora (lactobacilli)
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Immunological aspect:
• Safe , non-allergic
• Milk B-lymphocytes secrete IgA
• Milk T-lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity
• Milk macrophages synthesize complement , lysozyme and lactoferrin
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Psychological factor-• Emotional bonding
• Maternal benefits- less risk of ovarian/ breast ca. , involution of uterus
• Epidemiology- 14 times less risk of diarrhoea- 4 times less risk of A.R.I- 2.8 times less risk of infections.
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Technique of breast feeding:-
1- Both hands and nipple should be clean
2- Baby should be , warm ; not wet
3- Mother relaxed (sitting or lying on her side)
4- Support of the breast during feeding
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Criteria of good position:-
1 Baby’s body is close to the mother
2 Baby’s body is turned to the mother
3 Baby’s whole body is supported (not only head or neck).
4 Baby’s neck is straight or bent slightly back
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4 Criteria of good attachment:
1) Baby’s chin is touching the breast
2) Baby’s mouth is widely open
3) Lower lip is turned outwards
4) More areola tissue above than below the mouth
5) No pain while breast feeding
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Criteria for Adequate Breast feeding
Baby feeds at least 8 times \ 24 hrs Baby is calm satisfied after feeds Baby sleeps well 2-4 hours after feeding Normal motion no constipation Normal amount of urine :- 6 or more / 24 hours Normal weight gain (20-30 gm/ day or 150-210 gm
/ week
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II) Criteria of under feeding
• Wt gain ; slow• Decreased amount of urine• Crying unsatisfied after feed• Suckling of fists between the feeds• Sleeplessness or v. short sleep• Air swallowing colics, vomiting, • Constipation or hunger stool ( frequent, small,
green color)
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Criteria of overfeeding
• Frequent regurgitation , vomiting colics• Large bulky stools undigested curds• Abdomen distesion• Skin eruption sore buttocks• Polyuria• Excessive sweating at head• Baby over weight
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Burping - Method
• Baby put on left shoulder ; support with mother’s left hand
• Right arm- supports the buttocks & give gentle pat on baby’s back.
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Burping - Method
2. Alternative method• Baby placed prone in mother’s lap• Gentle tap given on back.
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Breast feeding- BFHI
• BFHI- Baby friendly hospital initiative.- Global programme organised by unicef.- Launched in 1992- WABA- World Alliance for breast feeding
action ; global agency for promotion of breast feeding
- World breast feeding week- 1st -7th august
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10 steps of BHFI
1.Written breast feeding policy given to all health care staff
2.Training of all health care staff3.Inform mother about benefit and
management of BF4.Help mother initiate BF within an Hour of
birth5.Show how to BF even if separated from
infant
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10 steps of BHFI
6.Unless medically indicated- no food or drink should be given to infant
7.Practice rooming-in ; allows mother & child to be together 24hrs a day
8.Encourage BF on demand9.No artificial teats or pacifiers to breast feeding
infants10.Establish BF support group and refer mothers
to them.
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OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES on BF.(Source : IAP’s Policy on infant feeding)
Contact points Activity
Antenatal check up Motivate exclusive breast feeding, undertake physical examination of breast & nipples
Delivery room Initiate BF soon after delivery, discourage prelacteal feeds, practise rooming in & bedding in
Primary immunization sessions Confirm exclusive BF, Sort out practical problems
Measles immunization Confirm continuation of BF & weaning foods
Booster immunization/ pulse polio/ any illness
Ensure BF & adequate food intake
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Absolute Contraindication of BF
1. Congenital lactose intolerance2. Galactosemia, phenylketonuria3. Intake of anti-malignant drugs -
cyclophosphomide methotrexate ; cyclosporine
4. Antithyroid drugs5. Antipsychotic drugs
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Relative Contraindication for BF
I) Maternal causes :- a) Maternal hepatitis B b) Maternal HIV/AIDS,TB c) Intake of dugs - cocaine, Anticoagulants, Thiouracil ; lithium ; bomocriptine;
chloramphenicol ; tetracycline d) Breast abscess, crack & soreness of nipple
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Relative Contraindication for BF
II) Baby causes ; premature – unable to suck congenital structural defect – cleft palate
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Artificial feeding
when:
- Mother is critically ill- Mother is unavailable- Or mother is dead.
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Process of artificial feeding
• Formula feedingFull strength (1:1) prepared by adding - One level measure of powder- One ounce of 30 ml water
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• Alternative to Formula feeding is Cow’s milk-1st week of life – 1:1 dilution- 2nd week – 2:1 dilution- 3rd week – 3:1 dilution- 4th week onwards – undiluted milk
* Adverse effect – diluted cows milk has low nitrogen and calories so more chances of malnutrition.
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Adverse effects of artificial feeding
1. Malnutrition due to dilution2. More diarrhea and respiratory infections due
to contamination3. More allergy & milk intolerance 4. Salt sensitive hypertension5. Hypercholesterolemia6. Coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular
disease
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7. Iron deficiency anemia8. High incidence of diabetes mellitus9. Lowered IQ10.Protein intolerance11.Hypocalcemia - Tetany , Convulsion12. Vitamin A deficiency13.Overweight14. Interferes with bonding
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Average Feeding levels
- Average daily number of feeds0 to 1 week – 6 to 10 times per day1wk to 1 month- 6 to 8 times per day1-3 months - 5 to 6 times per day3 to 7 months – 4 to 5 times per day4 to 9 months – 3 to 4 times per day8 to 12 months – 3 times per day
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• Average quantity of milk per feed- 1st to 2nd week- 60 to 90 ml- 3rd week to 2nd month – 120 to 160 ml- 2 to 3 months - 150 to 180 ml- 3 to 4 months - 180 to 210 ml- 6 to 12 months - 210 to 240 ml
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Thank youDownload more documents and slide shows on The
Medical Post [ www.themedicalpost.net ]