BREASTFEEDING

P A L M E R S T O N N O R T H

1 9 T H S E P T E M B E R

D A W N H U N T E R I B C L C

BREASTFEEDING

SEMINAR

THE WORLD HEALTH

ORGANIZATION RECOMMENDS:

For OPTIMAL health:

• Exclusive breastfeeding for six months

• Continue breastfeeding up to two years and • Continue breastfeeding up to two years and beyond

This is the Gold Standard for infant feeding

Colostrum: the first milk. Various colours: white, clear, yellow, pink, brown to name some.

An example: the yellowish colour is attributed to beta-carotene a precursor of vitamin A. The presence of this is

Formula Breastmilk

of vitamin A. The presence of this is important for protection against infection and eye development.

Amount produced in the first 24 hours 7 – 123mls with the average production as 35mls.

Photo: Courtesy Rebecca Behre Idaho

The average amount a baby drinks in the first 24hrs = 15+/-11g (Santoro W Jr, Martinez FE, Ricco RG, Jorge SM 2009)

Breastmilk is a dynamic fluid: • ‘preterm’ milk, • colostrum, • transitional milk, • mature milk, • weaning milk, • foremilk and • hindmilk

Breastmilk

� Species specific

� Changes depending on stage of lactation

� Preterm

� Colostrum

• Transitional

• Mature

• Weaning

• Foremilk and hindmilk

Colostrum can be several colours: bright yellow, clear, white, light brown or pink (bloody) as in the case of ‘rusty pipes’

• Foremilk and hindmilk

� Flavours variable – similar to amniotic fluid

� Contains antibodies

of ‘rusty pipes’

Breastmilk

� Human milk stimulates the maturation of the GI tract and stimulates the baby’s own immune protection

� Enzymes, hormones and growth factors are higher in human milk than in other species

� Many influences on gut maturation and protection e.g. enzymes, lipases, pancreatic amylase

� Low in casein; higher whey� Low in casein; higher whey

� Low protein compared to other species

� Contains growth hormones, antibodies, leucocytes and other cellular components

� Matches 50% of infant’s genetic makeup!

� Fresh and ready to use

� 100% natural

Foremilk & Hindmilk showing different fat content

Breastmilk

� Free

� 300+ components

� Soft curds

� Gastric ½ emptying time = 48mins

� Breastfeeding = 645kcals/day=117,390kcals/6months =13kgms fat!

� Nutritionally optimal until around 6 months of age

� Contains contaminants:

� Chemicals in human milk may mean that 1: 1,000,000 may have an increased risk of cancer (avoid contact contaminants if possible; for increased risk of cancer (avoid contact contaminants if possible; for example solvents in paint, dry cleaners, hair dye)

� Contains stem cells

Breastfeeding is a relationship

Formula (A Breastmilk Substitute)

� Derived from a different species or plant base

� Higher in casein than breastmilk

� Genetically different from infant

� Easily contaminated (eg. enterobacter sakazakii)

� Has expiry date

� Manmade

� Inert. Highly processed� Inert. Highly processed

� Fed by bottle – risk of contamination

� Shelf life affects ingredients

� Same taste every feed, every day

� Less than five long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids!

Formula

� <100 components

� Gastric ½ emptying time = 78 minutes

� Tough less digestible curds

� Costs money = ±$2000 per year

� No cellular component

� More illness = more absenteeism from work place

� Controlled by large multi-billion dollar companies

� Nutritional role only

� More alkaline pH

� Alters gut flora

Risks Associated with Formula Feeding for the Baby

Asthma (Silvers K et al 2012, Gold M, Kemp A. 2005)

Atopic diseases (Oddy, W 2004, Matheson MC, BalasuriyaA et al 2007)

Lower cognitive function (Lucas, A et al 2001, Michaelson KF, Lauritzen L et al 2009)

Obesity (Miralles O et al 2006, Weyermann M, Brenner H et al 2007, Huus K, Ludvigsson JF, 2008)

Types 1 & 2 Diabetes (Ip S, Chung M, Raman G et al. 2007)

Lymphoid malignancies (Bener et al 2008)

Risks Include:

Rheumatoid Arthritis (Lankarani-Fard et al 2001)

Dental caries (Valaitis R, Hesch R, et al 2000)

Gastroenteritis (Talayero JMP, Lizán-Garcia M et al 2006)

Crohns disease (Klement E et al. 2004)

Coeliac disease (Akobeng AK et al. 2006)

Necrotising Enterocolitis (Sisk P, Lovelady C et al. 2007)

Appendicitis (Pisacane A. et al. 1995)

Risks Associated with Formula Feeding for the Baby

SIDS (Venneman MM, Bajanowski T et al. 2009)

Hypertension (Martin RM, Gunnell D et al. 2005)

Heart disease (Martin RM et al. 2005)

Leukaemia/childhood cancers (Ortega-Garcia JA, Ferris-Tortajada et al 2007, Bener et al 2008)

Otitis media (Hetzner NM, Razza RA et al. 2008)

Bacterial meningitis (Silfverdal S, Bodin L, OlcénBacterial meningitis (Silfverdal S, Bodin L, OlcénP 1999)

Botulism (Heinig MJ 2001)

Ulcerative colitis (Rigas A, Rigas B, Blassman M. et al. 1993)

Diarrhoea (Meinzen-Derr JK, Farkas T et al 2004)

Urinary tract infections (Marild S, Hansson S et al 2004)

Risks Associated with Formula Feeding for the Mother

By not breastfeeding the mother has an increased risk of:

Bleeding following birth (Chua S et al. 1994)

Uterine Cancer (Rosenblatt KA et al. 1995)

Ovarian Cancer (Ip S, Chung M, Raman G et al. 2007)

Osteoporosis (Ip S, Chung M, Raman G et al. 2007)

Breast Cancer (Ip S, Chung M, Raman G et al. 2007)

Rheumatoid arthritis (Pikwer M, Bergström U et al. 2008)

Risks to infant health

A formula fed baby is:

• five times more likely to go to hospital with diarrhoea

• twice as likely to go into hospital with a chest infection

• five times more likely to suffer from a middle ear infection

• five times as likely to have an infection of their urine

• twice as likely to develop eczema or a wheeze if they come from

…….. we know that artificial feeding is ‘risky for any baby’ (Minchin 1998)

an atopic family

• if premature, twenty times more likely to suffer a rare but serious

condition, neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. A hundred lives per

year could be saved if all babies were fed their mother’s own milk

or donor milk

• more at risk of sudden infant death syndrome

• more likely to have reduced cognitive development and decreased

visual acuity

Kramer & Kakuma

Exclusive Breastfeeding

“When comparisons are being made with

breastmilk, an appeal of ‘no contest’ should be

recognised. Natural selection is an optimising

process, and the controlled trial for breastmilk,

with human survivability as the outcome

measure, has been in progress for a minimum of measure, has been in progress for a minimum of

240,000 years – or 8000 generations”

Dr Mike Woolridge(Senior Lecturer in Infant Feeding at the School of Healthcare, Faculty of

Medicine & Health, University of Leeds)

References

1. ‘Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding (Review)’ Kramer MS and Kakuma R. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2009

2. ‘The Optimal Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding’ Report of an Expert Consultation. Geneva, Switzerland. 28-30 March 2001

3. ‘Weaning as a Natural Process’ Brylin Highton; LEAVEN, Vol 36, No 6. Dec/Jan 2001, p.112-114

4. ‘Influence of breast feeding on subsequent reactivity to a related renal allograft’ Kois WE, Campbell DA Jr, Lorber MI, Sweeton JC, Dafoe DC. J Surg Res 1984 Aug;37(2):89-93

5. ‘The Effect of Breast-milk on Newborn Gut Maturation’ Marie Bosco. Fitgerald Health Education Assoc Inc

6. ‘Supplementation of the Breastfed Baby “Just One Bottle Won’t Hurt” – or Will It?’ Marsha Walker

7. ‘Volume and Frequency of Breastfeedings and Fat Content of Breast Milk Throughout the day’ Kent JC, Mitoulas LR, Cregan MD, Ramsay DT, Doherty DA, Hartmann PE. Pediatrics 2006;117;e387

8. ‘Premature Delivery Influences the Immunological Composition of Colostrum and Transitional and Mature 8. ‘Premature Delivery Influences the Immunological Composition of Colostrum and Transitional and Mature Human Milk’ Castellote C, Casillas R, Ramírez-Santana, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M, Moretones MG, López-Sabater, Franch À. American Society for Nutrition 2011.

9. ‘Differential transfer of dietary flavour compounds into human breast milk’ Hausner H, Bredie WL, Mølgaard C, Petersen MA, Møller P. Physiol Behav. 2008 Sep 3;95(1-2):118-24

10. ‘Bacterial Imprinting of the Neonatal Immune System: Lessons From Maternal Cells?’ Perez PF, Dorè J, Leclere M, Levenez F, Benyacoub J, Serrant P, Segura-Roggero I, Schiffrin EJ, Donnet-Hughes A. Pediatrics 2007; 119;e724

11. ‘The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis reveals adaptions for milk utilization within the infant microbiome’ Sela DA, Chapman J, Adeuya A, Kim JH, Chen F, Whitehead TR, Lapidus A, Rokhsar DS et al. PNAS; Dec 2; 2008,Vol 105,No 48: pp.18964-18969

12. ‘Bioactive factors in human milk’ Margit Hamosh (2004)

13. ‘Human Breast Milk as a Source of DNA for Amplification’ Haas DM, Daum M, Skaar T, Philips S, Miracle D, Renbarger. Clinical Pharmacology April 2011 51 (4)

References

14. ‘Breast milk: an unappreciated source of stem cells’ McGregor JA, Rogo LJ. Journ of Human Lactation 22(3) 2006

15. ‘The Burden of Suboptimal Breastfeeding in the United States: A Pediatric Cost Analysis’ Bartick M and Reinhold A. Pediatrics 2010;125;e1048.

16. ‘Breastfeeding Protects against Current Asthma up to six years of age’ Silvers KM, Frampton CM, Wickens K et al. The Journal of Pediatrics 30 Jan 2012.

17. ‘Breastfeeding protects against adverse respiratory outcomes at 15 months of age’ Silvers KM, Frampton CM, Wickens K, Epton MJ, Pattemore PK, et al. Maternal and Child Nutrition (2009),5,pp.243-250

18. ‘Breastfeeding and Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes in Developed Countries’ Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 153. April 2007.

19. ‘Does prolonged breastfeeding reduce the risk for childhood leukemia and lymphomas?’ Bener A, Hoffmann GF, Afify Z, Rasul J, Tewfik I. Minerva Pediatr. 2008 Apr;60(2):155-61

20. ‘Association between infant feeding patterns and diarrhoeal and respiratory illness: A cohort study in Chittagong, Bangladesh’ Mihrshahi S, Oddy W, Peat JK, Kabir I. International Breastfeeding Journal 2008; 3:28.

21. ‘Breast feeding and acute appendicitis’ Pisacane A, de Luca U, Impagliazzo N, Russo M, De Caprio C, Caracciolo G. 1995 BMJ Volume 310

22. ‘Breastfeeding and Health Outcomes’ David Meyers. Breastfeeding Medicine Vol 4 2009

23. ‘Evidence on the long-term effects of breastfeeding: Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis’ WHO 2007

24. ‘Early menopause is an independent predictor of rheumatoid arthritis’ Mitra Pikwer, Ulf Bergström, Jan-Åke Nilsson, Lennart Jacobsson, Carl Turesson. Ann Rheum Dis Oct 2011.

25. ‘A formula fed baby is ….’ Kramer & Kakuma (2002) Midwifery Digest 14:2 (2004)

26. ‘Did you ever wonder what’s in ……?’ Cecily Heslett, Sherri Hedberg and Haley Rumble 2007