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1 Breeding Crops for Better Nutrition Howarth Bouis Program Director, HarvestPlus February 11, 2008 0 50 100 150 200 250 India Pakistan Bangladesh Developing India Pakistan Bangladesh Developing World Developing % Changes in Cereal & Pulse Production & in Population Between 1965 & 1999 Cereals Pulses Population Indices of Inflation-adjusted Prices for Bangladesh 1973-75 = 100 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 1973-75 1979-81 1988-90 1994-96 Staple Non- Staple Plants Fish & Animal Share of Energy Intake For Rural Bangladesh Staples Non-Staple Plants Fish and Animal b1 Share of Food Budget For Rural Bangladesh Staples Non-Staple Plants Fish and Animal

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1

Breeding Crops for Better Nutrition

Howarth BouisProgram Director, HarvestPlus

February 11, 2008

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Indi

a

Paki

stan

Ban

glad

esh

Dev

elop

ing

Indi

a

Paki

stan

Ban

glad

esh

Dev

elop

ing

Wor

ld

Dev

elop

ing

% Changes in Cereal & Pulse Production & in Population Between 1965 & 1999

Cereals Pulses Population

Indices of Inflation-adjusted Prices for Bangladesh 1973-75 = 100

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

1973-75 1979-81 1988-90 1994-96

Staple

Non-StaplePlants

Fish &Animal

Share of Energy Intake For Rural Bangladesh

Staples

Non-StaplePlants

Fish andAnimal

b1

Share of Food Budget For Rural Bangladesh

Staples

Non-StaplePlants

Fish andAnimal

Slide 5

b1 Be sure you emphasize rice herebonnie, 10/7/2004

2

Rising Food Staple Prices

Real world cereal prices projected to rise

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2000 2005 2010 2015

Pric

e (U

S$/m

t)

Rice Wheat Maize Other grain

Source: M. Rosegrant, IFPRI 2007

Global Warming• Increased Co2 levels will generally lead

to higher yields offsetting some of the negative impacts (higher temp, drought), but will result in lower nutritional quality

• Protein and micronutrient levels likely to drop (both metabolic processes and nutrient uptake at roots affected)

Climate Change andNutrients in Plants

Source: Nature, Vol. 448, August 2007

Changes (%) in the mean concentration of essential elements in plants grown in twice-ambient atmospheric CO2 relative to those grown at ambient levels

All foliar plants

wheat

Niche/Advantages of Biofortification

• Cost-effective; research at a central location can be multiplied across countries and time

• Sustainable; investments are front-loaded, low recurrent costs

• Targets the poor who eat high levels of food staples

• Rural-based; complements fortification and supplementation

3

HarvestPlus Structure

CGIAR Research Centers

CIATTropical agricultureCali, Colombia

CIMMYTMaize and wheat Mexico City, Mexico

IFPRIFood policy Washington, D.C., USA

CIPRoots and tubers Lima, Peru

IITATropical agricultureIbadan, Nigeria

IPGRIAgricultural biodiversityRome, Italy

ICARDAAgriculture in the dry areasAleppo, Syria

IWMIWater resourcesColombo, Sri Lanka

ICRAFAgroforestryand ILRILivestockNairobi,Kenya

CIFORForestryBogor, Indonesia

IRRIRiceLos Baños, Philippines

ICRISATSemi-arid tropical agriculturePatancheru, India

ICLARMFisheriesPenang, Malaysia

WARDARice in West AfricaBenin

CIAT and IFPRI arethe co-conveningCenters of HarvestPlus

HarvestPlus Management Team

CIAT1. Breeding

2. Biotechnology3. End-UserCoordinators

ProgramDirector IFPRI

4. Nutrition5. Impact and Policy6. Communications

Coordinators

Sweetpotato

MaizeCassavaBeansRiceWheat

FacilitationMonitoringInformation Exchange

The HarvestPlus Team at IFPRI

Olyn Panlilio Sonia Penafiel J.V. Meenakshi Cristina Sison

Jenny CramerChristine Hotz Yassir Islam

Bonnie McClafferty

Howdy Bouis

Phase II Crops

• Potato

• Groundnuts

• Lentils

• Plantain

• Sorghum

• Pearl Millet

• Rice

• Wheat

• Maize

• Cassava

• Sweet Potato

• Beans

Phase I Crops

• Pigeon Peas• Cowpeas• Yams• Barley

• Pearl Millet

Phase II Crops

• Potato

• Groundnuts

• Lentils

• Plantain

• Sorghum

• Rice

• Wheat

• Maize

• Cassava

• Sweet Potato

• Beans

Phase I Crops

• Pearl Millet

4

HarvestPlus: Coordinating a Multidisciplinary Program

7. Communication

6. Impact/policy

5. Reaching end-users

4. Human nutrition

3. Food processing

2. Biotechnology

1. Breeding

BeanCIAT

Sweet potatoCIP

CassavaCIAT

Wheat CIMMYT

Maize CIMMYT

RiceIRRI

Function

Funding ($million for 2003-2008)

$1.2Interest

$1.9DANIDA & SIDA

$13.5World Bank$6.9USAID

$66.5TOTAL

$0.5Asian Development Bank

$3.7DFID

$38.7Gates Foundation

Will Biofortification Work?

• Can breeding be successful, can nutrient levels be increased to high enough levels?

• Will the extra nutrients be absorbed at sufficient levels that micronutrient status will be improved?

• Will farmers adopt and will consumers buy/eat in sufficient quantities?

HarvestPlus Milestones By Crop –Year 4 of 10

1010

3. End User

2. Bioavail-ability

1. Breeding

CassMaizeWheatRiceBeanSwPoStep

Setting Nutrient Target Levels For

Breeders

Fe required (mg/d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Estimated percentile of Requirement

Fe re

quire

men

t (m

g/d)

range of habitual intakes in Filipino women

The distribution of Fe requirements is modeled from a factorial accounting for body size, age, menstrual blood loss, and contraceptive use (IOM 2001). A Monte Carlo simulation with n>1000 was used.

7 mg/d intake is sufficient for only 50% of women

11 mg/d is sufficient for 80% of women

Meeting dietary iron requirements

at two levels of intake from rice

5

Milled Dry Rice,Women,Rural Population,Asia

As consumed:400 grams per day x +10 mg/kg FE =

+4.0 mg/day FE

Absorbed (10% bioavailability):+0.4 mg/day = 30% of the

Mean Physiological Requirement for Absorbed Iron

90% retention after boiling:Requires +11 mg/kg FE as purchased

Target for Breeders:2 mg/kg (current average) + 11mg/kg = 13 mg/kg

Minimum generic target levels• Starting with case of adult women &

children 4-6 yrs of age:

• The increment in the micronutrient content of biofortified staple foods would provide the equivalent of:

~50% of the EAR for (pro) Vitamin A

~40% of the EAR for (bioavailable) Zinc

~30% of the EAR for (bioavailable) iron

0123456789

10

Fina

l bod

y iro

n (m

g/kg

)

1 2 3

Body iron at baseline (mg/kg)

Total body iron after nine months of consuming high-iron (+1.7 mg Fe/dy) or control rice

stratified by 3 levels of baseline body iron

Control

High-iron

p = .036

p = .032

NS

2.6 6.0 8.7

Least square means controlling for baseline body iron and amount of rice consumed over 9 months. Yellow numbers inside bars reflect changes from baseline value

+0.1+1.2

-0.5+0.6

-0.90.0

Schedule of Product Releases

2014Pro-vitamin ACassava2013Zinc, IronWheat

2013Pro-vitamin A, Zinc, IronMaize

2012Zinc, IronRice2011Iron, ZincPearl Millet2010Iron, ZincBean2007Pro-vitamin ASweetpotato

Release Year of Initial Lines*NutrientsCrop

* Approved for release by national governments after 2-3 years of testing

HarvestPlus: Coordinating a Multidisciplinary Program

7. Communication

6. Impact/policy

5. Reaching end-users

4. Human nutrition

3. Food processing

2. Biotechnology

1. Breeding

BeanCIAT

Sweet potatoCIP

CassavaCIAT

Wheat CIMMYT

Maize CIMMYT

RiceIRRI

Function

Maize █ Baseline █ Achieved by 2012

▼ Target ▼ Genetic Variation

6

Maize Crop MeetingZambia, March 2007

16 Breeders attended from the following countries:

Mexico BrazilEthiopia GhanaGuatemala ZambiaZimbabwe MozambiqueAngola ChinaNigeria South Africa

HarvestPlus: Coordinating a Multidisciplinary Program

7. Communication

6. Impact/policy

5. Reaching end-users

4. Human nutrition

3. Food processing

2. Biotechnology

1. Breeding

BeanCIAT

Sweet potatoCIP

CassavaCIAT

Wheat CIMMYT

Maize CIMMYT

RiceIRRI

Function

There is Considerable Natural Variation in Maize for Flux Into the Carotenoid Pathway

“Natural Genetic Variation in LycopeneEpsilon Cyclase Tapped for Maize

Biofortification”Science, January 18, 2008

We show that variation at the lycopene epsilon cyclase locus (lcyE) alters flux down a-carotene versus b-carotene branches of the carotenoid pathway.

Selection of favorable lcyE alleles with inexpensive molecular markers will now enable developing country breeders to more effectively produce maize grain with higher provitamin A levels.

Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway

ZDS

GGPP

Phytoene

Phytofluene

ζ- carotene

Neurosporene

PSY

PDS

Lycopene

α- carotene β-carotene

β-crytptoxanthin

ZeaxanthinLutein

β- LCY β- LCY

vp9

vp5

y1

2x

2x * **

Desaturases

Cyclases

Hydroxylases

*

*

Synthase

e- LCY

HarvestPlus: Coordinating a Multidisciplinary Program

7. Communication

6. Impact/policy

5. Reaching end-users

4. Human nutrition

3. Food processing

2. Biotechnology

1. Breeding

BeanCIAT

Sweet potatoCIP

CassavaCIAT

Wheat CIMMYT

Maize CIMMYT

RiceIRRI

Function

7

Yellow/orange maize is highly promising to improve vitamin A status

A reasonable amount of pro-vitamin A is retained after processing

i. Mostly concentrated in the endosperm, therefore not lost by milling

ii. Majority is retained in cooked maize products typical for East/West Africa and Central America

Maize – high pro-vitamin A retention

64%

71-75%

75%

90-93%

Retention after processing

Wet milled

Tortilla chips

Fermented porridge

Unfermented porridge

HarvestPlus: Coordinating a Multidisciplinary Program

7. Communication

6. Impact/policy

5. Reaching end-users

4. Human nutrition

3. Food processing

2. Biotechnology

1. Breeding

BeanCIAT

Sweet potatoCIP

CassavaCIAT

Wheat CIMMYT

Maize CIMMYT

RiceIRRI

Function

Yellow/orange maize is highly promising to improve vitamin A status

~3 BC = 1 retinol

Orange maize (gerbils)

~ 7 BC = 1 retinol

12 BC = 1 retinol

Beta-carotene

Orange maize (humans)

Average for plant foods

‘Pro-Vitamin A from orange maize has a high rate of Vitamin A activity’

**Preliminary**

Yellow/orange maize is highly promising to improve vitamin A status

Next steps…

Bioefficacy

Select target country

Produce maize

HarvestPlus: Coordinating a Multidisciplinary Program

7. Communication

6. Impact/policy

5. Reaching end-users

4. Human nutrition

3. Food processing

2. Biotechnology

1. Breeding

BeanCIAT

Sweet potatoCIP

CassavaCIAT

Wheat CIMMYT

Maize CIMMYT

RiceIRRI

Function

8

Hom

e us

e te

stin

gC

entra

l loc

atio

n te

stin

g

With nutrition

information

With no nutrition

information

With nutrition

information

With no nutrition

information

Provided by radio

Provided by community leaders

Provided by radio

Product experienceRole of nutrition information

And mode of its disseminationElicitation

mechanism

Posted price experiment

Posted price experiment

Posted price experiment

Posted price experiment

Posted price experiment

First price auction

Second-price auction

Consumption of Staple Foods in India

Relatively low wheat plus rice consumption (11%)

High wheat consumption(27% of population)

High rice consumption (32% of population)

Legend:

High wheat plusrice consumption (30%)

“High consumption:”> 325 grams dry, milled rice, wheat, rice+wheatper capita per day;74% rural; 26% urban

India Dissemination Strategy

• Incur breeding costs such that genes that determine high iron and zinc content are included in all major breeding lines → all crosses will contain high iron and zinc → released lines with agronomic superiority will contain high iron and zinc

• Over time, rice and wheat production will contain ever higher levels of iron and zinc as non-biofortified varieties are replaced.

1986

1986

1991

19911992/3 1993/4

1997/8

1995/61994/5

1998

1983

1985

Movement of Yr9 VirulenceCentro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo

Pak-81 withInquilab 91

Pakistan Variety Area Share, 1997

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

Inqila

b 91

Pak 81

Wattan

Parwaz

Rawal 87

Sariab

92

Zamind

ar 80

Sind 81

Pavon

Kohino

or 83

Barani

91

Pirsaba

k 85

Mehran

89

Faisala

bad 83

Source: CIMMYT Database

9

Inquilab 91

Advanced Line

Pakistan, Peshawar

Orange Fleshed Sweetpotato

Reaching End Users

1. Diagnostic analyses

3. Develop products &

markets4. Create demand

2.Farmer adoption

Extension SeedPrograms Systems

5.Monitor & feedback .

Towards Sustainable Nutrition Improvement in Rural Mozambique (TSNI), Project Activities April - September 2004

Taste tests are conducted at every adaptive trial harvest todetermine taste and appearance preferences of local consumers.

.

Towards Sustainable Nutrition Improvement in Rural Mozambique (TSNI), Project Activities April - September 2004

Sweet potato bread maker Carlitos Agosto making his bread at home and selling it in the nearby market of Lualua. Bread is marketing under the name of Pão de Ouro (Golden Bread). Carlitos almost doubles his profit substituting38% of wheat flour (by weight) with boiled and mashed sweet potato.

.

Towards Sustainable Nutrition Improvement in Rural Mozambique (TSNI), Project Activities April - September 2004

Local theater group in Malei locality presenting scene where a herbalistis providing roots to mix in water to give to the newborn in lieu of colostrum.

10

Mozambique Pilot Study

0.000.670.85Vitamin B6 (mg)

0.861111(% of kcal)

0.131517Fat (g)

0.043034Protein (g)

0.0056426Vitamin A (µg RAE)

0.0012261414Energy (kcal)(n = 234)(n = 465)

p-valueControlIntervention

Mozambique Pilot Study

7370

4858 60

52

38

53

0102030405060708090

100

Low

ser

um re

tinol

con

cent

ratio

n, %

A B

I C I C I C I C

I

Figure 1 Percent of all children (A) and apparently healthy children (B) with low serum retinol concentration (< 0.70µmol/L), at baseline and after 2-y intervention. 8 children in intervention areas who had received vitamin A capsules in the 12 mo preceding the end of the study are excluded from both A and B. The apparently healthy child sample (B) excludes children with plasma C-reactive protein > 5 mg/L in each round. Error bars represent 95% CI. For all children (A), n =490 in intervention areas (I) and n =243 in control areas (C). For healthy children (B) the sample size differs by round; at baseline, n =200 for I and n =64 for C. At endof study n =310 for I and n =163 for C. *I is different from C, P <0.01, chi-square test.

Baseline End of study

**

**

Short-Term Key Issue

• Can we get the donors/governments to raise funding to the next level?– To speed up the breeding process

and the probability of success of breeding

– Later this will need to be stepped up again• Capacity building in NARES and other institutions

• Dissemination costs

Medium Term Key Issues

• What levels of what nutrients (and/or compounds that increase bioavailability) do we need to be breeding for to have a significant public health impact?

Long-Term Key Issues• Linking high-nutrient content to major

improvement in crop yield/profitability (for any given country/region)– Long-term commitment by agricultural

research institutions to mainstreaming nutritional characteristics in their breeding programs

– Long-term commitment for within-country funding

• Finding low-cost ways to effect behavioral change among poor consumers (visible nutrients)

Sustainability:Establishment of “Country Programs”

What is a Country Program?• Development of institutional

structures in a few selected countries for the purpose of promoting and coordinating research and dissemination of biofortified crops in those countries.

11

Sustainability:Establishment of “Country Programs”

Criteria and Objectives for selection:• Strong scientific infrastructure• Ability eventually to provide regional

leadership in promoting biofortification; sharing of research findings globally

• Government eventually would provide substantial funding

• Research/development of multiple HarvestPlus crops

Sustainability:Establishment of “Country Programs”

Brazil, China, India (South Africa in H+II?)

• China, large scientific infrastructure, beginning to become involved in foreign assistance

• India, strong funding support from the government

• Brazil, seven crops, excellent interdisciplinary and inter-crop coordination