Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed

Brent SellersUF-IFAS Range Cattle Research amp Education Center

Ona FL

Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)

bull Introduced into FL in late 1980rsquosbull Traditionally considered a S FL problem

Native range of tropical soda apple

1987

Characteristics of tropical soda apple

Same family as tomatoes eggplants potatoes peppers

Perennial bush with thorny leaves and stem

Produces 150 fruitsplant with each containing 400-500 seeds (60000-75000 seeds per plant)

Seedling Mature Plant

Mature FruitThorns

Flower

Identification

Spreads by seed

TSA Movement

Control in the 1990s

bull Remedy 1qtA at bloombull But you commonly see mature seedling blooming

plants intermixed

bull Mow in April spray Remedy 60 days laterbull gt90 control 30 DATbull 50 control after 6 or 12 months

Remedy ndash 70 DAT

Better TSA OPTIONS

bull Milestonebull aminopyralidbull Use rate 5 to 7 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA at any growth stage

bull GrazonNext HLbull aminopyralid + 24-Dbull Use rate 24-32 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA + additional broadleaf weeds

Milestone (7 fl ozac) ndash 71 DAT rating

Milestone at 150 DAT

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)

bull Introduced into FL in late 1980rsquosbull Traditionally considered a S FL problem

Native range of tropical soda apple

1987

Characteristics of tropical soda apple

Same family as tomatoes eggplants potatoes peppers

Perennial bush with thorny leaves and stem

Produces 150 fruitsplant with each containing 400-500 seeds (60000-75000 seeds per plant)

Seedling Mature Plant

Mature FruitThorns

Flower

Identification

Spreads by seed

TSA Movement

Control in the 1990s

bull Remedy 1qtA at bloombull But you commonly see mature seedling blooming

plants intermixed

bull Mow in April spray Remedy 60 days laterbull gt90 control 30 DATbull 50 control after 6 or 12 months

Remedy ndash 70 DAT

Better TSA OPTIONS

bull Milestonebull aminopyralidbull Use rate 5 to 7 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA at any growth stage

bull GrazonNext HLbull aminopyralid + 24-Dbull Use rate 24-32 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA + additional broadleaf weeds

Milestone (7 fl ozac) ndash 71 DAT rating

Milestone at 150 DAT

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

Native range of tropical soda apple

1987

Characteristics of tropical soda apple

Same family as tomatoes eggplants potatoes peppers

Perennial bush with thorny leaves and stem

Produces 150 fruitsplant with each containing 400-500 seeds (60000-75000 seeds per plant)

Seedling Mature Plant

Mature FruitThorns

Flower

Identification

Spreads by seed

TSA Movement

Control in the 1990s

bull Remedy 1qtA at bloombull But you commonly see mature seedling blooming

plants intermixed

bull Mow in April spray Remedy 60 days laterbull gt90 control 30 DATbull 50 control after 6 or 12 months

Remedy ndash 70 DAT

Better TSA OPTIONS

bull Milestonebull aminopyralidbull Use rate 5 to 7 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA at any growth stage

bull GrazonNext HLbull aminopyralid + 24-Dbull Use rate 24-32 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA + additional broadleaf weeds

Milestone (7 fl ozac) ndash 71 DAT rating

Milestone at 150 DAT

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

Characteristics of tropical soda apple

Same family as tomatoes eggplants potatoes peppers

Perennial bush with thorny leaves and stem

Produces 150 fruitsplant with each containing 400-500 seeds (60000-75000 seeds per plant)

Seedling Mature Plant

Mature FruitThorns

Flower

Identification

Spreads by seed

TSA Movement

Control in the 1990s

bull Remedy 1qtA at bloombull But you commonly see mature seedling blooming

plants intermixed

bull Mow in April spray Remedy 60 days laterbull gt90 control 30 DATbull 50 control after 6 or 12 months

Remedy ndash 70 DAT

Better TSA OPTIONS

bull Milestonebull aminopyralidbull Use rate 5 to 7 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA at any growth stage

bull GrazonNext HLbull aminopyralid + 24-Dbull Use rate 24-32 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA + additional broadleaf weeds

Milestone (7 fl ozac) ndash 71 DAT rating

Milestone at 150 DAT

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

Seedling Mature Plant

Mature FruitThorns

Flower

Identification

Spreads by seed

TSA Movement

Control in the 1990s

bull Remedy 1qtA at bloombull But you commonly see mature seedling blooming

plants intermixed

bull Mow in April spray Remedy 60 days laterbull gt90 control 30 DATbull 50 control after 6 or 12 months

Remedy ndash 70 DAT

Better TSA OPTIONS

bull Milestonebull aminopyralidbull Use rate 5 to 7 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA at any growth stage

bull GrazonNext HLbull aminopyralid + 24-Dbull Use rate 24-32 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA + additional broadleaf weeds

Milestone (7 fl ozac) ndash 71 DAT rating

Milestone at 150 DAT

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

Spreads by seed

TSA Movement

Control in the 1990s

bull Remedy 1qtA at bloombull But you commonly see mature seedling blooming

plants intermixed

bull Mow in April spray Remedy 60 days laterbull gt90 control 30 DATbull 50 control after 6 or 12 months

Remedy ndash 70 DAT

Better TSA OPTIONS

bull Milestonebull aminopyralidbull Use rate 5 to 7 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA at any growth stage

bull GrazonNext HLbull aminopyralid + 24-Dbull Use rate 24-32 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA + additional broadleaf weeds

Milestone (7 fl ozac) ndash 71 DAT rating

Milestone at 150 DAT

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

TSA Movement

Control in the 1990s

bull Remedy 1qtA at bloombull But you commonly see mature seedling blooming

plants intermixed

bull Mow in April spray Remedy 60 days laterbull gt90 control 30 DATbull 50 control after 6 or 12 months

Remedy ndash 70 DAT

Better TSA OPTIONS

bull Milestonebull aminopyralidbull Use rate 5 to 7 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA at any growth stage

bull GrazonNext HLbull aminopyralid + 24-Dbull Use rate 24-32 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA + additional broadleaf weeds

Milestone (7 fl ozac) ndash 71 DAT rating

Milestone at 150 DAT

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

Control in the 1990s

bull Remedy 1qtA at bloombull But you commonly see mature seedling blooming

plants intermixed

bull Mow in April spray Remedy 60 days laterbull gt90 control 30 DATbull 50 control after 6 or 12 months

Remedy ndash 70 DAT

Better TSA OPTIONS

bull Milestonebull aminopyralidbull Use rate 5 to 7 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA at any growth stage

bull GrazonNext HLbull aminopyralid + 24-Dbull Use rate 24-32 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA + additional broadleaf weeds

Milestone (7 fl ozac) ndash 71 DAT rating

Milestone at 150 DAT

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

Remedy ndash 70 DAT

Better TSA OPTIONS

bull Milestonebull aminopyralidbull Use rate 5 to 7 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA at any growth stage

bull GrazonNext HLbull aminopyralid + 24-Dbull Use rate 24-32 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA + additional broadleaf weeds

Milestone (7 fl ozac) ndash 71 DAT rating

Milestone at 150 DAT

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

Better TSA OPTIONS

bull Milestonebull aminopyralidbull Use rate 5 to 7 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA at any growth stage

bull GrazonNext HLbull aminopyralid + 24-Dbull Use rate 24-32 ozAbull Excellent control of TSA + additional broadleaf weeds

Milestone (7 fl ozac) ndash 71 DAT rating

Milestone at 150 DAT

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

Milestone (7 fl ozac) ndash 71 DAT rating

Milestone at 150 DAT

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

Milestone at 150 DAT

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

Residual TSA Control 75 DAT

Milestone 5 ozA

Milestone 6 ozA

Milestone 7 ozA

Remedy 2 ptA

c

ontro

l

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

TSA Control

Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasturegard 15 qt 80 60 40

Milestone 7 oz 95 90 85

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205

bull Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl ozacre

bull Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary

bull Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost)

bull Excellent residual control for at least 6 monthsbull Follow up spot sprays will often be necessarybull Cheaper to apply than Remedybull Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control

Milestone amp GrazonNext

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot Spray TSA

bull 05 to 08 oz Milestone per 25 gallons (025 vv solution) + 025 surfactant

bull GrazonNext at 1 ozgallonbull Remedy at 05 vv + 025 surfactantbull Glyphosate at 3 solution

Spot-Spraying TSA

0 20 40 60 80 100

05 Remedy

025 Milestone

018 Milestone

011 Milestone

004 Milestone

Whole-plantHalf-plant

sticky nightshade nightshade

tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade

red soda apple

TSA Biological Control

bull First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co

bull Gratiana bolivianabull Larvae and adults feed

on TSA foliagebull 118 potential host

plants were tested ndashthe beetle only survived on TSA

egg first second third

pupafifthfourth

5 mm

Gratiana boliviana life stages

Damage symptoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Height Diameter Fruit

cm o

r num

ber GB

No GB

A

Beetle effects on TSA performance

B

B

A

B

A

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0123456789

082704

092204

102604

161604

020205

032905

052005

072205

Date

Gra

tiana

pla

nt

Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co1000 beetles released in August 2004

Chart1

Release

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

0

79

109

0

0

02

344

66

all months

all months

adults

larvae

pupae

total

Date

Gratiana20 plants

Buzz Eaves Ranch

Aug 27

22 Sept

26 Oct

DCordeauLOST PLANT

DCordeauPLANT IN POOR SHAPE AND 9 LEAVES TOTAL

16 Dec

DCordeauthis plant dead throughout wnew growth at base

DCordeaunew growth at base

DCordeau50 chewing

DCordeaupushing new growth

DCordeau20 SHOWING BACTERIAL SPOT

DCordeau10chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauBacterial spot starting

DCordeau1 chewing

DCordeau60 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau40 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding

DCordeau70 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and15 bacterial spot showing

DCordeau95 old defoliation not associated with any new feeding and some patch of new growth at base

DCordeau10 chewing and healthy plant

DCordeau1 chewingand healthy DM (downy mildew)

DCordeaudowny mildew starting

02 Feb

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeauto leaves

DCordeaunew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau5 downy mildew showing

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeaujust beginning at base( lt3cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeaujust beginning at base (lt1cm) rest of plant dead

DCordeau15sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting and stake lost but plant appears correct

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew spot

DCordeauregrowth from last year and 10 downy mildew

DCordeauregrowth from last year

Sheet1

29 MAR

DCordeauregrowth

DCordeauno more plant left

DCordeau25 sign of downy mildew disease

DCordeau20 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau10sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeauregrowth from last year

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew spot and regrowth from last year

DCordeauDowny mildew 30

DCordeauvirus and aphids

DCordeau15 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau5 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau30 sign of downy mildew

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeauless than 5 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau15 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauflag lost TAPE ON PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

20 May 2005

DCordeau10 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau 90sign of downy mildew plus may be a visrus starting

DCordeauDowny mildew 10

DCordeau60 sign of downy mildew

DCordeauless than 5 chewing

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeauless than 10 chewed

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau5 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF OLD PLANT

DCordeauREGROWTH AT BASE OF PLANT JUST BEGIN

DCordeau80 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau60 chewed

DCordeau30 sick

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau2 sick with mildew spot and wiltthe plant was never healthy from the start and picked new plant in patch of palms

DCordeau8 disease with mildew and the plant wasnever healthy front the start Picked a new plant in patch nearby approx 3mE of old site

DCordeau5 chewed

DCordeau2 eggs found

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau10 with wilt

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

22 July 2005

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeauto leaves in cm

DCordeaunew

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau30 chewed

DCordeau100 wchewing

DCordeau60 chewing

DCordeau10 chewing

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaufruit has propped and flowering at this time

DCordeauregrowth just beginning at the base of old plant

DCordeau70 of the plant chewed

DCordeaufound 5 eggs

DCordeau100 chewed

DCordeau80 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

DCordeau70 chewed

DCordeau10 disease

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeaumore evidence of feeding on plants in sun than those in shade

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau95 chewing

DCordeau45 chewing

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau20 mildew

DCordeau10mildew

DCordeau5 mildew

DCordeau85chewed

DCordeau70 chewing

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau3 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau4 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau7 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau9 flowers

DCordeau8 flowers

DCordeau5 flowers

DCordeau1 flower

DCordeau9 empty shell

DCordeau5 pupa cases

DCordeau100 chewing

DCordeau1 egg

all data

graphs

graphs

Release

Control

Date

Gratianaplant

Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics

Release

Control

Date

Percent defolliation

Buzz Eaves - Defoliation

Release

Control

Date

Number of fruits

Buzz Eaves - Fruits

Insecticide Exclusion Study

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

April May June July August Sept Oct

Plan

t cov

er

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

0

05

1

15

2

25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Num

ber o

f fru

itsp

lant

Exclusion

Open

Exclusion Study

July 2006October 2007

Before and afterhellip Saint Lucie Co

TSA Biocontrol SolviNix

bull Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV)bull Systemic no need to spray entire plantbull 83-97 Mortalitybull 200 milligramsacrebull 5-10 dollarsacrebull Best when applied under hothumid conditions

Caesarweed (Urena lobata)

37

Introduction

Caesarweed Originated in Asia but

38

Introduction

More often found in pastures forestry and non-crop

areas such as rights-of-way

39

Photograph by Fagg M40

Introduction

Flowers and fruits throughout the year (Fryxell 2001) Grows rapidly reaching 3 m in less than one year 7 cm

diameter

41

Introduction

Copyright copy 2009 by PB Pelser Photograph by Ann Murray

Reproduces through seed production Large production of seeds Tremendous germinating characteristics Category I species (FLEPPC 2015)

Seed Viability

Germination - Temperature

Germination - pH

45

Introduction

Photograph by Ann Murray

Most of the work that has been done was in

biology and morphology

Control with 24-D or thiobencarb + 24-D for

selective control in rice and Glyphostae for Non-

selective control (Awan TH 2014)

Greenhouse Trials

46

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 05 ptaSynthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciencestriclopyr Remedy Ultra 10 pta

triclopyr Remedy Ultra 20 ptaAMP1 Milestone 35 oza Synthetic

AuxinsDow

AgroSciencesAMP Milestone 70 ozaMSM Excort XP 025 oza ALS

InhibitorBayer

CropSciencesMSM Excort XP 050 oza24-D Weedar 05 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm24-D Weedar 10 qta

24-D Weedar 20 qtaAMP + MSM Chaparral 10 oza

SA + AI DowAgroSciencesAMP + MSM Chaparral 20 oza

AMP + MSM Chaparral 30 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments

(Continues on the next slide )

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of action Manufacturer

ACP Method 50SG 10 ozaSynthetic

AuxinsBayer

CropSciencesACP Method 50SG 20 oza

ACP Method 50SG 40 oza

ACP + MSM Streamline 45 ozaSA+AI Bayer

CropSciencesACP + MSM Streamline 95 oza

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 13 ozaSA+AI DuPont

IMAZ + ACP + MSM Viewpoint 20 oza

Greenhouse Screening Treatments(Continuation)

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid MSM metsulfuron-methyl ACPaminocyclopyrachlor IMAZ Imazapyr SA Synthetic Auxins AI ALS Inhibitor

49

0102030405060708090

100 a a aa a a aa a ac d

ed

b

f f

b

gh

Wee

dar (

2 qt

A)

Cha

parr

al (3

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (2

oz

A)

Cha

parr

al (1

oz

A)

Met

hod

(4 o

zA)

Met

hod

(2 o

zA)

Met

hod

(1 o

zA)

View

poin

t (13

oz

A)

Stre

amlin

e (9

5 o

zA)

Stre

amlin

e (4

5 0

zA)

Mile

ston

e (7

0 o

zA)

Mile

ston

e (3

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

5 o

zA)

Esco

rt (0

25

ozA

)

Wee

dar (

1 qt

A)

Wee

dar (

05

qtA

)

Rem

edy

(2 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(1 p

tA)

Rem

edy

(05

ptA

)

View

poin

t (20

oz

A)

Greenhouse Results ndash 28 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

50

Results ndash Greenhouse Screenings

Remedy Ul 1 ptA at 28 DAT Method 2 ozA at 28 DAT

Field Trials

51

Material and Methods ndash Field Trials

52

2 m tall at the time of application

Tractor mounted compressed air broadcast sprayer

calibrated to deliver 233 L ha-1 (25 gal ac-1)

Common name Trade name Rate Mode of

action Manufacturer

triclopyrtriclopyr

Remedy UltraRemedy Ultra

10 pta20 pta

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

AMP Milestone 70 oza Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

24-D24-D

WeedarWeedar

10 qta20 qta

Synthetic Auxins Nufarm

ACPACP

Method 50 SGMethod 50 SG

20 oza40 oza

Synthetic Auxins

Bayer CropSciences

TRP + FRPTRP + FRP

Pasturegard HLPasturegard HL

160 oza320 oza

Synthetic Auxins

DowAgroSciences

Field trials Treatments

1Abbreviations AMP aminopyralid ACP aminocyclopyrachlor TRP triclopyrFRP fluroxypyr

54

0102030405060708090

100 a b a ab

c

d

e

a ab

Field Results ndash 30 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Field Results ndash 60 Days After TreatmentVi

sual

con

trol

()

56

Results - Field Trials

Non Treated Control Pastureguard HL 16 ozA

Summary

57

Caesarweed is susceptible to many common

herbicides

Questions

58

Thank you

• Biology and Control of Upland Weeds Tropical Soda Apple and Caesarweed
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Slide Number 3
• Slide Number 4
• Slide Number 5
• Slide Number 6
• Slide Number 7
• Control in the 1990s
• Slide Number 9
• Better TSA OPTIONS
• Slide Number 11
• Milestone at 150 DAT
• Residual TSA Control 75 DAT
• TSA Control
• Milestone amp GrazonNext
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot Spray TSA
• Spot-Spraying TSA
• Slide Number 19
• Slide Number 20
• TSA Biological Control
• Slide Number 22
• Damage symptoms
• Beetle effects on TSA performance
• Slide Number 25
• Insecticide Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Exclusion Study
• Slide Number 30
• TSA Biocontrol SolviNix
• Slide Number 32
• Slide Number 33
• Slide Number 34
• Slide Number 35
• Slide Number 36
• Slide Number 37
• Slide Number 38
• Slide Number 39
• Slide Number 40
• Slide Number 41
• Seed Viability
• Germination - Temperature
• Germination - pH
• Slide Number 45
• Slide Number 46
• Slide Number 47
• Slide Number 48
• Slide Number 49
• Slide Number 50
• Slide Number 51
• Slide Number 52
• Slide Number 53
• Slide Number 54
• Slide Number 55
• Slide Number 56
• Slide Number 57
• Slide Number 58

BUGS per PLANT						Fruits per PLANT
Date		Release		Control				date		Release		Control
082704		0		0				082704		95		34
092204		79		11				102604		25		24
102604		109		075				161604		34		62
161604		0		02				020205		14		2
020205		0		0167				032905		02		07
032905		02		071				052005		5		76
052005		344		257				072205		17		21
072205		66		914
DEFOLATION per PLANT
Date		Release		Control
082704		0		0
092204		25		24
102604		191		25
161604		136		33
020205		0		0
032905		0		0
052005		128		37
072205		196		139

DATE		PLANT		trt		status		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		flowers		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		egg		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE		comments
082704		1		1		1		32		83		0						30		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
082704		2		1		1		34		75		0						20		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
082704		3		1		1		45		92		0						30		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
082704		4		1		1		26		51		0						3		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		5		1		1		28		49		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
082704		6		1		1		26		84		0						12		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
082704		7		1		1		30		76		0						0		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
082704		8		1		1		19		35		0						4		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
082704		9		1		1		23		43		0						0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
082704		10		1		1		34		63		0						0		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
082704		11		1		1		21		59		0						0		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
082704		12		2		1		26		55		0						23		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
082704		13		2		1		24		39		0						1		0		0		0				2734571		805969
082704		14		2		1		26		51		0						2		0		0		0				2734584		805969
082704		15		2		1		13		21		0						0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
082704		16		2		1		28		53		0						1		0		0		0				2734611		8059604
082704		17		2		1		19		60		0						3		0		0		0				2734534		8059692
082704		18		2		1		17		24		0						1		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
082704		19		2		1		9		8		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
082704		20		2		1		19		19		0						0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
092204		1		1		1						5								1		2		0				2734554		8059666
092204		2		1		1						25								5		2		0				2734541		8059673
092204		3		1		1						25								5		1		0				2734542		8059675
092204		4		1		1						2								0		4		0				2734547		8059679
092204		5		1		1						25								3		1		0				2734547		8059679
092204		6		1		1						3								5		29		0				2734551		8059686
092204		7		1		1						25								7		4		0				2734543		8059704
092204		8		1		1						2								1		1		0				2734552		8059694
092204		9		1		1						2								5		0		0				2734546		8059709
092204		10		1		1						2								3		3		0				2734525		8059724
092204		11		1		1						2								3		2		0				2734523		8059727
092204		12		2		1						15								1		0		0				2734566		8059692
092204		13		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734571		805969
092204		14		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734584		805969
092204		15		2		1						4								0		0		0				2734595		8059604
092204		16		2		1						5								0		0		0				2734611		8059604
092204		17		2		1						2								2		7		0				2734534		8059692
092204		18		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734521		8059654
092204		19		2		1						1								0		0		0				2734509		8059693
092204		20		2		1						5								0		0		0				273451		8059695
102604		1		1		1		73		72		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
102604		2		1		1		48		119		30		2				4		1		0		2				2734541		8059673
102604		3		1		1		71		128		70		3				0		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
102604		4		1		1		61		137		0		4				0		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
102604		5		1		1		43		97		10		1				1		2		2		0				2734547		8059679
102604		6		1		1		32		99		0		25				6		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
102604		7		1		1		66		124		0		1				7		2		0		0				2734543		8059704
102604		8		1		1		46		84		0		5				2		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
102604		9		1		1		41		84		0		5				0		0		0		0				2734546		8059709
102604		10		1		1		84		97		0		3				4		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
102604		11		1		1		30		79		0		3				3		3		0		0				2734523		8059727
102604		12		2		1		61		61		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
102604		13		2		1		53		64		0		2				0		1		0		0				2734571		805969
102604		14		2		1		107		66		0		5				1		0		0		0				2734584		805969
102604		15		2		1		46		18		100		5				0		0		0		0				2734595		8059604
102604		16		2		1																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
102604		17		2		1		58		124		0		1				11		3		1		1				2734534		8059692
102604		18		2		1		51		122		0		1				6		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
102604		19		2		1		23		14		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
102604		20		2		1		46		23		100		5				0		0		0		0				273451		8059695
121604		1		1		1		18		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734554		8059666
121604		2		1		1		54		121		1						6		0		0		0				2734541		8059673
121604		3		1		1		73		95		0						1		0		0		0				2734542		8059675
121604		4		1		1		42		42		10						0		1			1				2734547		8059679
121604		5		1		1		41		96		0						6		0		0		0				2734547		8059679
121604		6		1		1		39		65		60						4		0		0		0				2734551		8059686
121604		7		1		1		61		143		10						18		0		0		0				2734543		8059704
121604		8		1		1		10		15		0						0		0		0		0				2734552		8059694
121604		9		1		1		31		30		1						0							2734546		8059709
121604		10		1		1		42		49		60						5		0		0		0				2734525		8059724
121604		11		1		1		37		82		40						2		0		0		0				2734523		8059727
121604		12		2		1		25		33		70						1		0		0		0				2734566		8059692
121604		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
121604		14		2		1		15		14		95						0		0		0		0				2734584		805969
121604		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
121604		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant lost in hurricane
121604		17		2		1		51		147		0						19		0		1		0				2734534		8059692
121604		18		2		1		57		115		0						11		0		0		0				2734521		8059654
121604		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0				2734509		8059693
121604		20		2		2																						273451		8059695		plant dead
020205		1		1		1		16		23		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
020205		2		1		1		48		106		0						3		0		0		0		1		2734541		8059673
020205		3		1		1		74		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
020205		4		1		1		28		27		0						0		0			0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		5		1		1		39		64		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
020205		6		1		1		33		67		0						1		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
020205		7		1		1		58		95		0						9		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
020205		8		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
020205		9		1		1		33		30		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
020205		10		1		1		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
020205		11		1		1		43		75		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
020205		12		2		1		30		100		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
020205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant dead
020205		14		2		1		11		7		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
020205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant dead
020205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant dead
020205		17		2		1		53		151		0						0		0		1		0		0		2734534		8059692
020205		18		2		1		60		136		0						12		0		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
020205		19		2		1		12		11		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
020205		20		2		1		38		28		0						0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
032905		1		1		1		16		23		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
032905		2		1		1		72		117		0				65		2		1		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
032905		3		1		1		74		64		0				13		0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
032905		4		1		1		28		31		0				3		0		0		0		1		0		2734547		8059679
032905		5		1		1		41		64		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
032905		6		1		1		34		67		0				6		0		0		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
032905		7		1		1		59		110		0				15		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
032905		8		1		1		10		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
032905		9		1		1		39		40		0				8		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
032905		10		1		2		0		0		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724		plant gone
032905		11		1		1		38		85		0				48		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
032905		12		2		1		32		62		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
032905		13		2		1		9		14		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734571		805969
032905		14		2		1		13		9		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		805969
032905		15		2		2		0		0																		2734595		8059604		plant gone
032905		16		2		2		0		0																		2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
032905		17		2		1		60		151		0				34		2		0		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
032905		18		2		1		65		153		0				47		3		4		1		0		0		2734521		8059654
032905		19		2		1		14		11		0				0		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
032905		20		2		1		38		53		0				14		0		0		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		1		1		1		24		21		40						0		4		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
052005		2		1		1		87		153		10						19		0		7		3		5		2734541		8059673
052005		3		1		1		56		26		2						0		0		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
052005		4		1		2																						2734547		8059679		Plant dead with new sucker
052005		5		1		1		43		51		10						4		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
052005		6		1		1		40		100		3						3		1		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
052005		7		1		1		68		91		10						6		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
052005		8		1		1		14		5		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
052005		9		1		1		58		52		30						2		7		1		0		1		2734546		8059709
052005		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		no more plant left
052005		11		1		1		40		67		10						11		4		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
052005		12		2		1		53		41		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
052005		13		2		2																						2734571		805969
052005		14		2		2																						2734584		805969
052005		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
052005		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		site lost after hurricane
052005		17		2		1		27		64		10						2		1		0		0		2		2734534		8059692
052005		18		2		1		62		190		10						25		6		2		0		0		2734521		8059654
052005		19		2		1		19		9		0						0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
052005		20		2		1		49		65		2						3		1		0		0		0		273451		8059695
052005		21		2		1		57		143		2						21		5		0		1		0		2734571		805969		new plant
052005		22		2		1		45		115		2						2		2		0		0		0		2734584		805969		new plant
072205		1		1		1		48		43		15						0		2		0		1		0		2734554		8059666
072205		2		1		1		91		122		35						0		10		25		0		30		2734541		8059673
072205		3		1		1		41		107		30						4		5		1		0		5		2734542		8059675
072205		4		1		1		10		13		20						0		0		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
072205		5		1		1		48		30		10						1		0		0		0		2		2734547		8059679
072205		6		1		1		43		160		35						5		1		1		0		1		2734551		8059686
072205		7		1		1		69		168		15						7		10		4		0		5		2734543		8059704
072205		8		1		1		15		9		5						0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
072205		9		1		1		64		43		1						0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
072205		10		1		2																						2734525		8059724		plant gone
072205		11		1		1		46		48		30						0		2		4		0		3		2734523		8059727
072205		12		2		1		66		104		15						6		3		1		0		1		2734566		8059692
072205		13		2		2																						2734571		805969		plant gone
072205		14		2		2																						2734584		805969		plant gone
072205		15		2		2																						2734595		8059604		plant gone
072205		16		2		2																						2734611		8059604		plant gone
072205		17		2		1		20		43		1						0		1		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
072205		18		2		1		66		104		20						0		2		13		0		6		2734521		8059654
072205		19		2		1		20		13		1						0		0		0		0		4		2734509		8059693
072205		20		2		1		56		71		5						1		0		2		1		0		273451		8059695
072205		21		2		1		66		117		15						3		3		8		1		3		2734571		805969
072205		22		2		1		43		180		40						5		1		28		0		12		2734584		805969

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date July 222005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		48		43		15			0		2		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		91		122		35			0		10		25		0			2734541		8059673
3		41		107		30			4		5		1		0			2734542		8059675
4		10		13		20								2734547		8059679
5		48		30		10			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		43		160		35			5		1		1		0			2734551		8059686
7		69		168		15			7		10		4		0			2734543		8059704
8		15		9		5			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		64		43		1			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		46		48		30			0		2		4		0			2734523		8059727
12		66		104		15			6		3		1		0			2734566		8059692
13		66		117		15			3		3		8		1			2734571		8059690
14		43		180		40			5		1		28		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		20		43		lt1			0		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		66		104		20			0		2		13		0			2734521		8059654
19		20		13		1			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		56		71		50			1		0		2		1			2734510		8059695
						40		87		4
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date May 202005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		Sunshade		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		24		21		40			0		4		0		1			2734554		8059666
2		87		153		10			19		0		7		3			2734541		8059673
3		56		26		2			0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		Plant dead with new sucker										2734547		8059679
5		43		51		10			4		3		0		0			2734547		8059679
6		40		100		3			3		1		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		68		91		10			6		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		14		5		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		58		52		30			2		7		1		0			2734546		8059709
10		no more plant left										2734525		8059724
11		40		67		10			11		4		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		53		41		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		57		143		2			21		5		0		1			2734571		8059690
14		45		115		2			2		2		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		plant gone										2734595		8059604
16		site lost after hurricane										2734611		8059604
17		27		64		10			2		1		0		0			2734534		8059692
18		62		190		10			25		6		2		0			2734521		8059654
19		19		9		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		49		65		2			3		1		0		0			2734510		8059695
						34		10		5
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400
	13 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch of palms 6m NNW of 13
	14 was never healthy from the start so picked a new plant in patch approx 3mE of old site

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
Date March 292005
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		16		23(14)		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		72		117		0		2(65 flowers)		1		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		74		64		0		0(13 flowers)		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		28		31		0		0(3 flowers)		0		0		1		2734547		8059679
5		41		64		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		34		67		0		0(6 flowers)		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		59		110		0		0(15 flowers)		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		14		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		39		40		0		0(8 flowers)		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		0		0		0		no plant left		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		38		85		0		0(48 flowers)		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		32		62		0		0		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		9		14		0		0		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		13		9		0		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		0		0		plant gone						2734595		8059604
16		0		0		site lost after hurricane						2734611		8059604
17		60		151		0		2(34flowers)		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		65		153		0		3(47 flowers)		4		1		0		2734521		8059654
19		14		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		38		53		0		0(14flowers)		0		0			2734510		8059695
					5		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES RANCH
DateFebruary 022005
	PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION			FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE			LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
	1		16		23		0			0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
	2		48		106		0			3		0		0		(1 egg)			2734541		8059673
	3		74		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
	4		28		27		0			0		0			0			2734547		8059679
	5		39		64		0			1		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
	6		33		67		0			1		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
	7		58		95		0			9		0		0		0			2734543		8059704
	8		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
	9		33		30		0			0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
	10		0		0		0			0		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
	11		43		75		0			0		0		0		0			2734523		8059727
	12		30		100		0			0		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
	13		regrowth		Dead									2734571		8059690
	14		11		7		0			0		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
	15		Plant		Gone									2734595		8059604
	16		Site Lost		In Hurricane									2734611		8059604
	17		53		151		0			0		0		1		0			2734534		8059692
	18		60		136		0			12		0		0		0			2734521		8059654
	19		12		11		0			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
	20		38		28		0								2734510		8059695
						0		1		1		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400		EAVES RANCH 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EAVES
DATE December 162004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		18		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		54		121		1		6		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		73		95		0		1		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		42		42		10		0		1			1		2734547		8059679
5		41		96		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		39		65		60		4		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		61		143		10		18		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		10		15		0		0		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		31		30		1		0					2734546		8059709
10		42		49		60		5		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		37		82		40		2		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		25		33		70		1		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		Plant		Dead							2734571		8059690
14		15		14		95		0		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		Plant		Gone							2734595		8059604
16		Site Lost		In Hurricane		(stake gone)						2734611		8059604
17		51		147		0		19		0		1		0		2734534		8059692
18		57		115		0		11		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		12		11		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		plant dead								2734510		8059695
					1		1		1
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE October 262004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		0-5		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		EGGS		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		7300		7200		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734554		8059666
2		4826		11938		30		2		4		1		0		2			2734541		8059673
3		7112		12792		70		3		0		0		0		0			2734542		8059675
4		6096		13716			4		0		0		0		0			2734547		8059679
5		4318		9652		10		1		1		2		2		0			2734547		8059679
6		3180		9906			25		6		0		0		0			2734551		8059686
7		6604		12446			1		7		2		0		0			2734543		8059704
8		4572		8382			5		2		0		0		0			2734552		8059694
9		4064		8382			5		0		0		0		0			2734546		8059709
10		8382		9652			3		4		0		0		0			2734525		8059724
11		3048		7874			3		3		3		0		0			2734523		8059727
12		6096		6096			5		1		0		0		0			2734566		8059692
13		5334		6350			2		0		1		0		0			2734571		8059690
14		10668		6604			5		1		0		0		0			2734584		8059690
15		4572		1778		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734595		8059604
16		000		000		NA			0		0		0		0			2734611		8059604
17		5842		12446			1		11		3		1		1			2734534		8059692
18		5080		12192			1		6		0		0		0		1		2734521		8059654
19		2286		1422		(indeterminant)			0		0		0		0			2734509		8059693
20		4572		2286		100		5		0		0		0		0			2734510		8059695
						12		3		3
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE September 222004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1				5			1		2		0		2734554		8059666
2				25			5		2		0		2734541		8059673
3				25			5		1		0		2734542		8059675
4				2			0		4		0		2734547		8059679
5				25			3		1		0		2734547		8059679
6				3			5		29		0		2734551		8059686
7				25			7		4		0		2734543		8059704
8				2			1		1		0		2734552		8059694
9				2			5		0		0		2734546		8059709
10				2			3		3		0		2734525		8059724
11				2			3		2		0		2734523		8059727
12				15			1		0		0		2734566		8059692
13				1			0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14				1			0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15				4			0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16				5			0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17				2			2		7		0		2734534		8059692
18				1			0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19				1			0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20				5			0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					41		56		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

LOCATION BUZZ EVES
DATE AUGUST 27 2004
PLANT		HEIGHT		DIAMETER		DEFOLIATION		FRUITS		ADULTS		LARVAE		PUPAE		LATITUDE		LONGITUDE
1		32		83		0		30+		0		0		0		2734554		8059666
2		34		75		0		20+		0		0		0		2734541		8059673
3		45		92		0		30+		0		0		0		2734542		8059675
4		26		51		0		3		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
5		28		49		0		6		0		0		0		2734547		8059679
6		26		84		0		12		0		0		0		2734551		8059686
7		30		76		0		0		0		0		0		2734543		8059704
8		19		35		0		4		0		0		0		2734552		8059694
9		23		43		0		0		0		0		0		2734546		8059709
10		34		63		0		0		0		0		0		2734525		8059724
11		21		59		0		0		0		0		0		2734523		8059727
12		26		55		0		23		0		0		0		2734566		8059692
13		24		39		0		1		0		0		0		2734571		8059690
14		26		51		0		2		0		0		0		2734584		8059690
15		13		21		0		0		0		0		0		2734595		8059604
16		28		53		0		1		0		0		0		2734611		8059604
17		19		60		0		3		0		0		0		2734534		8059692
18		17		24		0		1		0		0		0		2734521		8059654
19		9		8		0		0		0		0		0		2734509		8059693
20		19		19		0		0		0		0		0		2734510		8059695
					0		0		0
comments 12-20 UNINFESTED
	BUZZ EVES 772-528-7400

	adults		larvae		pupae		total
82704		0		0		0		0
92204		41		56		0		97
102604		12		3		3		18
121604		1		1		1		3
2205		0		1		0		1
32905		5		1		1		7
52005		34		10		5		49
72205		40		87		4		131

082704
092204
102604
161604
020205
032905
052005
072205