brentwood technical papers thermal performance

8/20/2019 Brentwood Technical Papers Thermal Performance

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/brentwood-technical-papers-thermal-performance 1/28

HOME

CTI OVERVIEW

BY-LAWS

ASK THE EXPERT

DOWNLOADS

EDUCATION

What is a Cooling Tower?

PUBLICATIONS

Cooling Tower Manual

CTI Codes and Standards

Historical Documents

Journal Hardcopy

Journal On-Line

CTI Directory

Educational Seminar Papers

Technical Papers

COOLING TOWER CERTIFICATION

CTI Certification

ECC Certification

CTI Thermal Certification

Testing Agencies

CTI Bibliography of Technical Papers

- Thermal Performance

Revised 2015

To add a paper to your shopping cart, click on the

paper's order number button.

Thermal Performance

OrderNumber

Title Author Date

Simulation of

Air Flow

Distribution

and

Performance of

Cooling Tower

Partha Nag, AGM

(CENPEEP),

NTPC Ltd and Dr.

PMV Subba Rao,

Mechanical

Engineering

Department, IIT

Delhi

2015

Abstract: A program code developed for

prediction of performance of NDCT

based on manufacturer's performance

curve. Development of a simulation code

using CFD for detailed zone wise analysis

of air flow and performance of cooling

tower is carried out which is the limitation

of program code. Development of drift

measurement device which is very useful

for measurement of drift as well as DBT

and WBT of outlet air of cooling tower is

carried out. Validation of the simulation

using CFD is carried out with

experimental result like cold water

temperature at bottom, air temperature

and air velocity and amount of drift in air

at measured plane shows a good accuracy

of the present simulation. Development of

modified water flow distribution is done

which shows improved performance.

View Cart | Search

Cooling Technology Institute Encouraging the wise use of our water resources...

ography of Technical Papers - Thermal Performance http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_perform

28 25/09/2015 0



CUSTOM COOLING TOWER

THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST

RESULTS

MULTI-AGENCY TESTING

Overview

Licensed Testing Agencies

Annual Report

MEETINGS & EVENTS

Calendar

Call For Papers (Abstracts)

Tabletop Exhibits

Hospitality Suite Sponsors

TOWER ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

NEWS

Press Releases

Annual Conference News

Spring/Summer Newsletter

MEMBERS ONLY

Committee Information

Board of Directors

Honorary Lifetime Members

Manufacturers

Suppliers

Owner/Operators

Individual Owner/Operators

BECOME A MEMBER

CONTACT CTI

SEARCH

Off-design performance analysis of

cooling tower shows a detailed

relationship of performance parameters

with operating parameters. Comparison of

CFD simulation with program code also

shows a good match with design data.

This study, along with the analysis of field

data is expected to result in concrete

recommendation to overcome the field

level problem in performance evaluation

and thus improved performance.

Preventive

Maintenance

for Cooling

Towers

Utilizing

Gamma

Scanning

Technology

Paul Chila,

Quantum

Technical Services,

LLC

2014

Abstract: One of the most common

questions asked concerning high

efficiency cooling towers is “how do we

know what is happening inside the fill

section?” Quantum Technical Services

has developed and patented a gamma

scanning technical to address this

question directly. Utilizing a gamma scan

of the fill section, we calculate the bulk

density of all material in the fill. This

technology, applied over several scans ona tower over time, has proven to be the

most informative and cost effective

method to determine the effectiveness of

chemical treatment and help guide

treatment companies in their treatment

strategies.

Good Practices

in Cooling

Towers:

Comparison

Between

Industrial

Audits

Salvador Avila

Filho and Zara

Marques

Rodrigues De

Jesus,

Universidade

Federal Da Bahia

2013

Abstract: The integration of cooling

Towers with processes and wastewater

indicates that a better performance in

cooling systems gives benefits for whole

production including thermal energy

targets. The audit in cooling towers and


28 25/09/2015 0



systems combines thermal behavior

analysis, mass/energy balances, field

verifications, interviews, and procedures

review. The goal of techniques is

detecting restrictions to the use of entire

capacity of the cooling tower. The

comparison between cooling towers’

audit in chemical, metallurgical and

petroleum industry shows potential to

energy recovery by each technology. This

paper presents: method that decrease

energy and water losses; and guideline –

good practices for cooling tower

maintenance.

Impact of

Cooling Water

Temperature on

Plant

Performance

Magose Abraham

Eju, Nigeria

Liquefied Natural

Gas (NLNG)

2013

Abstract: Cooling water play a very vital

role in the performance of a plant in

terms of the energy utilization /

optimization, production and financial

earnings (the bottom-line) of the business.

The water temperature sets the

temperature levels of a water-cooled

plant, process or system and hence, its

energy utilization, operating costs and/or

savings. It is therefore, important to get

the cooling water at the right temperatureto ensure optimal performance /

efficiency of a plant. This paper uses a

real-life problem that occurred at the

Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas plant as a

case study to show how the performance

of a cooling tower impacts the cooling

water temperature and hence the overall

performance of a water-cooled plant

Research on

Reducing

Recirculation

Influence of

Warm,

Saturated Air

Discharged

from Cooling

Towers

Liu Zhenyan,

Jiangsu Seagull

Cooling Tower

Co., Ltd

2013

Abstract: The researches show that the

recirculation ratio is related to length of


28 25/09/2015 0



cooling tower row, distance between

tower rows, tower structure and wind

velocity and angle included between long

axis of tower row and wind direction.

Aim to defects of present calculated

modes for cooling tower recirculation, a

new formula for the warm, saturated air

recirculation is presented through

simulate experiments and site running test

for cooling tower groups. According to

the new formula, the calculated results

are accordance with tested values at site.

The formula can be used to optimize

layout of cooling tower group.

Experimental

Methods for

Cooling Tower

Research

Jan Cizek and

Michal Stepnicka,

Czech Technical

University in

Prague

2013

Abstract: The laboratory of CTU in

Prague has for long been focused on

research in the field of cooling

technologies. Several experimental stands

for evaporative and dry cooling have built

with a close collaboration with our

partners from the commercial sphere. All

of those stands can be run simultaneously

in our laboratory, namely a measurement

of the effectiveness of fills in the testing

cell with usable dimensions of 1.5 x 1.5 x4 meters, a measurement of nozzle

characteristics, measurements of

thermodynamic properties of active

plume abatement systems, an

interferometric (IPI) measurement of the

efficiency of drift eliminators, or optical

(PIV) measurements of velocity fields

near the droplet eliminators and other

cooling tower components.

Mathematical

and

Experimental

Modeling of a

Rain Zone

Lukas Dvorak and

Pavol Vitkovic,

Czech Technical

University in

Prague

2013

Abstract: This paper is aimed at the

description of theoretical and

experimental research in aero- and

thermodynamic processes occurring in

the stream of moist air flowing pass the


28 25/09/2015 0



rain zone in cooling towers. The aim of

this work is based on the presumption of

non-uniform log-normal droplets size

distribution in the rain zone. The changes

in the moving air (such as pressure drop

or humidity ratio) occurring in the rain

zone are described as a dependence of

the flow ratings of the air and water, on

the state of both fluids and on the angel

between the trajectory of the air and

water particles. The results from this

research should help with the design and

the increase of cooling performance by

using non-uniform nozzle grids.

Cooling Tower

Modeling

Approach

Magose Abraham

Eju, Nigeria LNG

Ltd

2012

Abstract: Various approaches to cooling

tower modeling have been used bydifferent authors. Some of these modeling

approaches include the work of Lebrun

and Aparecida (2002) titled “Cooling

Towers – Method and Experimental

Validation” which presented a simplified

method for analyzing the combined heat

and mass transfer phenomena in a cooling

tower using Merkel’s theory as the

theoretical basis for the model. Braun et

al (1989) used the Effectiveness approach

in their work titled, “EffectivenessModels for Cooling Tower and Cooling

Coils”. Lastly, in the “Toolkit for Primary

HVAC System Energy Calculation”,

prepared for ASHRAE by Lebrun et al

(1999), the model of the counterflow

cooling tower was based on the Merkel’s

theory with the Lewis number assumed to

equal unity. This paper describes the

approach that was used by the author in

modeling cooling tower as part of the

scope of a research study undertaken toimprove the thermal performance of

cooling towers. Two simulation software

tools have been used in the modeling of

cooling tower. The challenges

encountered are also discussed.

Permanent

Magnet Direct

Drive Motors:

Lessons

Robbie McElveen

and Bill Martin,

Balldor Electric

Company

2012


28 25/09/2015 0



Learned

Abstract: In recent years, the authors

have presented several papers concerning

the use of permanent magnet motors for

the direct drive of cooling tower fans. The

goal of this paper is to detail how the

technology has evolved, communicate

lessons learned from field installationsand give the reader a practical guide to

the installation and use of this type of

motor. An in depth case study is

presented detailing installation challenges

and solutions for a large permanent

magnet direct drive motor.

Lee Gillan,

Idalex; Paul

Glanvill and Dr.

Aleksandr

Kozlov, GasTechnology

Institute

Maisotsendo-Cycle

Enhanced Cooling

Towers

2011

Abstract: Following its successful

application in air-conditioning as

marketed by the Coolerado Corporation,

this document summarizes the potential

of the novel thermodynamic cycle, the

so-called Maisotsenko-Cycle

(“M-Cycle”), as applied to Cooling

Tower Design. Through a review of

existing methods and technologies, this

document discusses how the M-Cycle

Enhanced Open and Closed Circuit

Cooling Tower designs have the potential

in retrofit applications to (1) cool water

down to the ambient air dew point

temperature and (2) reduce system

pressure drop and fan power

consumption, with the potential to reduce

both installed and operating costs. For

readers seeking additional information,

appendices discuss the M-Cycle and the

corresponding psychrometrics in greater

detail.

Improving The

Thermal

Performance

Of Cooling

Towers By

Conditioning

Magose Abraham

Eju, Nigeria

Liquefied Natural

Gas Limited

2011


28 25/09/2015 0



Of Air

Abstract: Up to the present, attempts at

improving performance of cooling towers

has been focused on the design of the

components such as the packing, nozzles,

fan, etc. This paper presents an

investigation that has been carried out to

assess the viability of a new and novelapproach by conditioning the entering air

to the cooling tower in order to reduce

the wet-bulb temperature, which is the

principal external parameter that affects

performance. The wet-bulb temperature

of the air entering the cooling tower

determines operating temperature levels

throughout a water-cooled plant, process

or system. It is very important to have the

cold water temperature low enough to

exchange heat or to condense vapors atthe optimum temperature level. The

investigation of performance involved the

development of a suite of integrated

computer models which were used along

with real plant data to assess the

performance improvement achievable

with the proposed air conditioning

system. The results of the analysis

indicated the viability of this new and

novel approach.

CrossflowCooling Tower

Performance

Calculations

Robert Fulkerson,Fulkerson &

Associates

2008

Abstract: This paper reviews and

explains the Zivi Brand method of

calculating crossflow cooling tower

thermal performance. In addition it

presents a mathematical method which

can be used to predict the performance of

a cooling tower which has a fill height

and fill air travel, which is different from

the test cell from which the rating data

was obtained.

Architectural

Enclosure

Influences on

The

Performance of

Field Erected

Toby Daley,

Composite Cooling

Solutions, L.P.

2008


28 25/09/2015 0



Cooling Towers

Abstract: Architectural enclosures for

cooling towers are not a new phenomena.

Ideal clearances are provided by

manufacturers to achieve the rated

performance. However, understanding

and predicting thermal performance

impacts when less than ideal clearancesare available becomes more complex.

This paper will present a study of an

architectural louver enclosure and its

influence on the performance of the

tower when less than ideal clearances are

achievable.

Seismic Rated

Factory

Assembled

Evaporative

CoolingEquipment

Scott Nevins,

EVAPCO, Inc.

2007

Abstract: The International Building

Code (IBC) is a comprehensive set of

regulations addressing the structural

design and installation for building

systems. As of May 1st, 2006, 47 states

and Washington DC have adopted the

International Building Code. Compared to

previous building codes that solely

examined anchorage, the International

Building Code addresses anchorage,

structural integrity, and operational

capability of a component following a

seismic event. This paper will focus on

the International Building Code as

pertains to factory assembled evaporative

cooling equipment and emphasize the

methodology for determining the

applicability of the code to specific

projects.

Cooling TowersWork As A

System

RichardDesJardins,

DesJardins

Consulting

2006

Abstract: There are two principal

concepts that often confuse people that

are not familiar with cooling towers and

how they operate. One, the cooling tower

is a part of a bigger system; It does not set

the heat load; the paper will explain how


28 25/09/2015 0



the tower interacts with the system. Two,

the cooling tower and its components

work as a system. The paper will explain

how changes to one part of the tower can

affect all the other parts of the tower:

Such as selecting the economic size of the

tower, affect of changing fill dimensions

and type, heights, fan or stack size or

type, inlet heights, location of louvers,

nozzle type, choice of materials,

temperature limits, definition of "tough"

and "easy duties", and many more. It will

define normal limits for air velocities

throughout the tower, water loadings, fan

power, and other good practice

limitations. It will explain how pressure

drop changes performance. It will discuss

aftermarket changes that make things

worse, not better. Comments will be

general, not specific to any one product

or type.

Responding to

a Cooling

Tower

Emergency

Billy Childers,

Aggreko LLC

2006

Abstract: This paper is intended to

explore the "typical" path that businesses

go down when an unexpected cooling

tower failure occurs. Review the time and

resources spent in planning and executinga recovery plan. Then review an

alternative path that could be chosen to

expedite the recovery and avoid any

needless losses. The paper will also

explore the need for, and the value of

having a good executable contingency

plan in place.

Guidelines for

Successful

Cooling Tower

Installations for

Campus

District Energy

Systems

Frank T Morrison,

Baltimore Aircoil

Company

2006

Abstract: Water-cooled systems provide

many advantages for campus-type district

energy systems, including low first cost,

low operating cost, and reduced space

requirements. Cooling towers are often


28 25/09/2015 0



the forgotten "back-end" of the cooling

system, yet play a key role in the

operation of the entire system. A

well-designed evaporative cooling tower

installation is critical to achieving the

maximum benefit from the system

investment. This paper provides insight

into key considerations for these large

cooling tower installations, including

tower configurations, proper selection,

layout, sound, plume, water use, control

strategies, and maintenance.

Online

Refurbishment

of four Large

Natural Draft

Cooling Towers

Alex Dreyer -

GEA Aircooled

Systems

Gerrit Putter -

SASOL

Technology

2005

Abstract: Many largepower/petrochemical plants have older

cooling towers which are in need of major

repairs but shutting down these towers

will result in large production losses. A

project was started in which the water

distribution system and the splash pack

grids of four existing natural draft cooling

towers at a large petrochemical plant

were to be replaced without shutting

down the water flow to the cooling

towers. The water flow to typically 10%of a given tower was shut off after the

installation of butterfly valves. The

existing packing in this area was then

removed and replaced with new high

performance slash packing. The work on

the first two towers is scheduled for

completion in July 2004. Performance

tests on these two towers are scheduled

for the southern hemisphere summer

2004/2005. The work on the remaining

two towers is scheduled for completion atthe end of 2005.

Dynamic Load

Considerations

in Cooling

Tower Water

Distribution

Piping

David M. Suptic,

David M. Suptic

P.E. LLC

2005


28 25/09/2015 0



Abstract: Cooling tower water

distribution piping is typically designed

for normal water flow rates and low

operating pressures. Actual operating

conditions can produce pressure and flow

conditions that create significant dynamic

piping loads. This paper identifies cooling

tower operating practices that may create

increased piping loads and provides deep

considerations that can help prevent

catastrophic pipe failures.

Hybrid Closed-

Circuit Cooling

Tower Solves a

Water

Availability

Problem

David Hutton,

Baltimore Aircoil

Company

2005

Abstract: The owner/operator of a

Canadian air-separation plant hadplanned to install an open cooling tower

for summer heat rejection, and an

air-cooled heat exchanger for winter

operation, because water for evaporation

is unavailable at the plant site in the

winter. By taking advantage of hybrid,

wet-dry closed-circuit cooling tower

technology, the owner is now able to

handle the heat rejection requirements

with a single piece of equipment that

provides the advantages of evaporativecooling in the summer, uses no water in

the winter, and consumes less energy and

less water than either of the other options.

Supplemental

Cooling

Billy Childers,

Aggreko

2004

Abstract: The paper will cover the

benefit and pitfalls of supplemental

cooling. 1: Information required and

process to determine proper sizing. 2:

Location and considerations(recirculation pitfalls). 3: The importance

of proper water balancing between

existing and supplemental cells/towers. 4:

Discuss the pros and cons of

supplemental water should be returned

within the existing towers basin. 6:

Provide drawings and photos of actual

installations.


28 25/09/2015 0



Thorough

Inspections

Reduce Cooling

Tower

Mechanical and

Performance

Risks

Terry McCoy -

ChemTreat, Inc.

Robert Strandberg

- Covanta, Inc.

2004

Abstract: Identification of cooling towerproblems prior to resultant failures allows

avoidance of unexpected major repair

costs. Periodic inspections of mechanical

and structural components by

knowledgeable personnel are critical in

maintaining and performance of the

tower. By performing thorough annual

inspections as described, corrective

action can be initiated and repairs can be

budgeted.

InnateRecirculation

of Cooling

Towers

Hector L. Cruz,Bechtel Power

Corporation

2003

Abstract: In today's power market there

is an overall decrease in available plot

area in which to build a power plant. For

this reason larger projects are requiring

more back-to-back cooling tower

configurations. Previous CTI publications

show that certain cooling tower

configurations and designs are more

responsible than others for creating

recirculation environments, and indeed,

back-to-back configurations create more

recirculation than in-line. In-line and

back-to-back counter-flow configurations

makeup the bulk of new cooling tower

installations. However, this report deals

exclusively with back-to-back

counter-flow cooling towers. It will also

develop 1) the upper limit for design

variables that create recirculation, and 2)

answer which variables have a greater

affect on the cooling towers' thermal

performance, auxiliary power, and cost.

Wireless

Condition

Monitoring of

Industrial

Cooling

Buddy Lee,

MAARS, Inc.

2002


28 25/09/2015 0



Towers.

Abstract: A new method of wireless

condition monitoring for cooling tower

applications will be presented. The

development of Spread Spectrum

communications technology now makes

real-time vibration and process analysis

available over plant ethernet or theinternet. Remote diagnostics of cooling

tower condition may be implemented at

low cost using off the shelf components.

A Temporary

Cooling Tower

CAN Work For

You.

Billy Childers,

Aggreko, Inc.

2002

Abstract: Temporary cooling towers

allow for a contingency plan of the heart

of the plant that will save time and money

in the event of an unexpected loss. They

provide increased worker safety during

reconstruction as well as protecting the

environment and "keeping the lights on"

at the power plant. The plant can "try

before you buy" to provide undisputable

evidence of the impact of cooler water.

Add to all of this the ability to maintain

full production during the summer heat

and one can see how a temporary system

will solve plant worries and increase

profits.

Vibration

Control for

Cooling

Towers.

Robert Simmons,

Amber/Booth

Company

2002

Abstract: Cooling towers can be a major

source of objectionable vibration and

vibration induced noise in buildings. This

presentation will examine vibration

control issues for cooling towers, why

vibration from cooling towers is aproblem, how to isolate the vibration, and

some practical installation guidelines will

be discussed.

Network

Analysis Helps

Increase

Cooling System

Capacity.

Sushil Aggarwal,

Fluro Daniel Inc.

2002


28 25/09/2015 0



Abstract: A planned refinery expansion

required 1500 GPM of additional cooling

water. The refinery has undergone several

expansions in the past where either the

capacity of existing units increased or

new processing units were added. The

original cooling water system was

straining to meet the increasing demands

placed on it. Further the pressure loss in

the piping had increased over time due to

settlement of dirt and scaling. While the

cooling tower had additional thermal

capacity, the circulation pumps and

distribution piping system were

hydraulically limited. Alternatives were

explored to avoid installing additional

circulation pumps and dedicated supply

and return piping for the new process

unit. A hydraulic network analysis helped

in identifying pinch points in the large

piping network with over 120 pipe

segments and more than 18 process units.

A solution to supply the new unit without

installing new pumps and dedicated

headers was identified by reducing flow

resistance in the pinch points with

significant cost savings.

On-Line

Performance

Monitoring of the 1300 MW

Natural Draft

Cooling Towers

on American

Electric

Power's

General James

M. Gavin Plant

Frank L. Michell,

Dan H Drew

American ElectricPower

1997

Abstract: American Electric Power's past

and current approach to determining and

monitoring performance of natural draftcooling towers on coal fired generating

units from 260-1300MW size will be

discussed in the paper. The paper will

focus on the Gavin Plant on-line

performance monitoring system approach

with prior testing activities on AEP

System cooling towers included from a

historical perspective.


28 25/09/2015 0



Enhancing

Tower

Performance

Using

Non-Uniform

Water

Distribution

Adriaan J. de

Villiers, Peter B.

Bosman, Knight

Piesold Energy

1996

Abstract: The paper will examine theeffects of special variations of L/G within

a cooling tower, on the overall thermal

performance of the tower. Air

temperature profiles above the fill,

resulting from non-uniform water

distribution profiles will be presented.

Theoretical vs. actual results for the

return water temperature will be

compared.

Tower

Demolitionsafety

Techniques For

The 90's

Michael F. Talley

& John ElrodMartin Marietta

Utility Services,

Inc.

1995

Abstract: In 1987, a comprehensive

reliability study was made to ascertain the

ability of the present 42-year-old

recirculating water system to meet the

anticipated load demand through the year

2010. The study determined that the

deterioration of the cooling tower over

the years necessitated replacement of the

structures from the ground up. This

project posed many hazards related to

worker safety. This paper will deal with

the safety techniques used during the

project. Portions of the paper will deal

with Personal Protection Equipment, fall

protection, and lifting and rigging

methods used during the demolition of the

cooling tower.

ComputerizedSimulation of

Closed Circuit

Cooling Tower

With Parallel

and

Counterflow

Spray

Water-Air Flow

Design

Branislav Korenic,Ph.D., Aircoil

Company

1995


28 25/09/2015 0



Abstract: An exact analytic method for

evaluating heat and mass transfer in

closed circuit cooling towers, previously

developed by the author, has been

expanded and revised to provide a

computerized means to predict the

thermal performance and determine the

associated energy requirements for a

specified tower design. The validity of the

model has been verified and fine-tuned

by extensive laboratory testing. After a

brief overview of the analytical model, it

is demonstrated how this model can be

effectively applied to both counterflow

and parallel flow spray water-air flow

arrangements in actual tower designs. The

main computer program options are then

discussed, with emphasis on the iterative

nature of the solution. Finally, the

temperature profiles of the process fluid,

spray water, and air wet bulb temperature

are presented and discussed for both flow

arrangements. An overview of the

laboratory test program is also presented.

In summary, this paper reports on the

successful combination of the latest

state-of the-art analytical procedures with

advanced programming techniques and

extensive laboratory testing to create a

workable and powerful engineeringsoftware package for evaluating the

thermal performance of large closed

circuit cooling towers.

Using The

EPRI Test Data

to Verify a

More Accurate

Method of

Predicting

Cooling Tower

Performance(TP-92-01)

Richard J.

DesJardins,

DesJardins and

Associates

1992

Abstract: Cooling tower performance

test data published by EPRI and others is

re-examined using a full compliment of

modifications suggested by others to the

standard Merkel method of analysis. The

purpose of the paper is to verify a

theoretical way of eliminating the need to

use an empirical "hot water correction


28 25/09/2015 0



factor" to obtain accurate cooling tower

performance predictions. Data analysis is

graphically presented for both the

standard CTI method and the modified

"off-set" method to demonstrate the

significant improvements that can be

made.

A More NearlyExact

Representation

of Cooling

Tower Theory

(TP-91-02)

Allen E. Feltzin,Airco Industrial

Gases/The BOC

Group, Dudley

Benton, Tennessee

Valley Authority

1991

Abstract: Merkel theory relied on several

basic assumptions to simplify the

mathematical calculations involved in the

determination on KaV (cooling tower

demand). Sixty-five years later,

computers and numerical methods allowfor more precise determinations. A

description of the history and current

status of this development is presented.

Necessary formulas and computational

methods are presented in their entirety.

Development

of Cooling

Tower

Performance

Impacts on

Utility and

Process Plants

(TP-91-07)

Ken Quigley,

Ecodyne Cooling

Tower Services

and Karl Wilber

Research Cottrell

Companies

1991

Abstract: The development of accurate

and representative cooling tower

performance penalties is critical to the

optimization of cooling systems design

and the assessment of associated

performance penalties. This paper

provides economic penalties for typical

fossil power plants. Additionally, a crosssection of process industry plants are

reviewed in the terms of the impact of the

cooling tower return temperatures on

recovered products. Finally, the issue of

fan power and pumping head penalties

will be revisited with the objective of

assessing total tower economic evaluation

as well as systems optimization.


28 25/09/2015 0



Cooling Water

Operational

Experiences at

an Ammonia

Plant

(TP-89-17)

Guy A. Crucil &

Lawrence Aytes

Nalco Chemical

Company, and

Paul A. Lamar,

Farmland

Industries, Inc.

1989

Abstract: With the increasing pressuresplaced on various chemical plants to limit

effluent constituents, a greater emphasis

has been placed on the cooling tower

blowdown. Not only is the discharge

concern placed on the commonly used

heavy metal corrosion inhibitors such as

chromate and zinc, but on other

components as well such as ammonia. A

review of cooling tower operational

experiences is presented to illustrate one

plant's method of minimizing the effluentdischarge while observing excellent

corrosion, scale, and microbiological

control in their cooling water systems.

Exhaust Steam

Condensing

With an

Evaporative

Condenser

(TP-88-01)

Lindsay L. Haman,

P.E., Baltimore

Aircoil Company,

David Hutton,

P.E.,

BAC-Pritchard

Inc.

1988

Abstract: Presents and discusses the use

of an evaporative steam condenser

system in lieu of the more conventional

steam surface condenser-circulating

water-evaporative cooling tower system

for small to medium steam power

applications. Evaporative condensers

have been used for many years in the

refrigeration, process and air conditioning

industry. Through modifications to the

condensing coils to accommodate the

low-density steam and entrained

non-condensable gases, they can be used

economically with condensing steam

turbines in co-generation and waste heat

recovery plants.

Artificial

Intelligence for

Operation of a

Crossflow

Benjamin R.

Crocker & David

E. Wheeler,

Environmental

1988


28 25/09/2015 0



Mechanical

Draft Cooling

Tower

(TP-88-17)

Systems

Corporation,

Gerald L.

Mroczkowski &

Richard E. Steiner,

Wisconsin Public

Servic

Abstract: Paper describes a dataacquisition/monitoring system that

provides multiple levels of icing alarm for

a crossflow mechanical draft-cooling

tower. System software compares the

current operating status to the optimum

operating status and recommends how

many fans, cells, pumps, etc., to operate

in order to provide the best net plant heat

rate.

An Operations

History of W.A.Parish Units #7

& #8 Main

Cooling Towers

and Associated

Systems

(TP-86-02)

Mary Brakhage

Fuglaar, HoustonLighting & Power

Company

1986

Abstract: The limited cooling capacity of

the HL&P W.A. Parish lake made the

construction of cooling towers essential

with the last two generating units. The

operations history of these two large,

round, concrete cooling towers is

reviewed. In addition to comparing their

design similarities and differences,

specific areas are discussed, including the

dual sources of makeup water and

blowdown control.

Status Report:

Cooling Tower

Performance

Project(TP-86-03)

John A. Bartz &

Wayne C.

Micheletti, EPRI

and Margaret C.McPhail, Houston

Lighting & Power

1986

Abstract: The current status of the EPRI

Cooling Tower Performance Test Facility

Project, described at the 1984 CTI

Annual Conference, is reported.

Operating experience and test results

from the Small Scale Test Facility and

full-scale facilities at Houston Light &


28 25/09/2015 0



Power stations are presented. Results

from computer codes to predict tower

performance, including one developed

and validated in Europe, are included.

Elimination of the need for a hot water

temperature correction by use of these

codes is explained. Description of a

project expansion is provided, which

includes a study of fill degradation plus

improved water and airflow rate

measurement techniques aimed at more

accurate heat balances. In addition,

developmental fill configuration proposed

for performance tests are described.

Activation of a

New Tower

Facility

(TP-86-12)

W.D. Lansford,

P.E., Arnold

Engineering

Development Ctr.

1986

Abstract: The activation of a new heatexchanger, pipeline and components, and

cooling tower systems, can present

problems not found in modifications or

additions to existing systems. This paper

will address some of the unexpected

events that surfaced during activation of

the cooling tower systems, piping, and

valving and the steps taken to correct the

occurrences.

Application of

Uncertainty

Analysis to

Cooling Tower

Thermal

Performance

Tests

(TP-86-15)

John G. Yost &

David E. Wheeler

Environmental

Systmes Corp.

1986

Abstract: The Cooling Tower Institute

has adopted much needed guidelines for

providing meaningful estimates of

measurement uncertainty and thepropagation of these uncertainties into the

determination of cooling tower capability.

Uncertainty analyses can be useful in

determining test validation and

compliance with contractual agreements.

This paper addresses actual and desired

uncertainties associated with specific test

parameters. It addresses how these errors

propagate into the calculation of cooling


28 25/09/2015 0



tower capability uncertainty. Specific

examples are given based on multiple

hours of test data acquired on both

natural draft (crossflow and counterflow)

and mechanical draft (rectangular and

circular) cooling towers. The paper will

show how significant uncertainty is

calculated versus predicted capability in

natural draft cooling towers can occur.

Guidelines for reducing uncertainty are

provided for mechanical and natural draft

towers.

Influence of air

and Water

Temperature on

Fill

Characteristics

Curve

(TP-85-08)

Marcel R.

LeFevre, MRL

Corporation

1985

Abstract: In a paper presented at the

1984 Annual CTI Meeting, the author

reviewed the Merkel theory

approximations and suggested simple

methods to eliminate them in order to

reduce the influence of temperature on

the demand curve. He indicated that a

second influence existed on the fill

characteristic curve side. This paper

addresses this question in detail and

compares theory with actual test results,answering many of the questions left

open by the first paper.

Application of

Upspray Type

Water

Distribution

Systems in

Cooling Towers

(TP-85-09)

H. Peter Fay &

Gerhard Hesse,

GEA Power

Cooling Systems,

Inc.

1985

Abstract: Thermal and hydrauliccharacteristics of the up-spray system;

performance verification; effects on

tower configuration and fill; operational

and maintenance characteristics.

EPRI Research

on Cooling

Tower

Performance

(TP-84-01)

John A. Bartz &

Wayne C.

Micheletti, Electric

Power Research

Institute

1984


28 25/09/2015 0



Abstract: One of the primary goals of

EPRI's Heat Waste and Water

Management Program is to improve the

ability of the utility industry to predict

and test the performance of power plant

cooling systems. The object of this work

is to develop uniform methods that will

aid the industry in specifying cooling

systems, evaluating bids, performing

retrofitting studies, and testing system

thermal performance. Current work

includes research on once-through

systems, cooling ponds and lakes, and wet

and dry cooling towers. This paper

describes research on conventional

evaporative cooling towers. The effort

includes the construction of a

laboratory-scale fill test facility and

testing of promising counter flow and

cross flow fill configurations for thermal

and hydraulic performance at both

laboratory scale and full scale.

Integration of

the Cooling

Tower in the

Chemical

Processing

Plant

(TP-84-07)

W. v.L. Campagne

& Lane J.

McDonough, Stone

& Webster

Engineering

Corporation

1984

Abstract: For too long the ChemicalProcessing Industry has neglected the

effect of ambient air on total energy

consumption. Cooling water plays an

important role in energy management.

The Paper outlines several operating

considerations to provide a more energy

efficient system, as well as the

information needed to determine the

optimum point of operation.

Recirculation

and

Interference

Characteristics

of Circular

Mechanical

Draft Cooling

Towers

(TP-84-13)

John W. Cooper,

Jr., Zurn Industries,

Inc.

1984


28 25/09/2015 0



Abstract: The entrainment of hot moist

air from a cooling tower into the tower

inlet air decreases both overall tower and

plant performance. This study

characterizes recirculation on a circular

mechanical draft-cooling tower. Data

taken on this tower are compared to data

from similar tests on rectangular

mechanical draft cooling towers in this

paper.

Eliminating the

Merkel Theory

Approximations

-- Can it

Replace the

Empirical

"Temperature

Correction

Factor"?(TP-84-18)

Marcel R.

LeFevre, MRL

Corporation

1984

Abstract: The Merkel Theory was

published in 1925 and demonstrated that

heat transfer in evaporative cooling tower

was approximately proportional to a

difference of enthalpies. Approximations

of the theory are very large, mainly when

water temperatures are high. This paper

presents a simple method to eliminate

Merkel's Theory approximations. It is

practically as simple to use as the presentMerkel Theory, and existing data can still

be used with simple corrections.

Hopefully this can be the base for a new

future standard of the cooling tower

industry.

The Use of the

CTI Blue Book

at Altitude

(TP269A)

Robert Fulkerson,

Cooling

Technology

Corporation

1983

Abstract: This paper discusses methodsto be utilized when using the CTI

BlueBook at any altitude.

Evaporative

Cooling

Performance

Evaluation

(TP-253A)

Larry D. Howlett,

Heat Transfer &

Mechanical Design

1982


28 25/09/2015 0



Abstract: A model is presented which

predicts the performance of an

evaporative cooling system at other than

the tested operation point. The model is

based upon an empirical correlation for

convection heat transfer and a proposed

form for this correlation is introduced.

Effect of Altitude on

Cooling Tower

Design and

Testing

(TP-251A)

George E. McKee,Cooling

Technology

Corporation

1982

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to

show why altitude is an important factor

that should be taken into consideration

when designing or testing a tower.

Information will also be presented which

should be helpful in doing calculations forelevations other than sea level. Only

counterflow towers will be discussed in

this paper because of the ease in

performing the calculations but the

principles discussed also apply to

crossflow towers.

Unique

Systematic

Approach

Helps Conquer

Multiple

Cooling System

Problems

(TP-230A)

Thomas D. Frey,

Union Carbide

Corporation and

Albert D. Owens

Calgon

Corporation

1981

Abstract: A computer program was used

to select a treatment program that

eliminated or reduced problems

associated with changing from

zinc-chromate treatment and makeup

water source.

A Review of Present and

Recently

Proposed

Methods for

Thermal

Evaluation of

Atmospheric

Water Cooling

Equipment

Glenn F. Hallett,Fluor Engineers

and Constructors,

Inc.

1980


28 25/09/2015 0



(TP224A)

Abstract: Recent methods for predicting

and evaluating tower performance will be

discussed including spray cooling water

systems. Although dimensional analysis

techniques for heat and mass transfer are

used, requirements for this solution are

not always met. Proposed and presentmethods are compared.

Common

Misconceptions

Concerning

Cooling Tower

Performance

(TP-225A)

James L. Willa &

John C. Campbell,

Lilie-Hoffmann

Cooling Towers,

Inc.

1980

Abstract: This paper demonstrates rather

pointedly that cooling tower performance

and operation is not so straightforwardly

simple as it many times is thought to be.

These misconceptions or "Old Cooling

Tower Tales" can cost you money in all

phases of dealing with cooling towers.

An Evaluation

of Schemes for

the Prediction

of

Recirculation

on Crossflow

RectangularMechanical

Draft Cooling

Towers

(TP-195A)

R.D. Moore, D.E.

Wheeler, K.R.

Wilber & A.E.

Johnson,

Environmental

Systems Corp.

1979

Abstract:

Handling

Upsets in

Cooling Water

Systems

(TP-196A)

J.R. Townsend,

Drew Chemical

Corporation

1979

Abstract:

Biofilm

Development

and Destruction

in Turbulent

Flow

(TP-204A)

W.G. Characklis,

Rice University

1979

Abstract:

© Copyright 2012-2015

Cooling Technology Institute


28 25/09/2015 0



Evaporative

Hat Removal in

Wet Cooling

Towers

(TP-209A)

Thomas E. Eaton,

P.E., University of

Kentucky

1979

Abstract:

Next Year's

Profits...FromYour Cooling

Tower

(TP-199A)

C.J. McCann &

Dennis Moran,Tower

Performance, Inc.

1979

Abstract:

Improving

Condenser

Cleanliness by

Using a

Dispersant to

SupplementChlorination at

a Nuclear Plant

(TP-189A)

J.R. Sipp, Vermont

Yankee Nuclear

Power Station, Jeff

R. Townsend,

Drew Chemical

Corp.

1978

Abstract:

Review of

Cooling Tower

Calculation

(TP-194A)

Walter Gloyer,

Consultant

1978

Abstract:

EmergencyShutdown

Cooling Towers

Considerations

in the Evolution

of an Optimum

Tower Design

(TP-152A)

Stuart M. Klein,United Engineers

& Constructors,

Inc.

1976

Abstract:

A Blueprint for

the Preparation

of Crossflow

Cooling Tower

Characteristic

Curves

(TP-146A)

Neil W. Kelly, Neil

W. Kelly and

Associates

1976

Abstract:

Proper Cooling

Tower

Operation

James L. Willa,

Lilie-Hoffmann

1975


28 25/09/2015 0



Makes Money

(TP-141A)

Abstract:

The Cooling

Tower - Waste

Heat Superstar

(TP-121A)

Peter M. Phelps,

Phelps

Engineering, Inc.

1974

Abstract:

Estimating

Cooling Tower

Costs

Performance -

A Tool for

Determining

the Impact on

the Hydro-

Thermal

Program(TP-97A)

Emoy H. Hall,

Bonneville Power

Administration

1972

Abstract:

Off-Peak

Cooling With

Thermocycle

(TP-70A)

Robert Reynolds,

York Division

Borg-Warner

Corporation

1969

Abstract:

Missapplication

and Incorrect

Location of Cooling Towers

(TP-73A)

Robert S. Jones,

Francis Assoc.

1969

Abstract:

Novel Cooling

Tower Control

System

(TP-48A)

H. Feitler & C.R.

Townsend, Magna

Corporation

1968

Abstract:

A Report on

In-Place SprayTreatment of

Cooling Towers

at the Paducah

Gaseous

Diffusion Plant

(TP-20A)

L.C. Burkhalter,

Union CarbideCorporation

1967

Abstract:


28 25/09/2015 0



Control of Fog

From Cooling

Towers

(TP-30A)

J.R. Buss,

Monsanto

Company

1967

Abstract:

The

Application of

ComputerTechniques to

the Selection

and Evaluation

of Water

Cooling Tower

(TP-29A)

Neil W. Kelly,

Pritchard Products

Corporation

1967

Abstract:

Effect of

Altitude on

Cooling TowerRating and

Performance

(TPR-125)

Thomas H.

Hamilton

1962

Abstract:

Sizing Cooling

Towers to

Optimize Plant

Performance

(TP218A)

S.D. Clark, Union

Carbide Corp.

1962

Abstract:

Cooling Technology Institute, PO Box 681807, Houston, Texas 77268, Phone 281-583-4087, Fax

281-537-1721, Email [email protected]
