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Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels VIVES Workshop The Stability of Regions, Culture and Institutions June 2016

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Page 1: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making

Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

VIVES Workshop

The Stability of Regions, Culture and Institutions June 2016

Page 2: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

Brexit Election promise in 2013: •  In-out referendum on EU membership •  European Union Referendum Act 2015: Vote on June 23rd, 2016 Which countries will gain/loose influence in EU if the UK leaves?

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Page 3: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

European Union: Decision making Source: http://forum2010.belgium.be/en/content/what-does-presidency-involve-what-will-belgium-be-able-do/

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Page 4: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

Council of Ministers Council of the European Union / Council of Ministers / Consilium / Council - 28 national ministers, legislative branch -  principal decision making institution -  approval necessary -  prefers to operate by consensus / unanimity -  different majority thresholds apply, depending on area (Simplified) vote in the Council: Yes – Abstain – No •  Use voting records to determine relationship between voting records of

different countries •  Use Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient

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Page 5: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

Survey of Presentation ü  Introduction •  Correlation coefficients for Council votes

•  UK votes •  UK & Belgian votes •  Brexit losers •  Sectoral formation of Council meetings

•  Conclusion

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Page 6: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

Council of Ministers Council of the European Union / Council of Ministers / Consilium / Council - 28 national ministers, legislative branch -  principal decision making institution -  approval necessary -  prefers to operate by consensus / unanimity -  different majority thresholds apply, depending on area (Simplified) vote in the Council: Yes – Abstain – No •  Use voting records to determine relationship between voting records of

different countries •  National interest determine votes •  Use Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient

For statistical significance use: 𝑡=√(𝑛−2)∕(1− 𝑟↑2 )  ~ 𝑡↓𝑛−2 

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Page 7: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients

Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire. Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe. UK.Aus. 0,07 0,12 0,11 0,13 0,09 0,17 0,17 0,15 0,23 0,08 0,05 0,07 0,11 0,10 0,09 0,21 0,06 0,15 0,08 0,20 0,20 0,19 0,15 0,03 0,17 0,03Bel. 0,19 0,17 0,13 0,17 0,22 0,22 0,26 0,04 0,26 0,26 0,22 0,14 0,19 0,21 0,33 0,10 0,17 0,05 0,16 0,26 0,18 0,31 0,20 0,18 0,06Bul. 0,20 0,31 0,14 0,30 0,31 0,23 0,05 0,19 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,25 0,32 0,17 0,14 0,06 0,12 0,21 0,27 0,16 0,25 0,21 0,24 0,02Cyp. 0,20 0,11 0,19 0,17 0,11 0,03 0,34 0,19 0,17 0,08 0,22 0,24 0,22 0,24 0,10 0,15 0,12 0,15 0,22 0,26 0,17 0,08 0,03Cze. 0,15 0,37 0,23 0,17 0,03 0,17 0,19 0,11 0,11 0,36 0,40 0,27 0,16 0,13 0,24 0,22 0,23 0,37 0,33 0,07 0,20 0,08Den. 0,22 0,21 0,15 0,09 0,21 0,13 0,21 0,08 0,18 0,19 0,17 0,03 0,28 0,10 0,13 0,19 0,08 0,14 0,16 0,39 0,10Est. 0,37 0,22 0,10 0,27 0,17 0,15 0,15 0,49 0,39 0,26 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,22 0,42 0,43 0,27 0,16 0,26 0,07Fin. 0,19 0,11 0,23 0,18 0,22 0,16 0,30 0,31 0,24 0,11 0,19 0,24 0,27 0,30 0,18 0,33 0,17 0,36 0,03Fra. 0,21 0,30 0,09 0,17 0,17 0,20 0,17 0,20 0,12 0,17 0,09 0,33 0,23 0,02 0,08 0,26 0,19 0,06Ger. 0,22 0,05 0,12 0,06 0,13 0,12 0,12 0,04 0,09 0,07 0,10 0,02 0,05 -0,01 0,05 0,12 -0,06

Gre. 0,21 0,16 0,24 0,25 0,24 0,26 0,12 0,18 0,18 0,33 0,23 0,08 0,17 0,24 0,19 0,08Hun. 0,09 0,07 0,18 0,31 0,17 0,16 0,03 0,21 0,13 0,20 0,26 0,24 0,10 0,10 0,07Ire. 0,15 0,13 0,15 0,19 0,08 0,24 0,02 0,16 0,21 0,11 0,20 0,25 0,19 0,26Ita. 0,15 0,17 0,17 0,14 0,09 0,02 0,28 0,30 0,21 0,19 0,25 0,10 0,01Lat. 0,44 0,23 0,12 0,17 0,25 0,21 0,32 0,36 0,28 0,17 0,16 0,08Lit. 0,22 0,17 0,18 0,39 0,26 0,43 0,38 0,30 0,15 0,25 0,09Lux. 0,12 0,19 0,09 0,22 0,27 0,27 0,31 0,17 0,19 0,11Mal. 0,03 0,11 0,18 0,19 0,21 0,13 0,21 0,03 0,02Net. 0,06 0,13 0,16 0,11 0,15 0,14 0,41 0,17Pol. 0,19 0,24 0,30 0,20 0,04 0,10 -0,05

Por. 0,30 0,15 0,21 0,29 0,18 0,07Rom. 0,34 0,45 0,25 0,23 0,05Slk. 0,32 0,12 0,05 0,07Slv. 0,14 0,20 0,10Spa. 0,23 0,10Swe. 0,18Table1:SpearmanrankcorrelaRoncoefficientsbasedonnon-unanimousCouncilvotes.0,XX:significantat1%;0,XXsignificantat5%;0,XX:significantat10%.

Page 8: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

UK correlations in Council votes

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Aus. Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire.

0,03 0,06 0,02 0,03 0,08 0,10 0,07 0,03 0,06 -0,06 0,08 0,07 0,26

Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe.

0,01 0,08 0,09 0,11 0,02 0,17 -0,05 0,07 0,05 0,07 0,10 0,10 0,18

0,XX: significant at 1%; 0,XX: significant at 5%. 0,XX: significant at 10% Strong statistical significant relations: Ireland, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Sweden Statistical significant relations: Denmark, Lithuania, Slovenia, Spain Weak statistical significant relations: Czechia, Greece, Hungary, Portugal

Page 9: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

UK & Belgian correlations in Council votes

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Aus. Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire.

0,03 0,06 0,02 0,03 0,08 0,10 0,07 0,03 0,06 -0,06 0,08 0,07 0,26

Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe.

0,01 0,08 0,09 0,11 0,02 0,17 -0,05 0,07 0,05 0,07 0,10 0,10 0,18

Aus. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire. Ita.

0,07 0,19 0,17 0,13 0,17 0,22 0,22 0,26 0,04 0,26 0,26 0,22 0,14

Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe. UK.

0,19 0,21 0,33 0,10 0,17 0,05 0,16 0,26 0,18 0,31 0,20 0,18 0,06

Page 10: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

Brexit losers

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Aus. Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire.

0,03 0,06 0,02 0,03 0,08 0,10 0,07 0,03 0,06 -0,06 0,08 0,07 0,26

Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe.

0,01 0,08 0,09 0,11 0,02 0,17 -0,05 0,07 0,05 0,07 0,10 0,10 0,18

0,XX: significant at 1%; 0,XX: significant at 5%. 0,XX: significant at 10% Strong Brexit losers: Ireland, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Sweden Brexit losers: Denmark, Lithuania, Slovenia, Spain Weak Brexit losers: Czechia, Greece, Hungary, Portugal

Page 11: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

Sectoral formation of the Council 1.  General affairs and external relations 2.  Ecofin 3.  Justice and home affairs 4.  Employment, social policy, health and consumer affairs 5.  Competitiveness (Internal market, industry and research) 6.  Transport, telecommunications and energy 7.  Agriculture and fisheries 8.  Environment 9.  Education, youth and culture

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Page 12: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

UK correlations in Council votes: General affairs and external relations

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Aus. Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire.

-0,02 -0,01 0,08 0,08 0,15 -0,06 0,09 0,10 0,14 -0,03 -0,05 0,05 0,25

Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe.

-0,02 0,24 0,24 0,03 0,03 0,21 -0,09 -0,02 -0,01 0,03 0,14 -0,03 0,39

Strong Brexit loser: Sweden Brexit loser: Ireland Weak Brexit losers: Latvia, Lithuania

Page 13: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

UK correlations in Council votes: Ecofin

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Aus. Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire.

-0,12 -0,01 -0,13 -0,19 0,35 -0,06 -0,11 0,12 -0,24 -0,31 -0,14 -0,11 0,31

Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe.

-0,10 0,37 - 0,36 -0,00 0,02 -0,19 -0,06 - - 0,15 0,09 0,13

Brexit losers: Czechia, Ireland, Latvia, Luxemburg Brexit winner: Germany

Page 14: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

UK correlations in Council votes: Justice and home affairs

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Aus. Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire.

0,09 -0,06 0,09 0,34 0,06 0,22 0,17 0,07 0,18 -0,04 0,05 0,11 0,19

Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe.

-0,03 -0,07 0,23 0,54 0,12 -0,05 -0,01 0,02 - 0,23 0,22 0,26 0,07

Strong Brexit losers: Cyprus Brexit losers: Spain Weak Brexit losers: Denmark, Lithuania, Slovakia

Page 15: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

UK correlations in Council votes: Employment, social policy, health and consumer affairs

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Aus. Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire.

-0,14 0,02 - -0,15 0,07 0,01 - -0,14 -0,14 -0,35 - 0,34 -

Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe.

-0,21 -0,22 -0,15 -0,14 -0,15 -0,14 0,06 -0,14 - -0,15 0,07 -0,21 -0,14

Weak Brexit winner: Germany

Page 16: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

UK correlations in Council votes: Competitiveness (Internal market, industry and research)

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Aus. Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire.

0,25 0,34 0,07 -0,01 -0,01 0,16 0,04 -0,00 0,18 -0,03 0,10 0,32 0,26

Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe.

0,04 0,10 0,10 0,21 -0,15 -0,10 -0,22 0,03 -0,06 0,29 0,06 0,13 0,00

Brexit loser: Belgium Weak Brexit losers: Hungary

Page 17: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

UK correlations in Council votes: Transport, telecommunications and energy

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Aus. Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire.

0,13 -0,00 -0,22 -0,10 0,14 0,07 -0,01 0,00 -0,14 0,00 0,05 0,33 0,05

Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe.

-0,07 0,26 0,07 0,12 0,15 0,38 -0,19 0,00 -0,12 0,07 -0,02 -0,07 0,08

Strong Brexit loser: Netherlands Brexit loser: Hungary Weak Brexit loser: Latvia

Page 18: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

UK correlations in Council votes: Agriculture and fisheries

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Aus. Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire.

-0,00 -0,03 -0,07 -0,04 -0,08 0,11 -0,02 -0,12 -0,00 -0,04 0,01 -0,04 0,19

Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe.

-0,07 0,01 -0,01 0,01 0,08 0,08 -0,07 0,09 0,03 0,04 0,00 0,08 0,08

Strong Brexit loser: Ireland Weak Brexit winner: Finland

Page 19: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

UK correlations in Council votes: Environment

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Aus. Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire.

-0,04 0,23 0,41 0,38 0,53 0,11 0,48 0,31 0,12 -0,11 0,39 0,16 0,57

Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe.

0,17 0,25 0,36 0,36 0,07 0,36 0,21 0,31 0,56 0,25 0,38 0,11 0,47

Strong Brexit losers: Czechia, Estonia, Ireland, Romania, Sweden Brexit losers: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia

Page 20: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

UK correlations in Council votes: Education, youth and culture

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Aus. Bel. Bul. Cyp. Cze. Den. Est. Fin. Fra. Ger. Gre. Hun. Ire.

-0,33 -0,24 0,30 - 0,14 -0,24 - -0,13 -0,19 -0,28 - - 0,19

Ita. Lat. Lit. Lux. Mal. Net. Pol. Por. Rom. Slk. Sln. Spa. Swe.

0,03 0,11 0,31 - -0,25 0,46 - 0,31 - - - 0,04 0,39

Brexit loser: Netherlands Weak Brexit loser: Sweden

Page 21: Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making · Brexit Implications for EU Decision Making Klaas Staal (Karlstad University, Sweden) Marco Fantini – European Commission, Brussels

Conclusion Spearman‘s rank correlation coefficient on vote outcomes in the Council of ministers to study the Brexit implications on EU decision making In general: •  Strong Brexit losers: Ireland, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Sweden •  Brexit losers: Denmark, Lithuania, Slovenia, Spain •  Weak Brexit losers: Czechia, Greece, Hungary, Portugal Germany benefits in the “Ecofin” and “Employment, social policy, health and consumer affairs” meetings; Finland benefits in the “Agriculture and fisheries”, but loses in the “Environment” meetings No Brexit effect: Austria, France, Italy, Malta and Poland Belgium loses in the “Competitiveness” meetings

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