BRIDGING THE DANUBE Roman Occupation and Interaction along

the Middle Danube Valley, 1st-5th c. AD

Timioara, April 1112, 2014

Organizers:

PROGRAM

Friday * (April 11, 2014)

900 1000: Registration and Coffee (first floor, in front of Aula Magna Hall)

1000 1100: Exhibition Presentation: The Dacians from UnipTimi county, RO (Guide: Alexandru BERZOVAN; in front of Aula Magna Hall)

1100 1130: Opening Ceremony (ground floor, Hall A01)

1130 1350: Communication Session (ground floor, Hall A01)

1350 1430: Lunch Break (ground floor, Room 022)

1430 1810: Communication Session (ground floor, Hall A01)

1810 1900: Poster Session (ground floor, Hall A01)

1900 midnight: Festive Dinner (Restaurant)

Saturday * (April 12, 2014)

900 1000: Snack and Coffee (ground floor, Room 022)

1000 1200: Trip to TIBISCVMJupa with the University Bus

1200 1300: Visit to the Archaeological Reservation of TIBISCVMJupa

1300 1400: Traditional Ditch-edge Lunch Break

1400 1500: Final Discussions

1400 1600: Return to Timioara & Departure of the participants

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Communication Session 11301150: Doina BENEA (West University - Timioara, Romania) Some Remarks about the Bridge Conquering from Drobeta in the Inscription held by Ariosti. 11501210: Tadeusz SARNOWSKI (Institute of Archaeology - Warsaw, Poland) The Headquarters Building at Novae (Lower Moesia): Past, Present an Future. 12101230: Bogdan CONDUREANU (Digital Romania Project - Bucharest, Romania) Reconsidering the XIXth century sources with the help of modern day cartography, satellite imagery and access to more than 100 years of research in archaeology. Following in the footsteps of the founding father of Romanian ancient topography, Pamfil Polonic. Episode 1. The Fortresses and historical places on the left bank of the Danube. A topographical commentary and a digital adventure. 12301250: Coriolan Horaiu OPREANU (Romanian Academy - Institute of Archaeology and History of Art, Cluj-Napoca, Romania) Military organization of South-West Dacia during AD 101-119. 12501310: Olivera ILI (Institute of Archaeology - Belgrade, Serbia) Food Supply to the Roman Army in Forts along the Danube Limes in the South Eastern Roman Provinces. 13101330: Alexandru BERZOVAN ("Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University - Iai, Romania), Ctlin BORANGIC (Institute of Archaeology "Vasile Prvan" - Bucharest, Romania) The borders of the Dacian Kingdom. The Danubian sector. 13301350: Sever Indrie MIRON ("Mihai Viteazul" Hischool - Vulcan, Romania) The Legio I Italica and its first Encampment in Moesia. 14301450: Sneana GOLUBOVI (Research Associate at Archaeological Insti- tute, Belgrade, Serbia) Amphora Burials from Viminacium. 14501510: Zdravko DIMITROV, Nikolay RUSEV (National Archaeological Institute with Museum - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Sofia, Bulgaria) The Excavations of Colonia Ulpia Traiana Ratiaria. The Newest Data from the Western Necropolis.

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15101530: Ioana CREULESCU, Lucian-Mircea MUREAN (Institute of Archaeology "Vasile Prvan" - Bucharest, Romania) Roman Law Concerning Funerary Monuments Belonging to Military Personnel on Both Sides of the Middle and Lower Danube. A Case Study based on Some Funerary Epigraphs. 15301550: Nemanja MRI (Archaeological Institute - Belgrade, Serbia) Miomir KORA (Archaeological Institute - Belgrade, Serbia) Danube River Fleet and Viminacium as its Base 15501610: Nicolae GUDEA, Paul CHEPTEA ("Babe-Bolyai" University - Cluj Napoca, Romania) Reconstruction-Proposal for the Catapult from Dierna-Orova. 16101630: Emil JCZMIENOWSKI (Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of History, University of Warsaw, Poland) Roman Fortifications of the Former Upper Moesian limes between AD 270-378. 16301650: Mihail ZAHARIADE (Institute of Archaeology "Vasile Prvan" - Bucharest, Romania) The Dacia Ripensis Section in the Notitia Dignitatum. 16501710: Dziurdzik TOMASZ (Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland) The Role of the Equites Dalmatae in the Late Roman Danubian Defense Systems. 17101730: Richard WITT (Athens, Greece) The Grass in the next Field ...: some Reflections on the Earliest Slav Crossing of the Danube. 17301750: Mariana BALACI CRNGU, Ctlin BALACI (West University - Timioara & Village Museum - Timioara, Romania) Anthropological and Social Aspects of Population of Drobeta. 17501810: Sorin FORIU (ArheoVest Association - Timioara, Romania) Ubi est Zeugma?

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Poster Session 1. Clin TIMOC (West University - Timioara, Romania) The Military Bridge Builder Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli and Roman Ruins on the Danube. 2. Bogdan MUSCALU, Sergiu ENACHE, Mihaela MUSCALU (West Uni- versity - Timioara, Romania) The Routes of the Sarmatian Iazyges military forays on the Danubian Provinces. 3. Liviu PETCULESCU (National Museum of Romania - Bucharest, Romania) Military equipment graves from Capidava in Moesia Inferior. 4. Eric de SENA (American Research Center in Sofia, Bulgaria) Roman Period Archaeological Research Projects in the Lower Danube Valley. 5. Simona REGEP (West University - Timioara, Romania) Some Remarks about the Roman Danube Navigation in the Iron Gate Area. 6. Atalia TEFNESCU (West University - Timioara, Romania) Epigraphic Habits along the Middle Danube Valley in Roman Time. 7. Oana TUTIL (Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation - Deva, Romania) Iter Danubii. Votive Marble Sculpture and Trade Across the River in the 2nd-3rd century AD. 8. Ana Cristina HAMAT (Banat Museum - Reita, Romania) The Art of Jewellery in the roman provinces of Dacia, Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior between the IInd century and IIIrd century A.D. 9. Oleg ALEXANDROV (St. Cyril and St. Methodius University - Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria) The Roman Power along the Danube: Occupation or Integration?

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ABSTRACTS

Communication Session 1. Doina BENEA Some Remarks about the Bridge Conquering from Drobeta in the Inscription held by Ariosti / Einige Bemerkungen zur Verwaltung der Brcke von Drobeta anhand einer von Ariosti

aufbewahrten Inschrift Unter den von Ariosti aufbewahrten Handschriften gibt es auch eine Inschrift aus Ulpia Traiana, die im CIL, III, 90 verffentlicht und von Th. Mommsen als Flschung betrachtet wurde. Ihr Text lautet: M. Papirio.M. F.Cor / praef.coh.I Pann. in Dacia / praef.Ripae. Tibissi-Danuvii / curatori pontis Aug.in Moesia / IIviro pop. plebsque. Ulpia Tra. / 5 Sar. Patr.h.m.p. Die erste militia dieses Ritters ist das Kommando als praefectus des cohors I Panno-niorum in Dakien. Cohors I Pannoniorum veterana war eine Auxiliareinheit, die bei der Eroberung Dakiens mitgewirkt hatte. Im Jahr 110 wird sie in den Urkunden aus Dakien erwhnt. Ihr Standort in der Provinz ist noch nicht durch Stempel belegt. Praefectus. Ripae. Tibissi-Danuvii. Curatori Pontis Aug. in Moesia ist das zweite erwhnte Amt nach der militia des Ritters M. Papirius ... . Dieses Amt folgte normalerweise nach dem drei- oder viermaligen Militrkommando der Auxiliartruppen. Im vorliegenden Fall kommt es nach dem ersten Komando, also als ganz auergewhnlich. Praefectus ripae Tibissi- Danuvii ist ein Militramt, bei dem der praefectus mit der berwachung der beiden flieenden Gewsser Tibiscus und Danuvius an der Grenze des Banats beauftragt war. Wie weit die Amtspflichten stromaufwrts nach der Begegnung zwischen Thei und Donau gereicht haben, geht unseres Erachtens aus der zweiten zeitgleichen Funktion hervor, die des ... curator pontis Augusti in Moesia ... . Weil die Ttigkeit des M. Papirius an die Donau gebunden ist, bedeutete seine Funktion als Kurator der kaiserlichen Brcke aus Moesien

Die Dienstbereiche der beiden Funktionen zur Aufsicht der Donau- und der Theiufer und implizite zum Bewachen der Brcke aus Moesia Superior (unmittelbar von der Zerstrung bedroht) sind miteinander verbunden und sprechen logischerweise fr diese Hypothese. Die Dienstpflichten des M. Papirius als praefectus ripae betrafen beide Provinzen: Moesia Supe-rior und Dakien.

das zeitweilige Kommando einer Donau-brcke. Die einzige kaiserliche Brcke aus Moesien im Abschnitt des Eisernen Tores war die rmische Brcke von Drobeta, die auf Trajans Befehl errichtet worden war, folglich sind die Zuordnung und die Identifizierung leicht zu machen. Das Amt des curator pontis verweist auch auf einen anderen, meines Erachtens bedeutenden Aspekt, und zwar darauf, dass die militrische Verwaltung der Donaubrcke stets als ein der Provinz Moesia Superior zustehender Dienst betrachtet wurde, was auch stimmt. Das war wohl auch mit dem rmi-schen Kanal fr Schifffahrt von Sip als einem einheitlichen System auf dem Gebiet der Provinz sdlich der Donau eng verbunden.

2. Tadeusz SARNOWSKI

The Headquarters Building at Novae (Lower Moesia): Past, Present an Future The paper deals with the administrative building of the 1st Italic legion at Novae in the 1st to 5th century A.D., divides its history into three main phases, proposes a reconstruction of its plan and a 3D digital visualization of its architecture and finally shows a large-scale project of conservation and partial restoration of the chapel of standards, the walls, flooring and

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roofing of the adjacent rooms and of the colonnade surrounding the courtyard. Special emphasis will be put on what was done in 2013 on the site itself, what work is still in progress and how the present exhibition of architectural and archaeological structures looks like now. This paper will also discuss what still needs to be done in the next future, especially reconstructions of such small structures as a wooden well house in the courtyard, stone and/or masonry screens in the sacred, railed enclosure in front of the chapel and at the entrances to the office rooms, wall dividers in some rooms to the left and right of the chapel and how to arrange two lapidaria in the porticoes with inscribed altars, statue-bases and architectural details, mostly coming from various spots within the headquarters building. 3. Bogdan CONDUREANU

Reconsidering the XIXth century sources with the help of modern day cartography, satellite imagery and access to more than 100 years of research in archaeology. Following in the footsteps of the founding father of Romanian ancient topography, Pamfil Polonic.

Episode 1. The Fortresses and historical places on the left bank of the Danube. A topogra-phical commentary and a digital adventure

[* 27.08.1858, Suceava; 17.04.1943, Bucharest]

Pamfil Polonic is an iconic, yet still puzzling character in the his-tory of the Romanian archaeology. The brightest and most brilliant bits of his work are on display in almost all major works about the Roman antiquity in Romania. The record territory covered by him in the 11 years he dedicated, as an employee of the Antiquity Museum in Bucharest, to discovering and documenting the archaeological treasures of the young Romanian state at the end of the XIXth and the beginning of XXth century has never been equaled, not even by far, by any scholar ever since. Only a very small percentage of his finds were ever tackled by professionals. Some of his documented finds are still to be redis-covered in the field today. Only two major works of his ever got published, the other ones rest, as he left them, at the end of his life, to the care of the Romanian Academy Library, in manuscript form.

Rumors of conflict with his employer, the academician Grigore Tocilescu - that led to Polonic leaving the Antiquity Museum in 1902 - and the fact that the manuscripts entrusted for publishing to Vasile Prvan in 1927 were returned by his successor, prof. Ion Andrieescu, in exactly the same state, ten years after, have fuelled my curiosity and sparked sympathy for the man and his work. It was only in 2013, when, with the kind help of Eugen Teodor, from the National History Museum, I got the chance to read all his manuscripts, I understood why his manuscripts were never published. Reading and interpreting them is by no means an easy task even today since most of the names of the places disappeared or changed while Romania became greater, boundaries changed and political regimes followed one after another with a keen interest to reinvent the past and are practically barely recognizable if not unrecognizable at all in any contemporary maps. On the other hand, for the scholars who ever got a chance to read them, too much change has happened meanwhile, the views of the author which were very much of the romantic generation of the XIX century while archaeology advanced into the XX century by going rapidly in the direction of specialization in ever smaller fields in space and time became obsolete. Plus Polonics ability to describe and draw prehistoric strongholds, roman antiquities and castra, medieval fortresses and modern batteries, all of them spiced with bits of geomorphology, folklore and ethnography, was too much and too little at the same time

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Today we engage in a virtual trip along the Danube, beginning from the Iron Gates and finishing at Brila, to see it through Polonics eyes what it would have looked like in the final years of the XIXth century. We are assisted in this journey by the recently digitized and geo-referenced map of Southern Romania published by Szathmary in 1864 and a wealth of knowledge and maps accumulated ever since. Although much of the territory described is on the port side of our time travelling ship, glimpses of Serbian and Bulgarian territories are also allowed and encouraged. All aboard?! 4. Coriolan Horaiu OPREANU

Military organization of South-West Dacia during AD 101-119 The author is reopening the file of one of the problems not enough known of the Romanian research: southwestern frontier of Dacia. He briefly discuss the early Roman history of Banat. More than forty years ago was advanced the hypothesis that at the beginning of Hadrians reign when Dacia was reorganized the military road Lederata Tibiscum and the western part of Banat was abandoned by the Roman army in the context of the retreat in Upper Moesia of the 4th legion Flavia Felix from Bersobis. Then he reminds the evidence that prove the early conque-ring (AD 101) of Banat and demonstrates that till the organizing of the Province of Dacia in AD 106 this territory belonged to Upper Moesia, the Roman military commander mentioned in the work of Cassius Dio, Longinus being very probable the governor of Upper Moesia having under command three legions, 11th Claudia from Viminacium, 4th Flavia from Bersobis and 13th Gemina, encamped probably in the fortress under the future veteran colony of Ulpia Tra-iana Sarmizegetusa. 5. Olivera ILI

Food Supply to the Roman Army in Forts along the Danube Limes in the South Eastern Roman Provinces

This paper deals with supply Roman troops along the Roman limes along the Danube. The complex system of the supply and distribution of goods in the territory of the province of Moesia Superior, was conducted via land and river throughout the Roman period. Apart from greater supply centres, in which food supplies were stored and kept for further distribution, according to the archaeological data preserved, forts along the Limes also had their own buildings intended for storing food for the soldiers stationed within them for a certain period of time. The supply system used by the Roman army, and the method of collecting supplies within the larger supply centres, indicate that the quantity of grain produced in the province of the Moesia Superior was not sufficient for all of the inhabitants and soldiers stationed in its territory. This shortfall was covered with imports from the neighbouring provinces, such as the areas around the Black Sea and Dacia, but also from distant parts of the Empire. 6. Alexandru BERZOVAN, Ctlin BORANGIC

The borders of the Dacian Kingdom. The Danubian sector The construction of the Dacian kingdom in the centuries Ist B.C. Ist A.D., done through the more or less violent integration of preexistent sociopolitical entities, could not have been achieved without a solid political-military infrastructure. This infrastructure was characterized by the existence of numerous core groups of professional warriors with a well-defined identity, as they were the builders and masters of impressive fortifications, securing and projecting the power and authority of the kings of Sarmizegetusa throughout the territories.

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The arrival of Roman power on the lower Danube at the end of the Ist century B.C., generated a series of violent clashes and skirmishes in the region, with both the Dacian kingdom, as well as with the various tribal factions near the Danube. The need for an efficient response to the new military and political challenges brought on by the situation on the Danube, had determined the consolidation of existing fortifications, as well as the creation of a veritable defensive systems meant to protect the, up until then fluctuating borders of the Dacian kingdom. In our view, a special interest zone for understanding said phenomena is the Danube Gorge, where, for over a century, the armies of Rome and those of the Dacian kings were in direct and permanent contact, separated only by the great European river. Located at the meeting point of two worlds, the Dacian warriors of the Danube Gorge built solid fortifications, integrated into a coherent system, which aimed at controlling access to key crossing points across the Danube. Consolidating their power through trade, but also through plunder, they found themselves at the forefront of the advance of Roman armies towards the Danube, managing to successfully resist until the era of the large Dacian-Roman confrontation. 7. Sever Indrie MIRON

The Legio I Italica and its first Encampment in Moesia After the second battle of Bedriacum (69 AD), the Legion I Italica is transferred in Lower Moesia. Those regions (not yet organized as a single province) were devastated in the previous years by the repeated Sarmatians invasions and were invaded again in the first year of Vespasians reign. The Roman Empire was obliged to disrupt into Moesia numerous for-ces, first time from the East (legio III Gallica), then from the West (legio I Italica), and to cut this way the roads who were used frequently by the barbarians to invade the Balkan Peninsula. The Roman legionary castrum from Novae (Svishtov) is considered to be the first place of encampment for the legion I Italica on the banks of the Danube. But some particular direct or indirect epigraphic evidences, altogether with some strategic arguments, encompasses us to believe that the legion I Italica was firstly encamped at Durostorum (Silistra), one of the most important bridgehead from where the Middle and Lower Danubian borderline and their cross-roads could be controlled and the best strategic foothold that could prepare the Roman military expansion through the Pontic space or to block any further invasions from the northern plains. These could also be the place from where Alexander the Great had once crossed the Ister and the newly recruited phalanx of Nero, transformed after his death into the legion I Italica, was probably destined to settle nearby and to reenact the Macedonian conquest of the East (Ana-basis) in all the important details for the Roman imperial propaganda. Here, the legion I Italica is actually mentioned for the first time in one of the most important cartographic sources (Pto-lemeys Geography), using data contemporary with the Flavian Age of the Empire and prior to Trajans conquest of Dacia, when the legion would be indeed moved to Novae. 8. Sneana GOLUBOVI

Amphora Burials from Viminacium Among more than 14,000 graves from Viminaciums southern and eastern necropolises during rescue excavations some amphora burials were registered. Amphorae in funerary context could be distinguished between amphora as an item of the grave furniture or in the use for the grave itself. In this article we shall not take into account the first use. As for the burials, the using of amphorae at graveyard of Viminacium could be divided into some categories. Considering cremations could be renowned cases with amphorae fragments used as the cinerary containers or where parts were used as the cover instead of tiles over ashes in the graves with burnt sides. Considering inhumations in several

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cases fragments of amphorae were used as covering tiles above the skeletal remains. That could be local practice which may indicate a concern to retain the amphora for ritual reasons, as well as the practical motive of keeping the soil from the body of deceased during the filling of the grave. Specific is the use of amphorae as a building material for the grave. Rather rare type of three levelled cremation grave with burnt sides had also one specificity - the appearance of fragments of amphora in the wall-sides construction. It is a type of amphora, which belong to the so called Western Mediterranean amphorae. On all three fragments rim was impressed the stamp of TF TALANI in a rectangular frame. By analysing all grave inventories the grave could be dated into second century. The secondary use of amphorae has been seen to have a religious significance, the amphorae representing the wine or oil required by the deceased in the afterlife. Nevertheless, seems the purpose of the amphora in the burial appears to have been mostly practical. Namely, the amphora protected the grave furniture, especially where delicate pottery or glass vessels were present and prevented soil from being thrown directly on the remains of cremated person or on entire or parts of skeletons in the case of inhumation. 9. Zdravko DIMITROV, Nikolay RUSEV

The Excavations of Colonia Ulpia Traiana Ratiaria. The Newest Data from the Western Necropolis

After 24 years break the regular archaeological excavations in Roman military campus, colonia and provincial capital Ratiaria was renewed. The excavation team from NAIM-BAS and Regional Museum of History - Vidin excavated one late roman bath, residential building and finally made two weeks of surveys on the Western and Northern necropolis. In these sites were discovered very important material like: 3 cups from the very important type Dacian cups, a few forms of terra sigillata, made in Italy (from sigillata aretina), dated back to the tiberian-claudian times. In this report our team has an idea to present for the first time the newest excavation of Ratiaria with the newest and most important finds from the Western necropolis. 10. Ioana CREULESCU, Lucian-Mircea MUREAN

Roman Law Concerning Funerary Monuments Belonging to Military Personnel on Both Sides of the Middle and Lower Danube.

A Case Study based on Some Funerary Epigraphs As was customary in the ancient Roman world, every aspect of life and death had a tendency to be regulated through Roman law. This was also the case of funerary practices, such as burial, funerary plot ownership and who was entitled to raising a sepulchral monument. In the much standardized life of military personnel stationed on the Middle and Lower Danube limes is it possible to observe such judicial regulations? Are there funerary formulas in the so called military epitaph that might reflect laws that were in usage at the time? This study is meant to reflect these connections based on a series of epitaphs gathered from the lower sector of the Danubian frontiers. 11. Nemanja MRI, Miomir KORA

Danube River Fleet and Viminacium as its Base Viminacium port was one of the best known strongholds of river fleet in Moesian section of Danube frontier. Although we still have no port excavated, presence of fleet was confirmed in both sources and archaeological finds.

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Location of Viminacium river base was carefully chosen as well as position for the legio-nary fort. Unfortunately modern researchers have misfortune that situation along the Danube today is very different comparing to antiquity. In the Danube before building of hydroelectric power plant erdap I in front of Vimina-cium there were twelve river islands including one almost 20 km long (Ostrovo). These islands were suitable to hide invasion force or cover all the movements of the fleet, especially in oppor-tunities like river crossing at the beginning of the first Dacian war. Danube was in antiquity, as it is today, frontier barrier and major communication and trade root. Although river Mlava on whose confluence Viminacium was located at, does not repre-sent a navigable river, short section between city and Danube was accessible to smaller vessels. Ports were not excavated so far but there are enough data collected through remote sensing and field surveys to assume its location. Main port facilities were probably located at the banks of Danube straight to the north from porta praetoria. We also recognize smaller auxiliary port next to the city itself along the right bank of river Mlava. Latest annex to the city fortification system from 4th and 5th century was directly related to this auxiliary port. Very few inscriptions mention port and fleet comparing to army or auxiliary units. Probably the most important was mentioning of the praefectus classis Histricae, Viminacio in the Notitia Dignitatum. Among the few confirmed temples that existed in Viminacium one of the most prominent was Neptunes temple. Both votive altars were found intra muros in city urban area on diferent locations. The first was dedicated to the divine triad of Flora, Neptune and Jupiter. The second mentions rebuilding of the Neptunes temple by the C. Valerius Vibianus nautarum quinqenalis with donation of 2000 sestertii. Existence of the fleet on Danube is of enormous importance for defense of the frontier. Its role would not be just to stop hostile actions from barbaricum, but also to supply legions as well as auxialiary units along the right bank and bridgeheads on the left. Civialian merchant fleet would also exist in the major trade center as Viminacium. Most of export and import transports would be natural to be caried by ships along Danube. 12. Nicolae GUDEA, Paul CHEPTEA

Reconstruction-Proposal for the Catapult from Dierna - Orova / Vorschlag fr die Rekonstruktion des Katapultes von Orsova. I. Vorbereitende Studie

Aufgrund der drei Fundstcke eine Spannbuchse (modiolus) aus Bronze datierbar im rmischer Zeit, und zwei Teile eines sptrmischen Katapultes eine Torsionlammer und eine Bogenstrabe versuchen die Autoren der vorliegenden Arbeit eine Rekonstruktion der Katapultes von Orsova darzustellen. Es handelt sich um eine vorbereitende Studie, danach sollen die Bestandteile des Katapultes praktisch Rekonstruirt und zusammengestellt werden. 13. Emil JCZMIENOWSKI

Roman Fortifications of the Former Upper Moesian limes between AD 270378

The paper will try to systematize the data acquired through various sources, about the buil-ding activity over the fortifications of the former Upper Moesian limes, that had spread from the modern Belgrade in Serbia to the mouth of the river Lom in the northwestern Bulgaria. Time extent of the paper comprises the years AD 270378, when border of the discussed area was once again established and lasted through hundred years. This period is characterized with continuity of the forms of the fortifications and also presents both rise and fall of the border in its new shape. By the comparison of plans of various sites there will be presented diverse relationships between the forms of fortifications, both earlier existing and renovated, and newly constructed.

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Special emphasis will be put on topography, form of fortifications and their components. Also, based on various sources and prerequisites, in several cases it may be possible to deter-mine the approximate numerical strength of the garrisons. For better presentation of the changes in the forms of fortifications they will be compared with the earlier installations from the time of Principate. Main objective of the reinforcement of the limes was to establish a safe border. In brief, the fortifications had to be adapted to the new military tactics of the Roman Empire, according to which main military forces were mobile troops located in the interior. Prerequisites leading to the changes in the fortifications also should be separately discussed. 14. Mihail ZAHARIADE

The Dacia Ripensis Section in the Notitia Dignitatum As a new province of the Later Roman Empire, Dacia Ripensis held a position on the north front which most likely covered the southern stretch of the Trajanic Dacia, or rather mid 3rd century north Danubian province. The first elements in the configuration of the Danubian defense system of the province were established during Aurelian's reign while further adjust-ments have been carried out in Tetrarchic period. The picture of the army in Dacia Ripensis is offered by Notitia Dignitatum which figures basically the Constantinian arrangement, although some more phases in the evolution of the system are discernable along the fourth century. 15. Dziurdzik TOMASZ

The Role of the Equites Dalmatae in the Late Roman Danubian Defense Systems

In the Notitia Dignitatum, a list of administrative and military posts compiled at the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries CE, there are 48 entries mentioning units of equites Dalmatae. The corps was therefore the most numerous Late Roman cavalry formation, and it comes as a surprise that it has so far attracted only limited scholarly attention. Thirty-three units belonging to this important corps are listed in the respective sections of Danubian provinces, mostly along the middle Danube. Their bases are hence concentrated in a way that is unparalleled in the Late Roman army. The aim of this paper is to analyze the role played by the equites Dalmatae in the Late Roman defense system of the Danubian provinces. The lists of Notitia Dignitatum, along with the evidence of soldiers gravestone inscriptions and tile stamps mentioning units of the so-called Dalmatian horsemen, can be utilized to evaluate the importance of this formation for the safety of the whole region. Their comparative analysis can also aid the reconstruction of the little-known history of the Danubian armies and the changes in organization they underwent during the late 3rd and 4th century CE. In particular, the relations between the topography and landscape on both sides of the border and the dislocation of the equites Dalmatae must be taken into consideration. It is also impor-tant to examine the other Late Roman units present in the region and the probable patterns governing their placement. This in turn will give insight into the presumed tasks the units of equites Dalmatae had to fulfill, both during the execution of their daily, routine duties on the respective sectors of the Danubian border, and within the broader Late Roman system of defense.

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16. Richard WITT

The Grass in the next Field ...: some Reflections on the Earliest Slav Crossing of the Danube

The ambiguous character of the Danube, as physical obstacle and economic opportunity, is particularly evident in the north-south movements at various epochs - of individuals, small groups, and whole populations - over the eastern lowland sector of the rivers epic course, from the Iron Gates to the Delta. Among the most important of these movements are the earliest crossings, of course poorly documented in permanent written texts, of specifically Slav elements. These can be regarded retrospectively as seeding enormous consequences for the history of the Haemus peninsula. Or - the aspect to be considered in the present paper - they can be taken as one marker of the end of an era of West Roman military, economic and cultural cohesion, since, although lying slightly beyond the conferences specific time frame, they illustrate processes already at work towards its lower time limit. Though the picture is bound to remain fuzzy, enough is known about the first Slavs, and the accommodation of tribal groups within the Roman system, to prompt a number of questions for legitimate reflection. Why did the crossings occur no earlier (the dissimilar inhibiting factors of durable Roman organization and interference from competing tribal groups)? What was the character of these crossings (sporadic or a continuum) and how far from base did they penetrate? Were they planned or opportunist (leadership, materiel)? What transport was used and how was it deployed (boats, seamanship)? 17. Mariana BALACI CRNGU, Ctlin BALACI

Anthropological and Social Aspects of Population of Drobeta The science of demography regards the population as the sum of individuals inhabiting the same geographical and historical territory and that they together form a supra-individual entity defined by specific relations between individuals and by common approved rules of community life. Roman epigraphical monuments found at Drobeta provide us with lot of information about the family life, about the relations between husbands and between them and their children, about social status, juridical life, and ethnic backgrounds. This study is focusing on interpret those data in a new and interdisciplinary way in order to achieve a better understanding of roman population from Drobeta. 18. Sorin FORIU

Ubi est Zeugma? Zeugma on the Euphrates is well-known among classical scholars, as it was mentioned frequently by ancient sources. On the other hand, the "polis" Zeugma () in Dacia received far less attention, being mentioned only by Klaudios Ptolemaios in his Gegraphik hyphgsis (~160 A.D.). In Romanian historiography Zeugma is mainly considered to be the Ponte Augusti mentioned in Tabula Peutingeriana (Codex Vindobonensis 324), respectively the pontoon bridge from Lederata (today, Ram, Serbia) used by the roman armies when crossing the Danube in 101 A.D. or even an ptolemaic invention. None of these hypotheses took in consideration the contextual information provided by Ptolemaios and there is no analysis of the longitude / latitude values mentioned by the ancient cartographer for this "polis". Such an analysis is presented only now. The values of Zeugmas ptolemaic coordinates is thoroughly analyzed because the four existing critical editions mentioned two set of values; F. W. Wilberg (1842) and K. W. L. Mller (1883) indicate 46 40 / 44 40 and K. F. A. NOBBE (1843) indicates 47 40 / 44 40. In the last critical edition (A. Stckelberger, G. Grahoff et alii, 2006), Renate BURRI also

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indicates this last set of values. The first set of values would place Zeugma near Uiminakion/Viminacium (46 30 / 44 20) and, eventually, would indicate that Zeugma was the pontoon bridge from Lederata/Ram (but, in this case, the translation of the ptolemaic coordinates in geographical modern ones indicates that Zeugma could be more likely a bridge on the Cara/Kara River near todays village of Dupljaja, Serbia!). The paleographical and codicological analyses of the ptolemaic manuscripts indicate that Wilberg and Mllers con-jecture cannot be accepted. Taking into consideration the position of Druphegis/Drobeta (47 45 / 44 30), the ana-lysis of Zeugmas ptolemaic coordinates indicates that, at least for Klaudios Ptolemaios, this was the name of the bridge build by Apollodorus of Damascus over the Danube in 103 105 A.D. The differences between the two places (5 / 10) can be explained and a latter source (Pro-copius, De Aedificiis, IV.6.8-18) seems to confirm this supposition.

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Poster Session 1. Clin TIMOC

The Military Bridge Builder Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli and Roman Ruins on the Danube

Rusian-Turkish war of the late eighteenth century made the Danube to become the new border between the Christian and the Muslim world. As a career officer in the Italian army Marigli Habsburg was very involved in maneuvering the front. The prospect of extending military campaigns against the Turks south of the Danube made the Italian humanist to study passages of the river crossing which the Romans used them in ancient bridges and tracks were made by them. Itlian scientist's descriptions are extremely valuable because they are accurate, and today many of these ruins are not visible. 2. Bogdan MUSCALU, Sergiu ENACHE, Mihaela MUSCALU

The Routes of the Sarmatian Iazyges military forays on the Danubian Provinces

The Sarmatians Iazyges started their migration in the middle of the Ist century A.D., around the year 50 A.D., arriving in successive waves on the Upper Tisza Region. Ancient writers like Plinius the Elder, Tacitus or Claudius Ptolemaios mention the different Sarmatian tribes and also the geographic boundaries of Sarmatia between Danube and Tisza. Like the Dacians, Sarmatian warriors also cross the Danube for different reasons, getting in coflict with the Roman Empire. The actual study tries to establish the ways of the Sarmatian Iazyges incur-sions in the Danubian Roman Provinces, based on the ancient texts and the archaeological evidence. 3. Liviu PETCULESCU

Military equipment graves from Capidava in Moesia Inferior In the north-eastern part of Moesia Inferior which represent today Romanian region of Dobroudja there are a few weapon graves on the limes, dated in the 2nd century AD, belonging to the German and probably Thracian and Oriental auxiliaries: at Ostrov, Capidava, Noviodu-num and Barboi. Besides, there are funeral assemblages containing only personal military equipment i.e. belts also on the limes, at Canlia and Noviodunum. In the vicus cemetery of the auxiliary fort at Capidava were found two burials , each of them containing a short sword. Besides, among the four bustum type burials of another barrow, all dating in the 2nd century AD, there is one including in his funeral assemblage the silver mounts of a belt and of a knife sheath. The weapon graves and perhaps also the burial with the belt mounts belonged to the soldiers from cohors I Ubiorum or most probably cohors I Ger-manorum. 4. Eric de SENA

Roman Period Archaeological Research Projects in the Lower Danube Valley 5. Simona REGEP

Some Remarks about the Roman Danube Navigation in the Iron Gate Area I chose the Iron Gates because is the most difficult part for the ancient navigation on the Danube river. Due to natural conditions were necessary anthropogenic arrangements to facili-tate the movement of vessels (canals, dams and roads). The international character of the navi-gation on the Danube assumed roman ships transit trade in their interprovinciale paths between

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Eastern and Western Roman Empire, close to the barbarian borders. Barbarian ships floating on the Danube and they also pursuing economic interests, their traffic is probably accepted only in peacetime. The navigation safety on the Danube river was provided by fortifications and roman fleet units. 6. Atalia ONIIU

Epigraphic Habits along the Middle Danube Valley in Roman Time In the last two or three decades epigraphic information, especially those offered by funerary monuments, have received comprehensive reinterpretation of the specialists in social history, which identified the existence of some Roman epigraphic patterns specific to certain social categories (such as freedmen, military or decurions), cities (Ostia, Pompeii, Aquileia, Mainz) or even large regions of the Roman Empire (north Africa, Italy, Gaul). Continuing the series of articles in which we focused on the funeral epigraphic behavior from Dacia (analyzing the situation of freedmen, decurions, military, heirs), in this study we try to analyze the epigraphic material (both funerary and votive) originated from localities situated along the Danube, both north and south, to identify (or not) specific behavioral patterns of various social categories, to determine whether and to what extent we can speak of interferences or influences between individuals on either side of the river . 7. Oana TUTIL

Iter Danubii. Votive Marble Sculpture and Trade Across the River in the 2nd3rd century AD

Danube was not a barrier but a way that facilitated the penetration of objects and ideas and this can be, also, proved when we analyze the 2nd3rd c. Dacian and Moesian art and religion. The aim of our paper is to show the artistic and religious links between Southern Dacia and Northern Lower and Upper Moesia, based on some votive marble reliefs and statuettes that have been the object of the marble trade. The overwhelming majority of the Southern Dacia sculptural votive monuments are made of marble. The petrographic analysis made on some items from here has proved, in most of the cases, the original sources of the marble, concentrated in the Aegean Sea area. It has been seen that, in more than half of the cases, the Proconnesos marble was used as raw material. The analysis made for the Upper and Lower Moesia marble pieces corroborated the results. These kinds of artefacts are coming from the entire territory of Dobrudja, others from cities near the Danube and from its main Northern and Southern affluent rivers. Moreover, we can detect almost identical pieces depicting particular iconographical types or scenes, on both shores of the Danube. There must have been common models, but, even more credible, the products of some sculptural centres with specific features were placed into the territory as deep as possible by the trade, having the Danube and the tributary rivers as backbone roads. 8. Ana Cristina HAMAT

The Art of Jewellery in the roman provinces of Dacia, Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior between the IInd century and IIIrd century A.D.

This paper brings into discussion the art of jewelry in the Danubian provinces, with a special regard towards the style, the influences and on the material and the execution technique. The paper main theme is represented by the attempt to organize the various characteristics of the style of jewelry. These three provinces have been united by the polychrome style, especially in the IIIrd century A.D. Fortunately, we still encounter here traces of the pre- Roman style. This kind of roots are very important, because they represented the touch of originality which

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is visible in the preference for silver and for certain types of jewelry. We should not forget the special role of jewelry as witness of the role of women in society and in religious life. 9. Oleg ALEXANDROV

The Roman Power along the Danube: Occupation or Integration? In the first years of Roman government in Moesia/Moesia Inferior, the process of Romani-zation was slow and limited. It affected mostly some centers along the Lower Danube limes, mainly the military camps and the villages nearby. The analysis of epigraphic monuments (mostly gravestones) from the epoch before Dacian wars shows that the legions composition in its main part had Italic origin. Even soldiers recruited from Asia and Macedonia were descendants of Italic settlers and therefore heralds of the mighty Roman culture. Thracians were left aside from Romanization process in the province. Their names do not appear on the votive and gravestone monuments made by soldiers from 1st century to the beginning of 2nd century from the province. There is a reasonable explanation at that time Thracians with military carrier were still servicing far away from their native lands, and not in the Lower Moesias army. After the foundation of province of Dacia, Lower Danubes region was pacified for a long time. The limes was now stable and the legions established permanent camps. After Hadrian (117138), the recruitment of auxiliaries (and later on, of legionnaires) for the units stationed in the province was done mostly of local population and thus the Romanization processes started to affect the Thracian population. The rule of the Severan Dynasty (193235) signified the culmination of the process, lasting from the second half of 2nd century to the middle of 3rd century. The study of the monuments and the epigraphic data confirmed that in this period the prevailing part of Roman army in Lower Moesia was composed of local Thracian population. The poster shall illustrate the generalized conclusions after analysis of the 400 epigraphic monuments discovered in Lower Moesia. Dozen diagrams, maps and tables will represent the gradual process of conversion the occupation into integration with the local population.

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PARTICIPANTS

NAME AFFILIATION CONTACT Doina BENEA West University -

Timioara, Romania

Tadeusz SARNOWSKI Institute of Archaeology - Warsaw, Poland

Bogdan CONDUREANU

Digital Romania Project - Bucharest, Romania

Coriolan Horaiu OPREANU

Romanian Academy - Institute of Archaeology and History of Art, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Olivera ILI Institute of Archaeology - Belgrade, Serbia

Alexandru BERZOVAN

"Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University - Iai, Romania

Ctlin BORANGIC Institute of Archaeology "Vasile Prvan" - Bucharest, Romania

Sever Indrie MIRON "Mihai Viteazul" Hischool - Vulcan, Romania

Sneana GOLUBOVI Research Associate at Archaeological Institute - Belgrade, Serbia

Zdravko DIMITROV National Archaeological Institute with Museum - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Sofia, Bulgaria

Nikolay RUSEV National Archaeological Institute with Museum - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Sofia, Bulgaria

Ioana CREULESCU Institute of Archaeology "Vasile Prvan" - Bucharest, Romania

Lucian-Mircea MUREAN

Institute of Archaeology "Vasile Prvan" - Bucharest, Romania

Nemanja MRI Archaeological Institute - Belgrade, Serbia

Miomir KORA Archaeological Institute - Belgrade, Serbia

Nicolae GUDEA "Babe-Bolyai" University - Cluj Napoca, Romania

Paul CHEPTEA "Babe-Bolyai" University - Cluj Napoca, Romania

Emil JCZMIENOWSKI

Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of History, University of Warsaw, Poland

Mihail ZAHARIADE Institute of Archaeology "Vasile Prvan" - Bucharest, Romania

Dziurdzik TOMASZ Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland

Richard WITT Athens, Greece

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Mariana BALACI CRNGU

West University - Timioara, Romania

Ctlin BALACI Village Museum - Timioara, Romania

Sorin FORIU ArheoVest Association - Timioara, Romania

Clin TIMOC West University - Timioara, Romania

Bogdan MUSCALU West University - Timioara, Romania

Sergiu ENACHE West University - Timioara, Romania

Mihaela MUSCALU West University - Timioara, Romania

Liviu PETCULESCU National Museum of Romania - Bucharest, Romania

Eric de SENA American Research Center in Sofia, Bulgaria

Simona REGEP West University - Timioara, Romania

Atalia TEFNESCU West University - Timioara, Romania

Oana TUTIL Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation - Deva, Romania

Ana Cristina HAMAT Banat Museum - Reita, Romania

Oleg ALEXANDROV St. Cyril and St. Methodius University - Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria