bridging the gap, a brief history of bridge design and building
DESCRIPTION
ÂTRANSCRIPT
Bridging the GapBRIDGE DESIGN in
Structural EngineeringProfessor Abid Abu-Tair
[BSc(Eng)Hon MSc DIC PhD CEng FICE]
Head of Structural Engineering Faculty of Engineering and IT
British University in Dubai
1
rarrUse available technology to solve
rarrRely on creativity and academic skills
rarrUse math science and computers
It is very important to note that even though the
tasks are very different many of the methods
used are common to all engineers
2
Engineers are problem solvers
THE ENGINEERING PROCESS
IDENTIFY and
define a problem
SOLVE
THE
PROBLEM
ANALYZE
the problem
DESIGN and
propose solutions
REFINE their
proposals
3
TYPES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
STRUCTURAL
TRANSPORTATION
GEOTECHNICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
WATER RESOURCES
4
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Who does this
5
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS
6
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
7
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS
8
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERS
9
Wadi Rum Rock Bridge10
Bridging the Gap
Bridge Design and Engineering
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two communities which are separated by streams valley railroads etc
bull Replaces a slow ferry boat trip
bull Connects two continentbull Built in 1973bull Total length is 5000 ft
Bosporus Straits Bridge at Istanbul Turkey ndash
11
What is a bridge
Bridge is a structure built to span a valley road river body of water or any other physical obstacle
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the area where the bridge is to be constructed
12
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
rarrUse available technology to solve
rarrRely on creativity and academic skills
rarrUse math science and computers
It is very important to note that even though the
tasks are very different many of the methods
used are common to all engineers
2
Engineers are problem solvers
THE ENGINEERING PROCESS
IDENTIFY and
define a problem
SOLVE
THE
PROBLEM
ANALYZE
the problem
DESIGN and
propose solutions
REFINE their
proposals
3
TYPES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
STRUCTURAL
TRANSPORTATION
GEOTECHNICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
WATER RESOURCES
4
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Who does this
5
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS
6
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
7
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS
8
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERS
9
Wadi Rum Rock Bridge10
Bridging the Gap
Bridge Design and Engineering
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two communities which are separated by streams valley railroads etc
bull Replaces a slow ferry boat trip
bull Connects two continentbull Built in 1973bull Total length is 5000 ft
Bosporus Straits Bridge at Istanbul Turkey ndash
11
What is a bridge
Bridge is a structure built to span a valley road river body of water or any other physical obstacle
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the area where the bridge is to be constructed
12
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
THE ENGINEERING PROCESS
IDENTIFY and
define a problem
SOLVE
THE
PROBLEM
ANALYZE
the problem
DESIGN and
propose solutions
REFINE their
proposals
3
TYPES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
STRUCTURAL
TRANSPORTATION
GEOTECHNICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
WATER RESOURCES
4
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Who does this
5
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS
6
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
7
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS
8
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERS
9
Wadi Rum Rock Bridge10
Bridging the Gap
Bridge Design and Engineering
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two communities which are separated by streams valley railroads etc
bull Replaces a slow ferry boat trip
bull Connects two continentbull Built in 1973bull Total length is 5000 ft
Bosporus Straits Bridge at Istanbul Turkey ndash
11
What is a bridge
Bridge is a structure built to span a valley road river body of water or any other physical obstacle
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the area where the bridge is to be constructed
12
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
TYPES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
STRUCTURAL
TRANSPORTATION
GEOTECHNICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
WATER RESOURCES
4
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Who does this
5
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS
6
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
7
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS
8
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERS
9
Wadi Rum Rock Bridge10
Bridging the Gap
Bridge Design and Engineering
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two communities which are separated by streams valley railroads etc
bull Replaces a slow ferry boat trip
bull Connects two continentbull Built in 1973bull Total length is 5000 ft
Bosporus Straits Bridge at Istanbul Turkey ndash
11
What is a bridge
Bridge is a structure built to span a valley road river body of water or any other physical obstacle
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the area where the bridge is to be constructed
12
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Who does this
5
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS
6
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
7
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS
8
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERS
9
Wadi Rum Rock Bridge10
Bridging the Gap
Bridge Design and Engineering
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two communities which are separated by streams valley railroads etc
bull Replaces a slow ferry boat trip
bull Connects two continentbull Built in 1973bull Total length is 5000 ft
Bosporus Straits Bridge at Istanbul Turkey ndash
11
What is a bridge
Bridge is a structure built to span a valley road river body of water or any other physical obstacle
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the area where the bridge is to be constructed
12
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS
6
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
7
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS
8
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERS
9
Wadi Rum Rock Bridge10
Bridging the Gap
Bridge Design and Engineering
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two communities which are separated by streams valley railroads etc
bull Replaces a slow ferry boat trip
bull Connects two continentbull Built in 1973bull Total length is 5000 ft
Bosporus Straits Bridge at Istanbul Turkey ndash
11
What is a bridge
Bridge is a structure built to span a valley road river body of water or any other physical obstacle
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the area where the bridge is to be constructed
12
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
7
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS
8
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERS
9
Wadi Rum Rock Bridge10
Bridging the Gap
Bridge Design and Engineering
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two communities which are separated by streams valley railroads etc
bull Replaces a slow ferry boat trip
bull Connects two continentbull Built in 1973bull Total length is 5000 ft
Bosporus Straits Bridge at Istanbul Turkey ndash
11
What is a bridge
Bridge is a structure built to span a valley road river body of water or any other physical obstacle
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the area where the bridge is to be constructed
12
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS
8
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERS
9
Wadi Rum Rock Bridge10
Bridging the Gap
Bridge Design and Engineering
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two communities which are separated by streams valley railroads etc
bull Replaces a slow ferry boat trip
bull Connects two continentbull Built in 1973bull Total length is 5000 ft
Bosporus Straits Bridge at Istanbul Turkey ndash
11
What is a bridge
Bridge is a structure built to span a valley road river body of water or any other physical obstacle
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the area where the bridge is to be constructed
12
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERS
9
Wadi Rum Rock Bridge10
Bridging the Gap
Bridge Design and Engineering
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two communities which are separated by streams valley railroads etc
bull Replaces a slow ferry boat trip
bull Connects two continentbull Built in 1973bull Total length is 5000 ft
Bosporus Straits Bridge at Istanbul Turkey ndash
11
What is a bridge
Bridge is a structure built to span a valley road river body of water or any other physical obstacle
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the area where the bridge is to be constructed
12
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Wadi Rum Rock Bridge10
Bridging the Gap
Bridge Design and Engineering
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two communities which are separated by streams valley railroads etc
bull Replaces a slow ferry boat trip
bull Connects two continentbull Built in 1973bull Total length is 5000 ft
Bosporus Straits Bridge at Istanbul Turkey ndash
11
What is a bridge
Bridge is a structure built to span a valley road river body of water or any other physical obstacle
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the area where the bridge is to be constructed
12
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two communities which are separated by streams valley railroads etc
bull Replaces a slow ferry boat trip
bull Connects two continentbull Built in 1973bull Total length is 5000 ft
Bosporus Straits Bridge at Istanbul Turkey ndash
11
What is a bridge
Bridge is a structure built to span a valley road river body of water or any other physical obstacle
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the area where the bridge is to be constructed
12
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
What is a bridge
Bridge is a structure built to span a valley road river body of water or any other physical obstacle
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the area where the bridge is to be constructed
12
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
BRIDGES
Bridge Material
Timber
Concrete
Steel
13
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
View under RainbowBridge a massive
sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument Utah includes
a dried up streambed Rainbow Bridge
Utah
14
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
15
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
16
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
LOADS
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
17
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
AXIAL LOADS
Compression
pushing or
shortening
Tension
pulling or
elongating
18
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
FORCES
19
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
MOMENTS
Summation of Moments ndash
Σ M=0
Moment = Force Distance
20
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
TORSIONTorsion is produced when a
beam is subjected to loads
which cause it to buckle and
roll
Diaphragms are inserted to
eliminate torsion
21
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
History
Primitive Peoples Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman EmpiremdashFirst Great Bridge Builders Timber Truss Bridges Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Centurymdash Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
22
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed Concrete
Steel
2000
23
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Some Uses of Bridges
Walkways
HighwaysRoads
Railways
Pipelines
Connecting lands
Crossing rivers and canyons
24
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Definition and Types of Bridge
25
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
bull Deck or Slab supported roadway on abridge
bull Beam or Girder A rigid usually horizontal
structural element
bull Abutment The outermost end supports on a
bridge which carry the load from the deck
bull Pier A vertical supporting structure such as a
pillar
bull Foundation 26
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
27
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
GIRDER BRIDGE
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Virginia
bull Typical span length 30 to 650 ft
bull Worldrsquos longest Ponte Costa e Silva Brazil with a centerspan of 1000 ft
28
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
TRUSS BRIDGE
Firth of Forth Bridge Scotland
bull Typical span length150 to 1500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestPont de Quebec Canadawith a center span of1800 ft
29
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
bullGirders and piers act together
bullCross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped
bullDesign calculations for rigid frame bridges are more difficult than those of simple girder bridges
30
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Normandie Bridge
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull From these towers cables stretch down diagonally and support the girder
bull Typical span length350 to 1600 ft
bull Worldrsquos largest bridgeTatara Bridge Japancenter span 2900 ft
31
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
bull Continuous girder with one or more towers erected above in the middle of the span
bull At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables
bull Typical span length250 to 3000 ft Golden Gate Bridge California
32
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
LOADS ON BRIDGES
bull Permanent Loads remain on the bridge for anextended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
bull Transient Loads loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular railway andpedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind ice floesship collision earthquake etc
33
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
VEHICULAR DESIGN LOADS (HL 93)
bull AASHTO ndash American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
This model consists of
bull Design Truckbull Design Tandembull Design Lane
34
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Types of Bridges
There are six main types of bridges
1 beam bridges
2 arch bridges
3 truss bridges
4 cantilever bridges
5 suspension bridges
6 cable-stayed bridges and 35
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Beam Bridge
The beam is one of the simplest forms of bridge
East India Beam footbridge 36
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
37
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Beam Bridge
A beam or girder bridge is the simplest amp most inexpensive bridge
Rarely span more than 250 feet
In its most basic form a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers
When a load pushes down on the beam the beams top edge is pushed together (compression) while the bottom edge is stretched (tension)
38
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Wood Bridge on Concrete Abutments
Three Span Wood Bridge
39
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Lake Ponchartrain Causeway Louisiana
The worlds longest bridge is a continuous span beam bridge Almost 24 miles longConsists of two two-lane sections that run parallel to one another The Southbound Lane completed in 1956
is made up of 2243 separate spans The Northbound Lane completed in 1969
is pieced together from 1500 longer spans
40
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
ARCH Bridge
Arches are used in bridges in different ways depending on whether they are made of steel brick or stone The arch takes (transmits) the load from the deck of the bridge to the land on both sides
41
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength Thousands of years ago
Romans built arches out of stone Today most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete and they can span up to 800
feet
Types of Bridges
42
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
ARCH BRIDGE
bull After girders arches are the second oldest bridge type
bull Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
bull Arches can be one of the more beautiful bridge types
bull Typical span length130 ft ndash 500 ft
bull Worldrsquos longestNew River Gorge Bridge USA with a center span of 1700 ft
Larimer Avenue Bridge Pittsburgh
43
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Bixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
h Bridges
How it works
Instead of pushing straight down the weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end
These supports called abutments carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic every part of the arch is under compression 44
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Arch BridgesBixby Creek Bridge Monterey CA
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges
Modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet
The structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle
Have great natural strength
45
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Ancient Roman aqueduct
Segovia Spain
Garabit Viaduct Massif
Central France
46
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Segovia Spain
47
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Pont du Gard
48
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Eyeglasses bridge Japan
49
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Japan Bridge Pedestrian Overcrossing La Deacutefense Paris (1994)
50
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension compression or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges
51
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances
52
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
The truss is a simple skeletal structure
individual members are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces
Typical Span Lengths are 120 ndash 1500 feet
Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances The design fabrication and erection of trusses is relatively simple
Like Beam bridges
Ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large equipment cannot be used
Truss Bridges
53
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types
Truss Bridges
54
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Warren Truss The Warren truss pattern features a series of isoceles or
equilateral triangles In contrast to the Pratt and Howe patterns the diagonals alternate in direction
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 150-300 feet
The most common truss For smaller spans no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength
Truss Bridges
55
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Truss BridgesPratt Truss
The Pratt truss design contains a downward pointing V in the center with parallel diagonals on each side
Except for those diagonal members near the center all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economicdesign
56
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Howe Truss
The Howe truss pattern features an upward pointing V formed by the central diagonals with parallel diagonals on either side Unlike the Pratt pattern the diagonals will be in compression when loaded
It is the opposite of the Pratt truss The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces This makes it very uneconomicdesign for steel bridges and is rarely used
Truss Bridges
57
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Build Your Bridge
58
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end
59
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Forth Bridge Edinburg 60
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Ohio River Bridge Project
61
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Ohio River Bridge Project
62
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Truss arch bridge
A Russian truss bridge by Lavr Proskuryakov63
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Suspension Bridges
64
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Suspension Bridge
A suspension bridge works by hanging (suspending) the deck of the bridge from flexible chains or ropes
65
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can
span 600m to 2000m--
way farther than any
other type of bridge
Most suspension
bridges have a truss
system beneath the
roadway to resist
bending and twisting66
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of
the bridge The cars push down on the roadway but because
the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers The two towers support most of
the bridges weight
Suspension Bridges
67
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE JAPAN
Completion Date 1998 Cost $43 billion
Length 4000 m Type Suspension
Materials Steel Span 2100m68
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Suspension Bridge Forces
In all suspension bridges the roadway hangs from massive steel cables which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks called anchorages on both ends of the bridge
The cars push down on the roadway but because the roadway is suspended the cables transfer the load into compressionin the two towers The two towers support most of the bridges weight
69
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Suspension Bridge
the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together
Steel which is very strong under tension is an ideal material for cables
A single steel wire only 25mm thick can support over half a ton without breaking
Because suspension bridges are light and flexible wind is always a serious concern
70
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Clifton Bridge Bristol
71
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Tanana River suspension bridge
72
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong
73
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Golden Gate Bridge
74
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Golden Gate Structures
75
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Runcorn Bridge England
76
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Cable-Stayed Bridges
77
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
FIXED
Cable-Stayed
Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers
Less costly than suspension
Quickly constructable
Spans must be limited in length
78
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
79
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Sunshine Skyway Bridge St Petersburg and Bradenton Florida
80
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Dames Port Florida
81
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable stayed bridge is newer than the other types of bridge Large upright steel supports are used to transmit the load into the ground
The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge USA82
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Suspension Cable-stayed bridgeThe cable-stayed bridge like the suspension bridge supports the roadway with massive steel cables but in a different way The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower forming a unique A shape
Sunshine Skyway Bridge
Florida
83
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
The Tatara Bridge has the largest
span among cable-stayed bridges
TheRio-Antirio
bridge Greece
84
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Cable Stayed BridgeClark Bridge Alton IL
For medium length spans (those between 1500 and 900m)Require less cableAre quickly built resulting in a cost-effective bridge and is beautifulCable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridgesmdashboth have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers In suspension bridges the cables ride freely across the towers transmitting the load to the
anchorages at either end
In cable-stayed bridges the cables are attached to the towers which alone bear the load
Parallel attachment pattern Radial attachment pattern
85
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Normandie Bridge
Coalbrookdale cable stayed
bridge
86
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
MOVEABLE
87
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Catalog Advertisement
88
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Moveable Bridge
89
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB IRAQ
90
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Erie Street Bridge a bascule bridge with the two leaves in raised position
91
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Sault Ste Marie International Bridge
92
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge93
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay Massachusetts
94
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Leamington Lift Bridge Scotland
95
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE BRAZIL
96
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
bullPontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads
bullWhile pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures some are used for long periods of time
bullPermanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers
bullSuch bridges can require a section that is elevated
or can be raised or removed to allow ships to pass
Floating Bridge
97
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road Italy 98
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
The US Armys Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together in the
morning99
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
View of James River Pontoon Bridge from south side above Jones Landing
100
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Broadway Landing Va Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
101
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Evergreen Floating Bridge
102
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
103
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Floating
Bridges
Retractable
But high maintenance104
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Combined Bridges
105
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
106
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
George P Coleman Bridge ndash A Swing
Beam Bridge107
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Various Examples from
different types of Bridges
NEMO bridge -Amsterdam108
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Mertyl Edwards Park Seattle 109
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
110
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
First Futuristic ARCH Bridge- Dubai 111
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
The proposed Bridge of Reeds intended to be built near
Cambridge
The design for the 175ft high bridge was today officially
announced as the winner of a competition to find a new landmark
for the east of England beating more than 230 other entries by
architects from around the world 112
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
3d Chain Bridge
113
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
The lakes at Rudan walk through this futuristic looking spiral
114
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
115
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Norwegian bridge by Leonardo
Da Vinci
This bridge was designed for
Halic by DA Vinci for the Galata
in 18th century but it never
constructed
MODEL
116
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
A futuristic bridge
proposal for Brooklyn
prize-winning bridge design
President Juscelino
Kubitschek Bridge in Brazil117
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
KULTUR ARENA-BERLIN
118
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
119
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
120
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Whittle Arch and Glass Bridge
Coventry
Millennium Place 121
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Millenium Place - The slender glass bridge over Millennium
Place in Coventry with the Whittle Arches in the background
122
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Tensegrity Tube Bridge 123
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Skywalk--shown in an illustration extend
over the edge of the Grand Canyon 4000
feet (1200 meters) above the Colorado
River 124
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Ladevesa by
Calatrava
125
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
126
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Its a machine its a bridge
its an electrical generator its the
Wind Tunnel Footbridge
made of steel and aluminum
Michael Jantzen 127
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Wind Turbine Observation Tower an observation tower that
people can walk through to view the surrounding landscape
while the five wind activated segments of the structure rotate
around them in different directions While these segments
rotate they also produce electricity which is used to light the
structure at night -Michael Jantzen 128
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
By Zaha Hadid
129
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
130
Sheikh-Zayed-bridge by Zaha Hadid
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
shell
131
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Living Bridge design for Hamburg (Competition)132
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Habitable bridge by Hadid
133
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Glasgow Tower134
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Living bridge135
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
136
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
137
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
138
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Amgen Helix Pedestrian Bridge
Seattle Washington State139
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
bridge forms a pedestrian access
140
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
141
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Pedestrian Bridge142
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Cafeacute under the pedestrian bridge143
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Art bridge over Stanley street 144
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Living bridge145
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Limerickrsquos Living Bridge
146
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
bridge in Paris
over the Seine
147
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
148
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Hassell Bridge
149
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
150
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
2005 Istanbul Design
Week- GALATA KOPRUSU
151
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES
bull Poor design
bull Inadequate stability of the foundation
bull Fatigue cracking
bull Wind forces
bull Scour of footing
bullEarthquake
152
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
BeforeCollapse
After Collapse153
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Case Study Tacoma Narrows Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov 7 1940 The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds but the wind that day was only 40 mphhellip what happened
154
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Quebec Bridge155
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Quebec Bridge156
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Quebec Bridge
On June 15 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch Cooper called this a not serious problem In the inspection report in August 1907 it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and appeared bent Although this condition was a bit more concerning the work continued 157
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Scotlands Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890 25 KM (15 miles) across Scotlands Firth of Forth Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame 158
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
On the morning of November 7 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway But soon after it opened the Tacoma Narrows started behaving strangely Wind caused the bridge to sway back and forth and it also sent rippling waves along the deck The Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster 1940
159
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Truss Support is Important
Years later engineers found that the solid girders actually blocked the wind and caused the slender bridge to twist The twisting bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling motion which caused the bridge to twist even more -- and eventually snap in two The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950 by a new bridge stiffened with a truss Rather than blocking the wind the open truss allowed the wind to blow through the new bridge 160
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Suspension BridgeTacoma Narrows - Bridge Oscillation
At the time it opened for traffic in 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest suspension bridge in the world Nicknamed Galloping Gertie due to its behavior in wind Not only did the deck sway sideways but vertical undulations also
appeared in quite moderate winds Drivers of cars reported that vehicles ahead of them would
completely disappear and reappear from view several times as they crossed the bridge
Attempts were made to stabilize the structure with cables and hydraulic buffers but they were unsuccessful
On November 7 1940 only four months after it opened the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in a wind of 42 mph -- even though the structure was designed to withstand winds of up to 120 mph
In 1949 a new bridge was constructed 161
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
162
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Tacoma Narrows Bridgedisaster1940
Thought yoursquod like to see some pictures of what happened to this narrow suspension bridge
163
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Collapses and failures of modern structures can cause loss of lives injuries and financial damage
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Oklahoma 2002-Bridge Collapse after being Hit by a Barge
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Bridge-collapse-on Mississippi river-Minneapolis Aug 20075 Dead and 60 Injured
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
100+ Year Old Lisbon 2001-Bridge CollapseKilling 70 People
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
BC-SF-SF_Oakland Bay Bridge after Impact-Collapse
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Tacoma Bridge California
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
Russian Bridge in Volgograd May 2010
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University
171
References
Definitions and Types of BridgesftpftparchemuedutrarchDefinition20and20Types20of2
Tom Wright and Jennifer Hill- Kentucky Transport Cabinet
Saif Haroon Florida State University