BRIEF OF LEA

LEA is the most comprehensive area in the criminology board examination carrying a weight of 20 % from the total percentage in the scoring system.

It composed of the following subject:

Police Organization, Management and Administration with special focus on R.A 6975 and R.A 8551

Personnel (Human Resources Management) Police Operational Planning Police Patrol Operations

Police Communication Systems (PCS) Community Relations (PCR) Police Intelligence & Secret Service Security Management (Industrial

Security Management)

FOCUS OF REVIEWIn the Area on Police Organization• Basic Concepts

Police – “Politeia” G, government of a city“Politia” R, same meaning above“Police” F, persons to enforce law

**borrowed by the English and Americans to refer to LAW ENFORCER.** constable, patrol, F in origin

Historical Background 2300 B.C – Sumerians Lipithstar & Eshumma – set

standards on what constituted an offense against society – the Sumerian Code

2100 B.C – Babylonians – Code of King Hammurabi – Principle LEX TALIONES – oldest harsh code.

1500 B.C – Egyptians – Court system presided by judges appointed by the pharoah; marine patrol and custom house officers protecting commerce started; first use of dog patrol; Medjays – civilian police under the command of a military

Ancient Greece – Ephori – law enforcers

Ancient Rome – 12 Tabulae (12 Tables) – the first written laws, Emperor Augustus – created the Praetorian Guard, Urban Cohorts (City Patrol), and the Vigiles (fire fighters); Emperor Justinian – Justinian Code became known as Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Law)

**Vigiles – the first civilian police force which keep the peace very ruthlessly, hence the word vigilantes

Anglo-Saxon (Ancient England)** Tun Policing – Tun (Town); Frankpledge system - 10 male residents as guardians of the town known as tythings (10 families).** Hue and Cry – Complainant shouts for the mandatory assembly of men to catch the culprit, horn – oldest known warning device** Royal Judge – investigates and punishes** Trial by Ordeal – painful test of guilt/innocence

Normal Period of Policing**Shire-Rieve – shire (district/country) rieve (ruler) later called Sheriff– England was divided into 55 military districts under the control of a rieve.**Travelling Judge – renders judgment and gives punishment** Leges Henri – Law of King Henri I – policemen were considered public officials** Magna Carta – laws with the demand of the Knights of the Round Table – beginning of national/local government and legislation

Westminster Period**Statute of 1295 – gate of London close at sundown – curfew system adopted** Justice of the Peace – a position with power to arrest, pursue and impose punishment**Star Chamber Court – special court to try offenses against the state.

**Keepers of the Peace – time of King Richard appoint – Knights to keep the King’s Peace

** The Charlies – time of King Charles – appoint – night watchers known as Bellmen - on duty from sunset to sunrise

** Bow Street Runner – time of Henry Fielding, appointment of foot patrol, horse patrol (mounted patrol)

Modern Period of Policing**Metropolitan Police Act – modernize the police system of England; creation ofScotland Yard – Robert Peel “Father of Modern Policing”

Development of Policing in the Philippines Pre-Spanish – policing is tribal in nature 1712 – Carabineros de Seguridad Publico –

the mounted police 1836 – Guardrilleros – rural police 1852 – Guardia Civil – town police 1901 - Organic Act # 175 – creation of the

first insular (national) police force (Philippine Constabulary) – Capt. Henry T. Allen – first Chief

1917 – PC Filipinization – Brig. Gen. Rafael Crame – First Filipino Chief of PC

1935 – PC Personnel were absorbed by the Philippine Army hence policing is placed under military hands.

1936 – Commonwealth Act #88 created the State Police

1938 – Commonwealth Act #343 – reconstituted the Philippine Constabulary – PC became an independent National Police Force

1975 – Organic Act 175 – The integration of the national police known as the Integrated National Police (INP)

1990 – R.A. 6975 – Creation of the Philippine National Police (PNP); civilian in character and national in scope.

1998 – R.A. 8551 – PNP Reform and Reorganization Act – “Professionalization Law”

Basics of Police OrganizationOrganization – group – formal or informal

** Formal – structured** Informal – non structured

Administration – process of POSDCRBManagement – resources (5Ms)

Goal – broad statements Objectives – specific statements Efficiency – measures how well

resources are being utilized Effectiveness – measures whether or not

task goals are attained

Management Processes**Planning – setting performance objectives

and identifying actions to attain them** Organizing – dividing work to be done** Leading - directing and coordinating

efforts**Controlling – monitoring performance

Approaches in ManagingPolice Organizations

Classical Approach

** Scientific Management - (F. Taylor) focus on workers productivity** Bureaucratic Management - (M.Weber) focus on division of labor and hierarchy of authority** Administrative Mgmt - (H. Fayol), the 14 management principles

The 14 Management Principle (FAYOL)

** Division of Work - work specialization can increase efficiency with the same amount of effort.** Authority and Responsibility – authority includes the right to command and the power to require obedience; one can not have authority without responsibility.** Discipline – Discipline is necessary for an organization to function effectively, however, the state of the disciplinary process depends upon the quality of its leaders.

** Unity of Command - employee should receive orders from one superior only.** Unity of Direction – there should be one manager and one plan for a group of activities that have the same objective.** Subordination of individual interest to general interest – the interest of one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over those of the organization as a whole.** Remuneration of Personnel – compensation should be fair to both the employee and the employer.

** Centralization – the proper amount of centralization depends on the situation. The objective is to pursue the optimum utilization of the capabilities of personnel** Scalar Chain – the hierarchy of authority is the order of ranks from the highest to the lowest levels of the organization. Besides this vertical communication should also be encourage as long as the managers is in the chain are kept informed.**Order – materials and human resources should be in the right place at the right time; individuals should be in jobs or position that suits them.**Equity – employees should be treated with kindness and justice

**Stability of personnel tenure - an employee needs time to adjust to a new job and reach a point of satisfactory performance; high turnover should be avoided.

**Initiative – the ability to conceive and execute a plan (through initiative and freedom) should be encouraged and developed throughout all levels of the organization.

**Espirit de Corps –“union” Unity is strength; Harmony and teamwork are essential to effective organizations.

Human Relations Approach(Elton Mayo) – Hawthorne Effect -“special attention to employees increase productivity

Behavioral Science Approach(A. Maslow) – Hierarchy of Needs theory(McGregor) – Theory X and Y

Contemporary Approach- looking at the organization as a system (system theory)- recognizing internal and external variables affecting organization (contingency theory)