Brief Response

• What did Karl Marx mean in this quotation?

• “In a higher phase of communist society . . . only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeois right be fully left behind and society inscribe on its banners: from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”

• —Karl Marx

Brief Response

• Marx explains how a communist economy will work:• The working class will take ownership of resources

owned by the middle class • The government will run the resources in the name of

the people, by the people.• There will be a classless society. • The government will give food or housing according to

people’s need for them. • People would contribute to society based on their ability

to do so.

Industrialization Spreads

p. 196

Western Industrialization

• Britain tried, but failed, to keep the secrets of industrialization from getting out.

• Other countries would acquire British technology and create new technologies.– The US and Germany would surpass Britain in steel

production• New techniques and inventions made mass

production possible.

Heavy Metals Industry

Henry Bessemer: • developed a steel mass-production

process. • EC: Effects of steel included: (3)

– It allowed for great amounts of very strong steel to be made quickly.

– Steel will allow bigger ships, buildings, and bridges to be built.

– It will also make stronger tools and railroads.

Alfred Nobel:

• Swedish chemist. Developed dynamite. • It is a powerful, concentrated explosive.

– safer and more stable than nitro-glycerin, – safer than black powder.

• He envisioned it being used by mine and construction companies.– Militaries found it useful too.

• Upset by the violent use of his invention, Nobel funded a prize for people whose ideas and inventions worked to make the world safer and peaceful.

Michael Faraday:

• British; changed the energy industry by developing the dynamo.

• electricity generator. – produces electricity – Will change millions of factories,

businesses, cities, and homes.

Thomas Edison:

• US electrical inventor. – He and his technical staff developed the electric “incandescent

lamp” (light bulb).• Would develop the motion picture

– camera – projector

– Since there were no electric companies, he started the first power plant.

– He would start General Electric which made • electric appliances, • generators• transformers.

– Many related companies would wire the industrialized nations.

Interchangeable parts:

• parts that could fit many different kinds of machines.

• Made production efficient, simpler, faster, and cheaper.

• Also did the same for maintenance.– Eli Whitney was a strong proponent and

developer of interchangeable parts.

Assembly line:• Technique used to make production

fast and efficient.• Uses a series of production stages

– each building on the previous one.• not a new idea, • the 20th century saw new ideas to

make the assembly line the best way for a factory to operate.

Orville and Wilbur Wright:

• US; flew the first successful, controlled, powered airplane in 1903.

Guglielmo Marconi:• Italy, developed the “wireless telegraph”, 1890s.

• the forerunner of radio,

Corporation:• the business, not the owners or

shareholders, is liable for any legal or financial problems that arise from doing business.

• If business loses money, owners and shareholders do not lose any or much of their own personal money.– Status granted by the government.– Reduces risk to investors, who are more likely

to put their money into a company.

Stock:• Business would sell this to

investors to raise money to operate.

• Investors became part owners as long as they owned the stock (share).

• Two types of investors– Speculator—short term (buy low, sell high)– Long-term—retirement, build up assets

Cartel:• a group of competing businesses join

to control prices, set production quotas, and/or control markets.

• Called “trusts” and illegal in the United States.

• Not illegal internationally--– OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries) is a cartel

of oil-nations that control global petroleum production and pricing.)

Homework

Map Skills, p. 197

• 2.

• Pittsburgh

• 3.

• It was located near both coal fields and iron ore deposits

Graph Skills, p. 198

• Question:

• Largest: United States

• Smallest: Great Britain

Standards Check, p. 198

• Question:

• Other nations had abundant supplies of natural resources and were able to use the ideas and technology that Great Britain had developed.

Standards Check, p. 199

• Question:

• The dynamo generated electricity that powered other machines.

Image, p. 199

• Question:

• They could travel at night

Image, p. 200,

• 1. • as corporations expanded, they needed

more office space; also show off• 2. • sample: telephones would have had the

greatest impact on offices,– they would have enabled faster

communication– therefore, faster production

Image, p. 201

• Question:

• Yes, advances in communications such as mobile phones and e-mail have made worldwide communication almost instantaneous.

Standards Check, p. 201

• Question:

• Travel was faster by steamship, railroad, autos, and airplanes

• National and international communication was possible through telegraph, telephone, and radio.

Political cartoon, p. 202

• Is the cartoonist for or against government control of businesses –Favored government

control/regulation of big business.–Portrays business as a monster;

making businesses look dangerous to the public.

Standards Check, p. 202

• Question:

• Pro: “Captains of Industry”

• Business owners created economic benefits (jobs, new products)

• Con: “Robber Barons”

• Business owners exploited consumers, workers, and free enterprise

Brief Response

• “. . . the power of population is [far] greater than the power in the Earth to produce subsistence for man.”

• –Thomas Malthus

• What conclusion is the writer expressing in the quotation? Was his conclusion correct? Explain.