bringing a health systems perspective to programming for hiv/aids and health system strengthening...
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![Page 1: Bringing a Health Systems Perspective to Programming for HIV/AIDS and Health System Strengthening Peter Berman Lead Economist, The World Bank Adjunct Professor,](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649f1b5503460f94c3044e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bringing a Health Systems Perspective to Programming for HIV/AIDS and Health
System Strengthening
Bringing a Health Systems Perspective to Programming for HIV/AIDS and Health
System Strengthening
Peter BermanLead Economist, The World Bank
Adjunct Professor, Harvard School of Public Health Vienna, July 2010
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Abandon the Antagonism Between Categorical Programs and Health System Strengthening
Lets put it away! Competition over resources…by other means Evidence is inconclusive – categorical programs can strengthen
wider systems or weaken them All health programs are means to improving outcomes Health systems perspective seeks to maximize outcomes
• There are synergies, but there are also real, and troubling, trade-offs across outcomes
• There are efficiencies in delivery, but there are also real, and troubling, inefficiencies in delivery
Allocative efficiency issues are not unique to HIV/AIDS, but there are some unique problems
“Do no harm” as minimum standard. “Seek out synergies” more proactive. (Essence of the “diagnonal approach”)
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Ultimate Goals of Health Systems
Health StatusRisk
ProtectionPublic
Satisfaction
Level
Distribution
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From Control Knobs to Outcomes
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“Diagnosis and Therapy” of the Health System
Outcomes
Determinants of poor system performance(causal analysis/response to intervention)
Health systems control knobs
Reform interventions
Politics
CultureValues
HistoryD
iagno
sis
Ther
apy
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“Health System Analysis” – an analytical basis for programming for categorical programs and HSS Significant body of work across countries at all levels of income, e.g.
• National studies: Mexico, India
• Health in Transition series
• World Bank country studies, e.g. CSRs in Africa
• USAID supported “health system assessments” Distinction between description, analysis, prediction Review of 12 major World Bank studies (Bitran et al, 2010)
• Comprehensive reviews
• Overall framework sound
• Some key elements weak
• Organization and service delivery
• Health systems analysis of categorical programs
• Governance and institutional analysis
• Linkage to policy process More and better health system analysis needed to integrate categorical
programs with national health strategies and their HSS elements
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Typical HSA Structure
7
Health status assessment• Review of current health status in the country• Emphasis varies among countries depending on income level, but tends to be on infant, child, and maternal
mortality and morbidity, and HIV/AIDS• Review of inequalities among population groups• Review of trends over time• Comparison of country health status with other, similar countries
Analysis of health status determinants
Within the health sectorOutside of the health sector
Determinants of health status other than health care
• Nutrition• Education• Alcoholism• Fertility and demographics• Hygiene
Conclusions• Extent to which health
determinants outside of health sector influence health status
• Policy recommendations about what should be done in other sectors to improve health
Stewardship
Health care financing
Organization and delivery
Human resources
Pharmaceuticals
Recommendations
Recommendations
Recommendations
Recommendations
Recommendations
Costing (Turkey, Mozambique)
Phasing
Ex
pla
na
tory
ap
pro
ach
Fro
m o
utc
omes
to
cau
ses:
“H
ow w
e g
ot to
wh
ere
we
are
”
Pre
dic
tive
ap
pro
ach
Fro
m p
roce
sses
to
out
com
es:
“H
ow c
ha
nge
will
im
pro
ve p
erfo
rma
nce
”
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Programming from an HSS Perspective: Two Dimensions
From Inputs to Reform: More, Better, New Approaches
Addtn’l health system inputs: Reforms to health systemsHRH, drugs, bldgs, vehicles improving access, quality,
demand
More Better New(Inputs) (mainly govt) (mainly non-
govt)
From Single Disease to Cross-Cutting Health System Elements
Single Disease Multiple diseases Cross-cuttingor interventions or intervention cluster elements not
disease specific
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Different programming strategies combine these dimensions in different ways
More Better New
(Inputs) (mainly govt) (mainly non-govt)
Single Disease Multiple diseases Cross-cutting
or interventions or interventions cluster elements not
disease specific
Increase essential supplies, such as
LLINs
Introduce RBF contracts for govt
and non-govt providers
Strengthen regulation to improve quality of non-government providers, like private maternities
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An Example: Strengthening HIV/AIDS Service Delivery
Objectives: Increase volume, access, quality, efficiency
Range of strategies possible – for example: Increase inputs – expand capacity: human resources, supplies, etc. Improve support systems to assure distribution/delivery of inputs “Integrate” related services at point of front-line delivery Share (“integrate”) support services (e.g. laboratory, information) Redesign service delivery tasks, e.g. task-shifting Incentivize organizations or health workers, e.g. PBF Redesign service delivery organization (platforms) – new types of facilities
and staffing patterns Engage new providers, e.g. public-private partnership, contracting
These strategies span MORE—BETTER—NEW; differ in degree they require cross-cutting action and change; and involve different actors in system
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Strategy Focus Categorical or
Systemic?
Focus on which actor?
Increase inputs, expand capacity C Front-line Provider
Improve support systems C Facility/OrgManager
“Integrate” linked services at front-line C Front-line Provider
Share support resources C/S Facility/Org Manager
Redesign service delivery tasks C/S Facility/Org Manager
Incentive organizations and/or providers S Planner/Policy Maker
Redesign service delivery platforms S Planner/Policy Maker
Engage new providers S Planner/Policy Maker
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Some take aways Strengthening HIV/AIDS service delivery to increase access, quality, and
efficiency can be addressed through a wide range of strategies Strategies can be selected which are more categorical (single or several
disease or problem focused) or more systemic (involve actions or changes which engage health systems more broadly). These characteristics are correlated with the actors more likely to be involved.
More “systemic” strategies are likely to require changes beyond categorical programs or with wider effects; several or all “control knobs”
Strategies should be chosen to achieve the objectives and based on an analysis of causes constraining that achievement. Need to fit the intervention to the causes…but feasibility is also an issue.
As HIV/AIDs programs scale up, they bump against system-related constraints or themselves affect the wider systems
The “do no harm” principle implies that responsible HIV/AIDS programmers consider these effects. Health system analysis can help.
More dialogue with health system planners and capacity building may also be needed.
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Concluding Thoughts
Health system is not a “black box”, we have concepts and tools to analyze
The tools have not been sufficiently applied to disease control programs and HIV/AIDS
Evidence base on HSS strategies is imperfect, but not vacant. Aren’t there serious gaps in our knowledge about technical strategies for HIV/AIDS behavior change and case management? We can provide “conditional guidance”
More integrated programming is essential as programs mature