britain, the veneti and beyond.pdf
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BARRY CUNLIFFE
BRITAIN, THE VENETI AND BEYOND
Summary. Archaeological and documentary evidence f o r contact
between north western France and central southern Britain
n
the firs t
millennium B C is presented and discussed. T he tin trade ma y well have
been the principal motivation
or
contact until the late second cen tury B C
when, following the foundation
o
Provincia Gallia Transalpina, the
Rom an-dom inated wine trade appears to have itensified cross-channel
intercourse. T he position
o
Armorican middlemen is considered and por t
sites such as Ale t and Hengistbury are discussed. A We ss ex Contact Zon e
is defined w ithin w hich overseas trade and local industrialproduction were
focu sed. Th e economic and social effec ts o these sys tem s on other par ts
o
Britain are briefly outlined.
In two well-known texts Caesar and
Strabo bring the Veneti and the Britons
into relationship with each other. Caesar
is concerned with Venetic military
strength: now of all the peoples of the
coastal part of that area, the Veneti are by
far the strongest. They have a great many
ships and regularly sail to and from
Britain. When it comes to knowledge and
experience of navigation, they leave all
the other tribes standing B G iii 8).
Strabo adds: The Veneti are those who
fought at sea against Caesar, for they were
prepared to hinder his voyage to Britain
as they were using the emporion there
Geog.
iv.4.1).
There has been much discussion of
these two texts. To Stevens 1952, 8-15)
the Venetic revolt against the Romans
was designed to divert Caesar from
attacking Britain in
56
BC in order to
protect their trading monopoly - an
attractive and plausible explanation;
while more recently Melinda Mays has
argued convincingly that the emporion,
noted by Strabo, referred to a specific site
which she has tentatively identified as
Hengistbury Mays 1980, 55-7).
It was a desire to explore the archaeo-
logical reality reflected by the texts which
lay behind the famous expedition to
Brittany and Normandy organized by Sir
Mortimer Wheeler in 1938-9 following
his excavations at Maiden Castle. In the
Maiden Castle report, published in 1943,
Wheeler stated his belief in trading
contacts between the Veneti andcornwal l
in the pre-Caesarian era, and at the time
O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H A E O L O G Y
l 1 )
1982
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B R I TA I N , T H E V E N E T I A N D B E Y O N D
of the G all ic Wars, an d went on to explain
the Maiden Castle development in
historical terms: Th e urb an peasantry of
Do rset , or at any rate of Maiden Castle,
comfortably ensconced in their ancient
and decaying hill-fort, offered a more
attractive prize t o th e hom eless Vikings in
Brittany; an d it is to the survivors of the
masterful Veneti in the folk-wanderings
which may be supposed to have followed
Caesars vengeance in 56 BC tha t, on all
grounds,
I
f ind i t easiest to at tr ibu te the
new Iron Age
B
rttgime at Maiden
Castle (Wh eeler 1943, 56-7).
The present paper a t temp ts to explore
the archaeological background afresh in
the light of evidence which has become
available in the last forty years.
T H E A T LA N T I C S E A W A Y S IN T H E E A R LY
F I R S T M I L L E N N I U M BC
I t is not our purpose here to examine
the systems of exchange which bound
together the communities set t led along
the Atlantic seaways in the later part of
the Bronze Age. The archaeological
evidence has been widely discussed by
Burgess (1969) an d Briard (1965) a n d the
actual m echanisms
of
exchange have been
considered recently by Rowlands (1980,
15-55). Suffice it to say that between the
eighth and sixth centuries BC the com-
munities f lanking the C han nel were
closely bound in a complex
of
socio-
economic systems which resulted in the
widespread distribution
of
similar arte-
facts on bo th sides of the Cha nnel. Th is is
particularly clearly show n by the distribu-
t ion of Armorican axes (Briard 1965,
241-82 an d below Fig.
5 )
a n d
of
bronzes
consti tut ing the Carps Tongue sword
complex (Burgess 1969, fig. 14). Longer-
distance contacts are reflected in more
exotic pieces such a s the S icilian socketed
axes from near Rennes a nd from Hengist-
bury Head on the Dorset coast .
C O N T A C T I N T H E L A T ER F IR S T
M I L L E N N I U M BC
With the collapse of the bronze-
dependent econom y in the middle of the
millennium direct evidence for contact
becomes rarer (Fig. 6) . Do uble pyramidal
i ron ingots of Euro pean or igin appear on
the south coast of Britain at Port land
(Grinsell 1958, 137). Their relatively
widespread distribution in Brittany (Giot
1964) suggests a likely origin in north-
western France. It is also possible that
some at least of the Hallstatt fibulae
recorded from Britain and of the later
Gree k a nd Ca rthaginian coins may reflect
contemporary social contacts with the
west an d so uth, bu t the f inds of this kind
are notoriou sly difficult t o interpret since
reliable contexts are almost invariably
lacking.
Wheeler th ou gh t he could see evidence
of contact between Brit tany an d sou thern
Britain in pottery finds, draw ing attention
to c eramic traits such a s the internally-
grooved r ims an d countersunk perforated
lugs
-
techniques found extensively in
Brit tany and sporadically in the south-
west of B ritain (Wh eeler 1943, 204-18).
Th ere is l it tle more tha t can be added to
his analysis except to stress tha t evidence
for the actual transp ort of pottery between
Britain and Brit tany before the late
second century BC is virtually unknown
(Fig .7) . Two sherds f rom Carn Euny ,
wi th a radiocarbon date of 420f70 bc
(HAR-238), are of Breton type though
one at least may be a Cornish product
(Elsd on 1978, 402-4), while on e un-
doubted Breton sherd
-
a micaceous
fabric with haematite painting
-
has
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B A RR Y C U N L I FFE
recently been fo und at P oun dbu ry, just
outside of Dorchester, in a context
suggesting a third-century BC date (C.
Green, personal communication). I t is
closely similar t o vessels fou nd a t RuguCrC
B
Plouvorn (Finistkre) an d K ergourognon
B
Prat (Cate-du-Nord) ( G iot , Lecerf and
OnnCe 1971, figs. liv and xxxvi).
Altho ugh the list of imp orts is no t long
it does not necessarily m ean th at the tw o
areas were isolated from each other.
Indee d it is hardly likely that the traditio n
of south-western British dec orated w ares,
called collectively Glastonbury ware,
could have developed in total isolation
from contemporary Breton decorated
styles: the relationship is surely close
each area developing in knowledge of the
other.
If the archaeological evidence is not
particularly informative a bo ut the nature
of contact in the later part of the first
millennium, the doc um entary evidence is
specific in its general message that a tin
trade, involving the Cornish peninsula,
remained in operation throughout this
t ime. The
Massiliot Periplus
of the sixth
century, quoted in the
Ora Mari t ima
of
Avienus, me ntions the voyages of Tartes-
sans an d C arthaginians to is lands in the
west -
Oestrymnis -
close to Britain where
tin and lead could be had and where
natives sailed in skin boats. Pliny
Nut .
Hist .
IV.30.16) derives elements of a
similar story, though in garbled form,
from Pytheas, a Greek who sailed the
Atlantic seaways in c. 325 BC; bu t Poly-
bius writing in the second century BC
(quoted by Strabo IV.2.1) offers the
observation that Scipio could get no
direct information ab ou t Britain fro m the
traders of Massil ia, Narbo and Corbilo
when he made enquiries of them some
time ab ou t 135 BC. Tha t the traders were
uncom municative does not however mean
that they had no information to com-
municate: they may simply have been
protecting their m onop oly. Th e difficulty
of obta ining reliable inform ation is ampli-
fied in th e story of Pub lius Crassus (surely
not the contemporary of Caesar as
Stevens argued ) who had to resort secretly
to tracking Phoenician tra ders to f ind the
route to the tin-rich Cassiterides of the
north-west (quoted by Strabo 111.5.1 1 .
Even if imprecise in its detail, the
documentary evidence is sufficient to
show that a complex, and well guarded,
network of maritime contact existed by
means of which tin was delivered from
Britain and Brit tany into the hands of
merchants acting for Mediterranean
states. The exact working of the netw ork
is beyond recovery but a combination of
short-haul local traffic, transhipment at
ports-of-trade and long distance expedi-
tions by Mediterran ean ship-own ers seem
to be implied. In such a network the
comm unities of the south-west of Britain
would have been b roug ht, inevitably, into
direct an d regular relationship with their
Breton neighbours.
Th e actual routes used throu gho ut the
latter pa rt of the first millennium may be
dimly reflected in the w ritings of the first-
cen tury au thor s S t r abo and Diodorus
Siculus bot h of w hom rely heavily o n the
works
of
Posidonius compo sed earlier in
the first century (Tierney 1960).Four
principal crossings were then in op eratio n
springing from the mouths of the rivers
Rhine, Seine, Loire and Ga ron ne (Strabo
IV.5.2). Of the S eine route S tra bo tells us
tha t cargoes passed via the RhGne an d its
tr ibutaries overland to the Seine and
thence it begins its voyage down to the
ocean an d to the Lexobii a nd Caleti , and
fro m these peoples it is less th an a days
O X F O R D J O U R N A L
O F
A R C H A E O L O G Y
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B R I T A I N , T H E V E N E T I A N D B E Y O N D
run to Britain (IV.1.14). A more likely
route for goods passing to the west of
Britain is specified: From Narbo traffic
goes inland for a short dis tance by the
River Atax, an d then ag rea ter distance by
land to the River Garonne . . and the
Ga ronne f lows to the ocean
IV. I .
14). If
the starting p oint w as Massilia an alterna-
tive ro u te was u p t h e R h h e an d over land
to the head-waters of the Loire an d thence
to the Atlantic. Of the commodities for
which Britain was famed Strabo lists
grain, catt le, gold, s ilver a nd iron . These
things, he says, were exported from the
island along with hides, slaves and
hunting dogs (IV.5.2). D iodo rus mentions
tin as a principal export, noting that
it
came from Belerium (Cornw all) and was
taken on horseback through Gaul to
Massilia a n d N ar bo (V.22.2; V.38.5).
T h e difficulty in dealing with these later
sources is one of chronology. Although
they may be reflecting long-established
trade-links, b y the time they were written
the entire network would have been
revolutionized by the foundation of the
Ro m an province in south ern Ga ul in 124
BC. It is therefore a distinct possibility
that the works of St ra bo an d Diodo rus
(building on Posidonius) are in reality
recording the trade-networks set up by
Roman merchants and have l i t t le to do
with the situation before 124 BC. T hus
strictly it would be anachronistic to use
these accoun ts in any attem pt to discuss
mercantile contact before the fou nda tion
of
the province of T ransalpina.
THE R O M A N W I N E T R A D E
Th e foun datio n of the Provincia in 124
BC and in particular the creation of the
Ro m an enclave at
Colonia Nar bo Ma rtius
(Narb onne ) in o r abou t 118 BC marked a
turning point in trade-relations with the
west . Am ong the wide range of commodi-
ties passing through the province was
Italian w ine produ ced in the region of
Terracina a nd Ca pua an d t ransported in
dist inctive amphorae of Dressel
1
type
(m app ed a decade ago by Peacock 1971,
fig. 36). A n interesting insight in to the
wine tra de is offered by Cicero in his Pro
Fonteio- a defence of M. Fonteius,
prop raeto r of Tra nsa lpina in 75-3 (o r
74-2).
In
it we learn of an unofficial tax
charged per amphora as wine passed
thro ugh the inland cit ies . This
portorium,
it was alleged, was exacted at the rate of
fou r denari i per am ph ora at Tolosa, three
victoriat i a t Cu odu nu m an d tw o victor iati
at V ulchalo. A t Elesioduli six dena rii were
charged to those who shipped wine to
the enemy
P r o
Fonteio, 19-20). Evi-
dently there were fortunes to be made at
the t ime for those who controlled the
export of wine to the barbarian west.
Th e distribution of Dressel 1 am ph orae
gives substance to this trade. The early
type, Dressel
1
a, occurs in som e numbers
in the region of N arbo nne an d is foun d on
the route to Toulouse and along the
Garonne. Considerable numbers have
recently been noted in Armorica
P.
Galliou, personal comm unication), a few
have been found in Lower Normandy
(Deniaux 1980) an d the type recurs in
quant i ty at Hengis tbury Head and in its
hinterland (Cunliffe 1978 a nd Fig. 12
below). It is temp ting to suggest tha t this
was the trade in which the Veneti were
employed.The use of Venetic middlem en
would have had the obvious adv anta ge of
allowing the sou thern m erchants to leave
the difficult an d unfamiliar waters of the
Arm orican peninsu la to local sailors used
to, and equipped for , these potential ly
rough passages. If such was the system,
transhipment of wine would have been
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J O U R N A L
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B A R R Y C U N L I F F E
carried out somewhere in Venetic terri-
tory at Vannes?) cutting out the need for
intermediate bases like Corbilo on the
Loire
-
a port which had lost its import-
ance and ceased to be recognized between
the time of Polybius in the late second
century and that of Strabo writing in the
early years of the first century AD
IV.2.1). Indeed the demise of the em-
porium of Corbilo may be directly related
to the causes consequent upon the Roman
domination of the western trade route.
Some wine transhipped from the
Venetic port would have been offloaded
at other Breton ports; more would be
taken across the Channel to Britain. One
might suggest the Quimper region of
Finistkre and the Rance estuary of the
C6te-du-Nord as possible locations with
the potential for serving considerable
hinterlands. On the Rance a major Late
Iron Age port later called Alet has been
discovered on the Saint Servin peninsula.
Evidence of contemporary Late Iron Age
activity is well attested Langouet 1978a)
as is the importation of amphorae
Sanquer 1978). In Britain the main port
of entry was clearly Hengistbury Head
Cunliffe 1978) but it is not impossible
that other ports in Poole Harbour below
pp. 46) and Cornwall were also visited:
evidence is, however, slight.
Whether or not other Mediterranean
commodities were transported along with
the wine there is little evidence to say. The
only evidence
of
exotics in the archaeo-
logical record are lumps of raw purple
glass found at Hengistbury, for which a
Mediterranean origin is likely.
S H O R T - H A U L T R A D E B E TW E EN
B R IT T A NY A N D B R IT A IN
If the analysis offered above is correct,
Venetic shippers would have provided
one element in a system of long-distance
trade initiated, or reinvigorated, by
Roman merchants. There is also ample
evidence of short-haul traffic between the
two sides of the Channel. The clearest
indication for this comes in the form of
pottery imported into Hengistbury from
north-western France. Three categories
of ware are relevant Fig. 1):
a) Black Cordoned Wares Wheel-turned
and finely finished, made in two similar
fabrics. These types were called Hengist-
bury Class B wares by Bushe-Fox 1915,
pls. xvii and xviii) and have been re-
categorized as Hengistbury Class
1
ware
by Cunliffe 1978, 49). Fabric-analysis
suggests a north-western France origin.
The distribution of Black Cordoned
wares in Britain is limited to the Hengist-
bury region and t o Poole Harbour but the
types were widely copied in local fabrics
below p. 50). In France the distribution
appears to be north-eastern Armorican
Fig. 9).
b)
Graphite-Coated Wares
Wheel-turned
jars and bowls coated externally and
sometimes internally with graphite
Bushe-Fox Class H, Cunliffe Class 2).
The fabrics are similar to those of the
Black Cordoned wares. In Britain the
distribution is based on Hengistbury and
Poole Harbour while in France it concen-
trates on western Armorica, particularly
Finistkre Fig. 10).
c)
Rilled Wares
Wheel-turned vessels of
two basic types: jars with coarse rillings
down the body and shouldered bowls
with furrows on the shoulders Cunliffe
Class 3) . The fabrics are petrologically
similar, both containing copious mica,
quartz and felspar suggesting an origin in
the granitic areas of Brittany. The British
distribution is much the same as that of
the Black Cordoned ware but the Breton
O X F O R D
J O U R N A L
O F A R C H A E O L O G Y
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B R IT A I N , T H E V E N E T I A N D B E Y O N D
Figure
1
Imported north-western French pottery
from
Hengistbury. Nos. 1 3 Black Cordoned ware;
4-7
graphite coated ware;
8-9
rilled ware. Scale
/+
distribution appears t o centre
a
little to apparent differences are significant is
the west. The type is not known in difficult to say. All three distributions
Normandy Fig.
11).
overlap in the C6te-du-Nord and it is
It will be noted that the Armorican most likely tha t from this region the
distribution of the three pottery types contact with Hengistbury sprang. Of
varies geographically though whether the possible French port sites we have already
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B A R R Y C U N L I FFE
ment ioned Ale t on the Sain t Serv in
peninsula near St . Malo . On pres ent site-
evidence i t would appear highly l ikely
tha t
a
t rading axis exis ted between Alet
and Heng i s tbu ry . Two fu r the r obs e rva -
t ions suppor t th is v iew. On Guernsey a
la rge se t t lement producing the three
major Armor ican wares together wi th
Dres s e l l a amphorae has been found a t
Kings Road, St . Peter Por t (R. Burns ,
personal communicat ion) . The Kings
Road s i te evidently l ies as tr ide the pro-
posed nor th-south route . Even more
impressive evidence is provided by the
dis tr ibution of coins of the Coriosoli tes -
the t r ibe occupying the Cdte-du-Nord
area of which Alet is a pr incipal port
(Cu nliffe 1978, fig.
35).
Of the to ta l o f 62
Arm or ican co ins recorded in Br i ta in ,
45
a re o f the Cor io s o l i t e s and
13
of these
come f ro m H engis tbury , mos t of the res t
f rom the Hengis tbury h in ter land . The
impl ica t ion c lear ly sup por ts the idea of
a
Hengis tbury-Alet axis .
This impress ive body ofevidence should
not however obscure the possibil i ty that
o the r no r th -wes te rn French po r t s may
have t raded wi th Hengis tbury . Coins of
the Abr incatu i and Baiocasses f rom
Hengis tbury are a r eminder tha t o the r
t r ibes of wes tern Normandy ( the area
producing Black Cordoned wares ) may
well have been in direct contact with
Br i ta in , and Pro fes s o r Gio t has d rawn the
writers at ten tion t o the imp ort an t , but i ll -
known coastal s i te of Nacquevil le , a few
ki lometres wes t of Cherb ourg o n the
Cotant in where Black Cordoned vesse ls
have been recorded (Rouxel 1912, 30)
together wi th Dresse l la am ph ora e
(D en iau x 1980, 50-1). It is the closest
po in t o n the French ma in land to Heng i st -
bu ry a nd a lmos t exac tly due s o u th f rom
it - a dis t inct navigational advantage if
sa i ling was regula ted by a n equivalen t to
the no r th s t a r
Suff icient wil l have been said to show
that there mus t have ex is ted a complex
network of short-haul traff ic plying be-
tween Br i t tany and cent ra l southern
Britain in the half century or so before
Caesar s conques t o f Armor ica in 56
B C - a far more in t r ica te pa t tern than
Caesar wi th h is emphas is on the Venet i
a lone would have led us to believe. It
could , o f course , be argued tha t the
appearan ce of French mater ia l in Br ita in
was
a
direct result of fugit ives f leeing fro m
Caesar . Agains t th is might be p laced the
evident in f luence of the imp or ted pot tery
on nat ive manufactur ing over a wide area
(below p .
50)
and the f ac t tha t a more
detai led analysis of the coins of the
Cor ioso l i tes shows tha t the co ins f rom
Hengis tbury inc lude ear ly types and
do
no t con form t o th e coin profi les reflected
in the f ligh t hoards of Franc e an d Jersey .
Th e impl ica t ion is tha t contac t had been
main ta ined for some t ime before the
Caesar ian wars (Gruel
et
a 1980 and
Langouet 1978b).
T H E W E S SE X C O N T A C T - Z O N E
Th e d is t r ibu t ion of Armor ican pot tery
and co inage i s concen t r a ted in an a r ea
centred on Hengis tbury which we can
refer to as the Wessex Contact -Zone (a
concep t equ ally relevant to ear l ier per iods
to be discussed elsewhere) . In the centre
of
the area l ies Chr is tchurch Harbour wi th
its fine riverine links - the Stour lead ing
in land in to Dorse t , the Avon in to Wil t -
sh i re . The harbour i s dominated by the
prom onto ry of Hengis tbury H ea d , de-
fended in the Iron Age and intensively
occupied in the f irs t century BC (Fig . 2) .
Th e ev idence has been sum mar ize d e lse-
where (Cunliffe 1978) and s ince
a
new
O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H A E O L O G Y
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B R I TA I N , T H E V E N E T I A N D B E Y O N D
H E N G I S T B l T R Y H E A D D O R S E T
2 1 6
8
1 etres
HENGIST URY H E D
u w
Figure 2
Hengistbury Head, Dorset and its environment.
programme of excavations is under way it
would be premature to say more at this
stage. Poole Ha rbour can a lso be regarded
as par t of the contact zone Fig.
3).
Two
sites deserve particular note. Hamworthy,
on the north side of the harbour close to
the medieval heart
of
Poole, was partially
excavated before the last war Smith
1930). Here, beneath Roman layers pre-
sumably representing a Roman military
base, the excavation come upon a late
Iron Age horizon that has never been
adequately published. The layer produced
a
number
of
sherds of Dressel
la
ampho-
rae together with
a
range of pottery, much
of
it imported from France, and including
Black Cordoned wares and graphite-
coated wares.
The second site of some significance lies
on Green Island close to the south shore
of the harbour. Here , in a comparatively
limited excavation,
a
wide range of north-
western French imports
of
Hengistbury
type have been located together with
sherds of Dressel la amphorae . In addition
the excavator found
a
large number of
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BARRY CUNLIFFE
cores from the turning of Kimmeridge
shale arm lets. Th e cores are exclusively of
Calkin's Class A - a type with
a
single
central square-cut hole for the chuck. The
association is interesting, no t only because
i t
is evidence
of
armlet m anufacture, but
because it is a clear indication that the
Class A cores belong to the early part of
the first century BC.
Th e re la t ionship of the Poole Ha rbo ur
sites to Hengistbury a nd i ts t rading axis
remains uncer ta in . The Poole Harbour
sites are by n o m eans as prolific of finds as
Hengistbury; but this is, in part at least,
due to the dispari ty in the size of the
excavations: Hengistbury is however by
fa r the largest site. Ta kin g the evidence at
its face value we may suggest that
Hengistbury was the port-of-trade and
that Poole H ar bo ur provided subsidiary
bases for the t ranshipm ent
of
commodit ies
due to be t ransported in to the hear t of
~ ~~
L A T E I R O N A G E S E T T L E M E N T A R O U N D P O O LE H A R B O U R , D O R S E T
Figure
3
Poole Harbour, Dorset. The present land-forms, with alluvium stippled, showing I ro n Age discoveries.
O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H A E O L O G Y
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B R I TA I N , T H E V E N E T I A N D B E Y O N D
west Dorset by way of the River Frome.
Products such as sa l t f rom the harbour
fringes and shale from the Isle of Purbeck
may well have been am on g comm odit ies
brought f rom the immedia te region to
Hengistbury for wider distribution.
T he are a designated the contact-zone is
geographically isolated from the rest of
Wessex by the wide band of heathland
spreading from the New F orest to Egdon
H eat h an d consists of two comparat ively
fert ile areas: the Purb eck pro mo ntory a nd
the flood-plain in the immediate hinter-
land
of
Hengistbury (Fig.
16).
Th e l inks
to the densely populated areas of Wessex
were by the Rivers Frome, S tour and
Avon. Within the contact-zone raw
materials abounded: Kimmeridge shale,
sal t , good pott ing clay (around Poole
H arb ou r) an d a readily accessible supply
of high-grade iron ore on Hengistbury
Head. Th ere can be l it tle doubt f rom the
British evidence th at these pr od uc ts were
widely exploited and traded inland, the
sal t , in i ts briquetage c ontain ers, an d the
shale, used fo r armlet m anu factu re, being
the mo st readily recognizable. La ter in the
first century BC pottery p rod uction took
on an increasing importance . Whether
any of these commodities were exported
overseas is difficult yet to say; but
lignite bracelets have been fou nd at
Alet and quantities of roughcut lignite
bracelets were recovered at Nacqueville
(Rouxel 1912). In advance of analysis
however it would be unwise to indentify
them as Kimmeridge shale. When con-
sidering exports we should however
reme mbe r t hat St ra bo specifically refers
to Bri t ish i ron.
Th us the Wessex Co ntact -Zone emerges
as an area i so la ted from the main
pop ulat io n centres, r ich in natur al mineral
wealth and provided with excellent com-
municat ions, by river to Wessex and by
sea to the m ari t ime regions of Fra nce and
Bri tain. I ts fine, safe ha rbo urs a nd close
proximity to F ranc e sui ted i t admirably as
a region
of
maximum contact on the
overseas t rade network.
T H E C O N T A C T - Z ON E A N D S O U T H E R N B R I TA I N
Certa in commodi t ies brought in to or
produced in the Wessex Contact -Zone
were distributed t o the W essex hinterland.
Kimmeridge shale had been a major
import th roug hou t the second hal f of the
first millennium. Hand-cut armlets were
mad e in quan t i ty on Pu rbeck (Calk in
1955, and Cunliffe and Phillipson 1968)
and t ransported in land from the e ighth /
sixth century onwards: there is evidence
that d is tr ibut ion cont inued throughout
the fi rst century B C a nd into the early first
century A D when fine wheel-turned shale
vessels fo un d their way to the aristocratic
households of eastern Britain (Fig. 15).
Sal t
too
is a commodity l ikely to have
been long prized among the Wessex
arable farmers.
The development of
a
long-distance
trade and the inject ion of wine into the
exchange system is well attested by the
distribut ion of characterist ic Dressel la
amphorae in Hampsh i re and Dorse t
within what can be regarded as the
prim ary distribut ion-zone from Hengist-
bury (F ig .
12).
T h a t a m p h o ra e ( a n d t hu s
presumably wine) reached Cornwall may
reflect a secondary distribution pattern
ema nat ing from Hengis tbury or , a l terna-
tively, evidence of direct trade to the
south-west pe ninsula using a po rt such as
Mount Bat ten .
Th e distribut ion of Arm orica n coins in
Britain m ay well have owed som ething to
the direct trade link: significantly a
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B A R R Y C U N L l F F E
majority of those from sou thern Bri tain
l ie within the primary distribut ion zone
arou nd Hengistbury (F ig.
12).
If products such as wine, iron, shale
an d glass were being fed into the exchange
systems via Hengistbury we might rea-
sonably ask what was flowing the other
way. Strabos list of exports gives some
indication of what th e Con tinen t desired
af ter the annexat ion of Gaul , but i t
ca nn ot be tak en as direct evidence of pre-
Caesarian t rade. The archaeological re-
co rd how ever gives some indication, since
Heng istbury has produced evidence of the
desilvering of lead (presumably of Men-
dip origin),
a
mass of argentiferous
copper o re from th e C all ington region of
Cornwall and Glastonbury-style pot tery
manufactured in western Cornwall, east-
ern Devon and the Mendips . I t i s
tempting to suggest that the pottery is an
indicator of the regions from which
commodit ies came: lead from the Men-
dips; copper/silver ore fro m east Cornwall
or Dev on; and perhaps t in f rom Cornwal l
(al tho ugh none has yet been fo und o n the
site).
To
this we might ad d hides fro m the
south-west, corn and woollen fabrics
from the cent re south and s laves f rom
practically anywhere in the region. Two
maps (Figs.
13
a n d 14) sum up both the
evidence a nd the reasonable speculat ions
deriving from it .
THE
E F FE C TS O F L O N G - D I ST A N C E T R A D E :
T E C H N O L O G I C A L
T he mo st readily recognizable effects of
the patterns of long-distance trade des-
cribed a bove ar e technological
-
the intro-
duction of the lathe and the potters
wheel. Th e lathe ha d an imm ediate effect
on the shale industry: armlets which h ad
previously been cut by hand were now
turned, giving rise to a more regular
product and to the easi ly recognizable
wastecores withch uck holes. T he industry
has alread y been described in som e detail
by Calkin (1955).
To
his assessment we
can now add that the earl iest cores of
Class A can be dated to the period
100-50BC on the evidence of their
association with north-western French
pot tery on Green Is land (above p .
46).
Class
A
cores have been f ou nd extensively
on Purbeck a t Tyneham, Povington ,
Encombe Obelisk, Gallows Gore, Hers-
ton , Ho barr ow and Studland, al l of which
were within easy reach of the shale source
at K immeridge an d must therefore repre-
sent a con tinuat io n of the native industry.
Significantly all but two of the Purbeck
sites (Ty neh am an d Povington) produced
the earlier hand-cut armlets as well.
Outside th e Isle of Purbeck Class
A
cores,
implying shale wo rking on site, have been
recovered
at
Green Is land, Hengis tbury ,
Glastonbu ry an d Ship ton G orge, suggest -
ing that raw shale may have been
exported f rom Purbeck to these locat ions.
T he exact datin g of Calkins oth er classes
of core (B-D) is in doubt; most can be
shown t o be post-conquest but so me may
represent pre-conquest improvements in
methods of at tachment to the lathe.
In add it ion to bracelets, shale was also
being used to manufacture vessels. Two
have been fo und on Purbeck a t Rempston
and Kimmeridge. Fourteen o thers are
recorded
though not all
can be demon-
strated conclusively to be pre-R oma n) of
which four occur in the rich Aylesford-
Swarl ing graves of eastern Bri tain (G rea t
Chesterford , Old W arden, Barnwell and
Harpenden). The Somerset si tes of
Glas tonbury , Meare and Wookey a re a l so
represented (Fig.
15).
If it is assumed tha t
the vessels were manufactured within the
O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H A E O L O G Y
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B R I T A I N , T H E V E N E TI A N D B E Y O N D
W e s se x C o n t a c t - Z o n e a n d e x p o r t e d , th e
tw o ma jo r concen t ra t i ons i n Somerse t
an d ea s t e rn Eng land m ay repre sen t a rea s
wi th which th e contac t -zone h ad es tabli -
shed exchange l inks . There i s however
uncer ta in ty over da t ing. Al thou gh e leven
of t he vesse ls c an be sho w n t o da t e t o t he
p r e - R o m a n p e r i o d n o n e c a n b e p ro v e d t o
be p re -Caesa r i an . Indeed those f rom
eas t e rn Eng land a re a lmos t c e r t a in t o be
da t ed to t he ea r ly f i rs t c en tu ry A D . I t is
sa fe r , the re fore , to see the sha le vessels a s
the ev entua l resul t of the in t rodu c t ion of
the la the wh ich con t inued t o be fel t long
af te r the in i t ia l con tac t ph ase .
A mo re widespread e ffect of the per iod
of con tac t w as a d ram a t i c improvem ent in
po t t e ry t e chno logy in cen t ra l sou the rn
an d sou th -w es t ern Br i ta in. T h e impor t a -
t ion of quant i t ies of f ine whee l - turned
vesse ls an d the acco mpan y ing know ledge
of t he po t t er s w heel a ppea r t o have had
a n imm edia te e ffec t o n pot te ry s ty les over
a cons ide rab l e a rea . Th e ev idence may be
briefly considered.
In D orse t an d ad j acen t a rea s t he ef fects
of w hee l - turning on the na t ive s ty le
-
t he
M aiden Cas t le -Marn hul l s ty le (Cunl i ffe
(1974) 1978, 47-8)
-
l ead to a t ightening
of the prof i les of the range of ja rs wi th
beaded r ims. As might be expec ted the
fo rm s a re m ore p rec isely t oo l ed an d the
vesse ls tend to become smal le r . This
change cha rac t er i z es t he D u ro t r igan s tyl e
(Brai lsford 1958; Cunliffe (1974) 1978,
382) . T h e prec ise process of evolut ion i s
exemplified in a s t ra t i f ied sequence of
depos i ts fou nd dur in g the 1980 sea son o f
excava tion a t H en g i s tbury w hich demo n-
s t ra t e s c e ramic deve lopment beg inn ing
w i th t he appea rance o f F rench impor t s
a n d l a s ti n g t o t h e e a r l y R o m a n p e r i o d .
Severa l of the imported types were
di rec tly copied by loca l pot te rs , the m ost
po pu la r be ing the Black Co rdo ned vesse ls
which give r i se to the necked cordoned
bowls , typica l of D uro t r iga n assemblages ,
some t imes ca l l ed H eng i s tbury C la s s B
derivat ives. The type was suffic ient ly
des i rab l e t o f i nd i t s w ay to beyond the
fringes of Du ro trig an ter ri tory. Vessels of
th i s k ind a re found in t he Somerse t
region , qui te possibly reflect ing a recipro-
ca l aspec t of the exchange ne twork by
which Somerse t lead reached Hengis t -
bury . Ano ther typ e less f requent ly copied
is the tazza, while the la t t ice dec ora t ion ,
foun d o n g raph i te -coa ted j a r s , becomes a
c o m m o n m o t i f o n D u r o t r i g a n j a r s.
In Ha m psh i re the effects of the contac t
w i th nor th -w es te rn F ran ce a r e n o le ss
appa r en t , g iv ing ri se t o t he N o r the rn a nd
So uth ern Atreb a t ic s ty les (Cunl i f fe ( 1974)
1978, 97-100). W heel-tu rning becomes
widespread whi le cord oned necked ja rs
and occas iona l ly t a zze a re a recurr ing
com pon en t o f t he a s semblage . A l though
it is possible that these areas received
some in f luences f rom the A yle s fo rd -
Swarl ing cul ture to the eas t , c lose s imi-
l a r it y t o t he D u ro t r igan deve lopment s is a
s t rong a rgu me nt i n favou r o f the st imulus
emana t ing f rom the Wessex Con tac t -
Z o n e
-
an obse rva t ion s t reng thened w hen
it is reca l led t ha t e a r ly D re sse l am ph ora e
are widespread in Atreba t ic te r r i tory .
A n o t h e r a r e a of t he Sou th -w es t
to
deve lop a w hee l-made , co rdon ed ce ramic
assemblage a t abo u t t h i s t ime is Cornw a l l ,
where d is t inc t ive cord on ed ware has long
been recogn ized(T hreip1 and 1957,58-63).
At S t . Mawgan-in-Pyder severa l whee l -
made types were c lassified (Types E-K)
among w hich w e re p l a in bow ls E),
cordoned bow ls (F ) , t azze
G)
a n d l a r g e
c o r do n e d j ar s ( H , J, K). T he assem blage is
well represented in Cor nw al l (F ig . 8) in
the l a s t s t ages o f t he p re -Roman I ron A ge .
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B A R RY C U N L I FFE
Th e s imple s t exp lana tion f o r i t s sudden
appea rance i s as a resul t of exchang e l inks
wi th the Wessex Contac t -Zone a l ready
exempl i f ied by the Kimmerdige sha le
a rmle t s f rom Cornw a l l and poss ib ly by
the Dresse l la amphorae . Whi le i t could
be a rgued tha t t he Corn i sh co rdoned
wares were the resul t of direct contact
wi th Bri t tany i t should be remembered
tha t t he A rmor i can cordoned w a re s
which the Cornish examples evident ly
copy a re concent ra ted in the eas te rn par t
of the Armorican mass i f . I t i s s impler
the re fo re t o see t he shor t rou t e t o
Hengis tbury becoming the main axis of
contact with Bri ta in, coastal Bri t ish
shipping be ing responsible for t ransmi t -
t ing ideas to Cornw al l . If these v iews a re
accep ted then the Corn i sh co rdoned
w are s cou ld have begun to deve lop in t he
first half of the fi rs t century BC.
F ro m th e br ie f d i scuss ion offe red here
i t is c lear that the t rade axis with north-
weste rn Fran ce , deve loping in the per iod
100-50 BC, can be cons idered to be a
format ive inf luence in th e chang ing cera -
mic technologies of the Atreb a tes , Du ro -
t r i ge s and the w es t e rn D umnoni i : on ly
e a s t e r n D u m n o n i a ( D e v o n ) a n d t h e
sou the rn D obunn i (Somerse t ) s eem to
have cont inued in t radi t iona l s ty les
though wi th imported exot ic types . The
chronologica l hor izon provided by these
changes is
of
so m e significance in asses-
s ing the soc ia l and pol i t ica l changes
consequen t upon the phase of con tac t .
THE EFFECTS OF LONG-DISTANCE TRADE:
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
I t i s not the a im
of
t he p re sen t pape r t o
explore these m at te rs in an y de ta i l except
to no t e t ha t in m uch of the region cov ered
by the D uro t r ig i an an d A t reba t i c tr i be s,
most of the h i l lfor t s, which h ad dom ina ted
the count rys ide for centur ies , qui te sud-
denly ceased to be occupied o n any sca le .
Th e evidence for th i s genera l iza t ion will
be cons idered e l sewhere toge ther wi th
possible exp lanat ion s: suffice i t to say th at
the pr inc ipa l cause i s thought to be the
c h a n g e f r o m a s i m p l e e m b e d d e d e c o n o m y
t o
a
marke t e conomy. The re a re conse -
quent changes in o ther aspec ts of the of
the se t t lement a rchaeology.
The pol i t ica l s i tua t ion was evident ly
compl ica ted by pol i tica l t ransfo rma t ions
taking p lace a t th i s time in the South-eas t ,
bu t the resul t was tha t , while the Atreb a t ic
t r ibe deve loped
a
coinage cons is tent wi th
the ir e a s te rn an d nor the rn ne ighbours ,
t h e D u r o t r i g e s a d h e r e d t o
a
silver stan-
da rd ref lect ing perh aps th e coinage of
the i r A rm or i can a s soc ia t es . Th a t the
con tac t w i th nor th -w es te rn F ran ce an d
beyo nd had comp ara t ive ly l i tt l e e ffec t on
the pol i t ica l s t ruc ture of the South-west ,
when compared to the effects of Belgic
contac t wi th the S outh-eas t , is an indica-
t ion of the d i f fe rences be tween the na tur e
of t he c ross -Channe l li nks. In t he Sou th -
eas t Br i ta in was brought in to c lose
pol i tica l re la t ionship wi th the C ont ine nt
-
a re la t ionship intensified by actual folk
movement . The w es t e rn ax i s seems to
have been based ent i re ly upon exchange
mechan i sms . Th a t it evo lved no fu r the r i s
a reflect ion of the socio-poli t ical develop-
ment re ached by communi t i e s on e i t he r
side of t he Channe l .
The ques t ion of incoming refugees
shou ld n o t be ove r looked . T ha t some
refugees reached B ri ta in fro m the ravages
of Caes ar in Arm orica i s not unl ike ly . Al l
tha t can be sa id i s tha t there i s no
a rchaeo log ica l ev idence to suppor t t he
idea , unless the few sword bur ia l s of
sou the rn Br i t ain a r e rega rded a s ev idence
O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H AE O L OG Y
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B R I TA I N , T H E V E N E T I A N D B E Y O N D
of refugees or of returning mercenaries
who had learnt new religious practices
(Cunliffe forthcoming).
A F T E R C A E S A R
Th e Caesarian conquest of Armorica in
56
BC appears to have put an en d to d i rec t
trade between the south-west of Britain
an d north-western France. T he evidence
is threefold: post-Ca esarian ceramic deve-
lopm ents in A rm orica are no t reflected in
Britain; British coinage which developed
after Caesar is only very rarely found in
Armor ica a nd N orm andy ; and the in flux
of Ital ian wine in Dressel la amphorae
ceases. T he virtual absence of the lb type
of am ph or a in central southern Bri tain is
in marked cont ras t to the large number
now f oun d in the South-east . At the very
least the d is t r ibut ion pat tern must mark
a
dislocation in th e Ital ia n wine trad e with
Britain, which could be explained in terms
of new monopolies negotiated between
the R oma ns and the p ro -Roman t r ibes of
eastern Britain (Cunliffe 1978, 78-9).
It remains then to consider briefly the
post-Caesarian development of the So uth-
west. At Hengistbury there is clear
evidence that the site continued to deve-
lop and in its later stages
c . 50
BC-AD
50)
it may even have become the seat of a
mint (C unliffe 1978, 44-7). T hu s its
continuing function as a commercial
centre seems likely. It
is
now known, as
the result of th e excavation of 1980, tha t a
certain level of overseas trade continued;
bu t
so
far the only definite evidence is
provided by sherds of Spanish , Pa sq ua l l ,
amphorae ,
a
type also found at Cleave1
Point on the southern s ide of Poole
H a r b o u r
D.
Williams, personal com-
munication). T he in tensity a nd d ura t io n
of the t rade is uncertain, bu t no do ub t
current excavation wil l throw further
l ight on the problem. That i t appears to
have h ad litt le effect on local comm unities
suggests that the overseas links were
probably not extensive.
Th e general impression given by Dur o-
trigan culture in the last century before
the Roman invasion is of politically
backward communit ies showing none of
the socio-economicadvances of th es ou th-
east . The Dumnoni i in the South-west
were even w ithout coinage. Th us the post-
Caesarian period in the South-west may
have been
a
t ime of stagnat ion
-
a marked
con trast to the previous half century.
T H E C H A N G I N G P A T T ER N S
If we stand back fro m th e detai l in an
at tempt to see broad pat ter ns of change i t
is possible t o suggest fo ur principal stages
in the systems of contact and exchange
linking the communities of the Atlantic
seaways. They may be summarized thus:
c.
800
-
c.
600
BC. Complex con-
tact involving short-haul exchange pro-
bably linked ultimately to long-distance
networks. This manifests itself in the
regional distribution of bronzes.
2 . c.
600
-c.
120
BC. Long-distance
trading expedit ions for t in (and other
metals?) involving Greek and Carthagi-
nian merchants. I t
is
possible that the
foundat ion of the Greek colony a t
Massilia may have been
a
significant
facto r in inst igat ing the movements. The
archaeological record app ears to suggest
that local exchange pat terns were not
extensive: th ere is intense c ultu ral regiona-
l ism in Bri t tany and southern Bri tain.
Mediterranean trade may be reflected in
the d is t r ibut ion of G reek a nd Carthagi -
nian coins in barbarian territories.
3. c. 120-c.
SO BC. The intrusion of
1.
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B A RR Y C U N L I F F E
Ro ma n merchants into the Atlant ic routes
trading wine, following the fou nd atio n of
the province of Tr ansa lpina. Th is pro-
bably involved short-haul tra ns po rt using
middlemen. Archaeologically it is seen in
the d ist r ibut ion of am pho rae and no rth-
western French pottery an d the develop-
ment of ports-of-trade at Alet and Hen-
gistbury.
Locally in Britain the establishm ent of
new exchange networks an d the intensi-
fication of production o n an industrial
scale took place at various foci , in par-
ticular the entry-points.
4. c. 50 BC-AD 43 A reorientation
of the principal axis of trade. Following
the conquest of Ga ul, a greater emphasis
on the Seine and later the Rhine as the
routes of communication with the Medi-
terranean w orld, leading to adeve lopm ent
of British east coast markets. The
southern ports lose their monopoly but
retain their l inks with the Atlantic com-
munities an d remain centres of produ ction
for their hinterland.
T h e s u m m a ry ,
so
briefly stated, looks
deceptively simple, but it provides a
broa d model against which to com pare
the available evidence.
To
complicate it
with more sophisticated theoretical rea-
soning would be to go far beyond the
reasonable l imits imposed by the data
deep into the realms of unacceptable
speculation. What is now needed is the
more detailed excavation of key sites, an
analysis of changes in the set t lement-
pa t t e rn and new approaches to the
numismatic evidence. Much of this work
is now in hand and the results will , we
hope, ap pea r in the pages of this journ al .
Acknowledgements
This pa pe r is a revised version of a lectu re given
at a conference entitled Britain an d Brittany held in
Oxford in January
1981.
The text has benefited
from discussion with Professor Giot both at the
conference a nd subsequently. The a uth or wishes to
express his grateful thanks to Professor Gio t and to
other French colleagues who have
so
readily
responded to requests for help, and to the curators
of the Red Hou se Museum, C hristchurch and the
Borough Museum of Poole . Th e maps a re the jo in t
work of Alison Wilkins (Institute of Archae ology,
Oxford) and the au thor .
Institute o Archaeology,
36 Beaumont Street,
Oxford
A P P E N D I X A : T H E M A P S
A series of
13
maps a re offered here to
provide support for the arguments laid
ou t in the text. In orde r not t o clut ter the
text w ith lists of site-names a n d references
the relevant information is given in the
extended captions to the maps.
O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H A E OL O G Y
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BRITAIN,
THE
VENETI AND BEYOND
Figure 4
Amorican axes found in hoards. The French distribution is plotted after Briard 1965. The six British sites
are mapped by OConnor 1980 map 77 with references p. 586). The sites are Eggardon, Dorset; Nether
Wallop, Hants.; Danebury, Hants.; New Forest, Hants.; Ventnor, Isle
of
Wight; and Tintern, Mons.
Note
no attempt has been made to map the hundreds
of
isolated finds.
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BARRY CUNLIFFE
Greek
and Car thag inJan
coins
1 Slcl l lan a x e s
y v a m i d a l
i r on ingots
c3
Iberian l ibulae
1
LmS
Figure
5
Exotic impo rts. Sho wn are various categories of non-local artefacts.
Greek
and Carrhaginian coins: based on
informatio n supplied by Jo hn Taylor. Ma ny if not most of these finds are likely to have been deposited in
the Rom an period but some must be contemp orary impo rts (Taylor forthcoming). Silician axes:
Hengistbury Head (Cunliffe 1978, fig. 9) and Rennes region (Briard 1970, 25-2). Double Pyram idal Iron
ingots: for the French examp les, Gio t 1964.. The British site is Portlan d Bill where tw o ingots were found
(Grinsell 1958, 137). Fibulae o Iberian type (possibly western French ): the Breton sites are Kerancoa t en
Erg ut Armel an d Roz-an-Tremen en Plomeur both in Finistbre (Giot 1958). The British sites are Mou nt
Batten, Devon (Fox 1958, pl. 31) and Harlyn Bay, Cornwall (Whimster 1977, 77-8).
OXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY
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BRITAIN. THE VENETI AN D BEYOND
Figure
6
Selected pottery types: Early-Mid La T h e .
Breton stamped wares
are plotted after Schwappach 1969,abb.
11. For the Breton style sherds from Carn Euny see Elsdon 1978, fig. 53. The distribution of British
Glastonbury wares
is assembled from various sources. The distributions reflect parallel developments of
decorated pottery styles. The rarer and selected)
haematire painted wares
shown are from Poundbury,
Dorchester inf. C. Green); Rugut re Plouvorn, Finis ttre; and Kergourognon Pra t, CGte-du-Nord
discussed in Giot 1979, 314-8).
56
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B A RR Y C U N L I F F E
Figure 7
Cliff castles and souterrains. To emphasize certain similarities of settlement type in the second half of the
first millennium we have plotted cliff castles and souterrains. The Breton souterrains differ structurally
from the Cornish fogous while cliff castles though structurally alike are best seen as a similar response to
defending a natural promontory. Souterrains see Giot 1979, 292-300 for a distribution map and general
discussion.of he Breton sites. For the Cornish see Christie 1979 for a recent reassessment. tiff Castlesare
plotted from various sources including Wheeler and Richardson 1957, G o t 1980, Bernier 1964,OS Map of
Southern Britain in the Iron Age, Cotton 1958 and, in Guernsey, recent fieldwork.
O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H A EO L O GY
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BRITAIN, THE VENETI AN D BEYON D
-
o r n i s h
Cordoned w a r e
Henglstbury derivat ives
Figure 8
Selected Late La Tene pottery. The distribution of north-western French Black Cordoned ware and its
British derivatives.
BIack Cordoned ware
Cunliffe 1978, fig
33
with corrections and a dditions. S ites plotted:
see list Appendix B p . 66. Hengistbury derivatives various sources summarized in Cunliffe 1978, fig. 32.
Cornish cordoned ware Threipland 1957 with additions).
58
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B A R RY C U N L I FFE
Figure
9
Selected Late La Tene pottery. The distribution of north-western French graphite coated wares
Cunliffe 1978, fig. 33 with corrections). Sites plotted see list Appendix B p.
66.
O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H AE O L OG Y
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B R I TA I N , T HE V E N E T I A N D B E Y ON D
Figure
10
Selec ted Late La T h e pottery. Th e distribution o f north-western French rilled wares Cun liffe 1978, Fig. 33
with corrections). Sites plotted: see list Appendix B p.
66.
60
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BARRY CUNLIFFE
Figure 1 1
Nam es and routes. Tribal and place names m entioned by the classical sources show n in capitals, modern
place names in lower case. The principal routes to Mount Batten and Hengistbury Head are indicated
assuming northward sailing on a north star equivalent.
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B R I TA I N , T HE V E N ET I A N D B E Y ON D
Figure 13
Resources in southern Britain. The Glastonbury ware distributions are based on various sources beginning
with Peacock
1969
and updating.
62
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B A RR Y C U N L I F F E
Figure
12
Imports in to southern Britain. The coins of the Coriosoli tes an d oth er Armorican tr ibes are plotted after
Allen
1961
and Hase lgrove
1978.
Dressel
1
am pho rae are plotted after Peacock
1971
with additions. Sites
plotted: Horndean, Hants . ; Winchester , Hants . ; Owslebury, Hants . ; Danebury, Hants . (current
excavation); Knighton, Isle of Wight; Gills Cliff; Ventnor, Isle of Wight; Hengistbury Head, Dorset;
Ham worthy, D orset; Green Island, Dorset; G ussage All Saints , Dorset (Peacock 1979,72); Ma iden Castle,
Dorset; Weymouth Bay, Dorset; Carn E uny, Cornwall (Elsdon 1978,403): Trethurgy, Cornw all (current
excavation).
Figure 14
Model for trade in south-west Britain.
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E
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B R I T A IN , T H E V E N E T I A N D B E Y O N D
A P P E N D I X B
Sites producing north-western French
la te L a T h e p otte ry
of
selected types:
Black Cordoned ware, graphite-coated
ware and rilled ware.
France
1 Petit Celland, Manche Wheeler and
Richardson 1957)
2 Camp dArtus, Huelgoat, Finisttre Wheeler
and Richardson 1957)
3 h e Gaignog, Landtda , Finistttre Giot and
Bourhis 1964)
4 Stang-Vihan, Concarneau, Fini sttr e Le Roux
1967)
Kermoysan, Plabennec, Finisttre Le Roux
and Lecerf 1973; Le Bihan and Galliou 1974)
6 Kercaradec, Penhars, Fin ist he Wheeler and
Richardson 1957)
7 Tronoen, Port lAbbe, Finistbre Wheeler and
Richardson 1957)
8 Kersigneau, Plouhinec, Finis ttre Wheeler
and Richardson 1957)
9 Kervedan, Ile de Groix, Morbihan Threip-
land 1945)
10 Plouhinec, Port Louis, Morbihan Threipland
1945)
11
Pointe du Vieux Chitteau, Belle-he en Mer,
Morbihan Threipland 1945)
12 Saint-Jude en Bourbriac, CBtes du-Nord
Briard and Giot 1963)
13 Villers-sur-Mer, Calvados Caillaud and
Lagnel 1964)
14
Saint Malo-dAlet, Ille-et-Vilaine Sanquer
1975)
15 Moulin-de-la-Rive, Locquirec, Finisttre
Giot Deunff, Briard and LHelgouach 1958)
16 Bellevue, Ploukgat-Moyson, Finist tre Giot,
Le Roux and Onnee 1968)
17 St. Donan, St. Brieuc, CBtes-du-Nord Giot,
Lecerf and Onnee 1971)
18 G r h e des Rosaires, Plerin, CBtes-du-Nord
Giot, Lecerf and Onnee 1971)
19 Bourg, St. Glen, CBtes-du-Nord Giot , Lecerf
and Onnee 1971)
20 Rugire , Plouvorn, Finistkre Gio t, Lecerf and
Onnke 1971)
21 La Fresnais, Marais de Dol, Ille-et-Vilaine
Sanquer 1979)
22
23 Moulay, Mayenne Naveau 1972)
Ile Agot, CBte-du-Nord Giot 1980)
Channel Islands
101 Mont O rgteil, Jersey
102 Maitresse Ile, Minquiers, Jersey Hawkes
103 La Hougue au Compte, Cgtel, Guernsey
Cunliffe forthcoming)
104 Les Issues, St. Saviour, Guernsey Cunliffe
forthcoming)
105
Catioroc, St. Saviour, Guernsey Cunliffe
forthcoming)
106 Kings Road, Peter Por t, Guernsey inf. R.
Burns)
1937, 186-8)
Britain
201 Hengistbury Head, Dorset Bushe-Fox 1915;
Cunliffe 1979)
202 Mill Plain, Chris tchurch, Dorset Calkin
1965)
203 Burleigh Road, Bournemouth, Dorset
Calkin 1965)
204 Tuckton Farm, Bournemouth, Dorset
Calkin 1965)
205 Wick, Bournemouth, Dorset Calkin 1965)
206 Hamworthy, Poole, Dorset unpublished:
Poole Museum)
207 Green Island, Poole, Dorset unpublished:
private collection)
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